351 results listed
The iron and steel (I&S) sector plays an active role in
the world economy with a market share of an estimated $1,715
billion. As in other sectors, qualified production is a crucial step
for international trade for I&S sector. For example; between the
years 2013-2015, two major steel-producing countries of Turkey
and Germany have reacted differently against the low quality
steel sale from China. While the poor quality steel produced by
China has no place in the German market, it has played an active
role in the Turkish market. From this point of view, the effects of
the accredited laboratories on the sectors they serve were
examined by means of the iron and steel industry. The trend of
the accredited laboratories in Turkey serving the iron and steel
industry has been investigated in detail. In addition, the results
were compared with Germany.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Betul ERCAN
Yasin Akgül
Alper Incesu
Muzeyyen ABUNAZ
Bulent AYDEMIR
Murat KAVRUK
A composite surface layer of wear plate
was manufactured by using centrifugal casting and M7C3
carbide
particles as reinforcement. Spherical cast iron was chosen as
matrix material. During casting, the machine was operated
at 50-500 rpm. The samples were microstructurally
characterized by optical microscopy. Energy Dispersive
Spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to
determine chemical compositions of carbides and the
microstructure of the composite structure. The carbide
reinforcement powders were arranged in the thick composite
layer of 300-1600 µm thickness on the sample surfaces by
centrifugal casting. The increase of the reinforcement size,
amount and revolution of the casting increased the thickness
of the composite texture.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
S. Osman YILMAZ
Tanju TEKER
In this study, the work hardening amount of the work
roll surface was determined via nondestructive methods. An
experimental work designed to find the parameters effected to
work hardening. Furthermore, a mathematical formula
generated in terms of that parameters to calculate the work
hardening and amount of grinding thickness.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Aykut BASKAYA
Levent KABA
Nuclear fusion energy, as the world's primary
energy source, may be among the strongest sustainable ways
to replace fossil fuels. Nuclear fusion is able to supply
considerable amounts of energy over millions of years. The
high temperature and intensive radiation in a nuclear fusion
reactor can cause damage to the structural materials. Thus,
the design and structural material selection of fusion reactors
are very important. Nuclear materials can be broadly
categorized into nuclear fuels and structural materials.
Structural materials play vital role in the economics of the
nuclear power plant. Iron is obviously one of the most
common elements in the structural materials in nuclear
technology applications. Iron also is one of the most
important materials in experimental accelerator facilities,
many evaluations go beyond 20 MeV. Natural iron (natFe) and
56Fe are among the best measured materials. Many
measurements exist for the natural element, as well as for the
major isotopic constituent Fe-56 (91.8% of natural iron),
which is the main element for steel alloys. Steel is a commonly
used structural material for many nuclear applications such
as reactor pressure vessels that serves as the primary
containment for the nuclear fuel. We have considered minor
iron isotopes Fe-54 (5.8%), Fe-57 (2.1%), and Fe-58 (0.3%).
The cross sections of nuclear reactions induced by nucleons
are required for the design calculations in fusion reactors and
other related investigations, such as fusion, fission,
accelerator-driven applications, dosimetry, and nuclear
medical applications. In this study, the total cross sections
values for natFe(n,tot) and 54,56-58Fe(n,tot) nuclear reactions
were calculated with TALYS code and were later compared
with the available experimental cross section data reported in
the literature.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Necla Çakmak
Rıdvan Baldık
The aim of this paper is to present the main concepts
of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) using in the
automobile industry, containing chemical composition,
microstructure and mechanical properties development
during production and heat treatment processing. The AHSS
microstructures are obtained either appropriate cooling
condition after hot rolling or by setting proper temperature
cycle in the continuous annealing process of cold rolled sheets.
The AHSS family can be divided into three generations. First
generation of AHSS contains dual phase (DP), complex-phase
(CP), ferritic-bainitic (FB), martensitic (MS), transformationinduced plasticity (TRIP) and hot-formed (HF) steels. Second
generation of AHSS mainly includes twinning-induced
plasticity (TWIP) steels. These 1st and 2nd generation AHSS
grades are qualified to meet the performance demands of
certain automobile parts. Recently there has been increased
research for the development of the “3rd generation” of
AHSS. 3rd generation of AHSS includes carbide-free bainitic
steels, medium Mn steels and Q&P processed steels. It is
aimed with the 3rd generation of AHSS to achieve improved
strength-ductility combinations compared to present grades.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Eroğlu
— Nowadays, the demand for energy has increased in
parallel with the increasing world population and the necessity to
provide diversity in energy supply has emerged. It is of great
importance to ensure energy efficiency and to improve waste
heat recovery applications in sectors where energy is used
intensively in supplying this energy demand and supply diversity.
How much more energy if the benefit is reduced to that amount
of production costs and emissions, emission caused
environmental problems by reducing wastes, imply avoided.
In this study, the evaluation of waste heat generated by steel
production with basic oxygen furnace by absorption cooling
system is investigated. In this study, theoretical analysis and
inference method was used. The obtained results showed that the
energy thrown into the atmosphere as a waste heat is evaluated
with the right methods and it contributed positively to the
environment, production costs and yield.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Aytaç AYDIN
Mustafa Karagoz
Emrah Deniz
Electro-discharge process (EDM) is an important
manufacturing technique for the manufacture of the hard and
conductive materials. The goal of this work is to investigate the
(EDM) processes using low carbon steel The work involves
cutting holes by Electro discharge machine using copper
electrode and using Taguchi analysis to obtain the best cut-off
parameters. The impact of various parameters such as (current,
pulsation on time and pulsation off time) are studied on the
surface roughness, material removal rate and macro hardness.
Nine samples were run by using CNC-EDM machine which used
for mild carbon steel by supplied DC current values (10, 30,
50A), pulse on time (100, 150, 200µs) and pulse off time (4, 12,
25µs) uses to cut 3mm thickness of the steel utilizing the copper
electrode.The result from this work is useful to be implemented
in industry to reduce the time and cost. It is observed that the
applied current has the most influence parameters of surface
roughness, material removal rate and macro hardness while
pulse on time and plus off time have less influence parameter on
it. The maximum Ra, MMR and HV which are achieved was
(1.813 µm, 23.523 mm3/min, 173.1), respectively. The qualitative
assessment reveals that the MRR, Ra, HV were increases as the
applied current increases.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Shukry H. Aghdeab
Marwa Qasim Ibraheem
Nareen Hafidh Obaeed
Ali Abdul Munim Alhattab
In this study, 316L stainless steel with austenitic
microstructure and low carbon S235JR quality steel material
were welded. The materials were welded by cored wire-MAG
welding method. In the welding process, EloxcorS309L quality
rutile cored wire is used. In our study; a “Welding Method
Specification (PQR)” has been followed and its standard
requirements are reported. As a requirement of PQR, tensile and
bending tests were carried out according to the standards. Macro
images are taken from the weld region to track macro transitions
that occur in the weld region. Based on mechanical values,
comparisons were made with academic studies.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bünyamin ÇİÇEK
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be as the fullfilling obligations of the individuals and areas responsible for
the internal and external environment while the organizations perform their economic activities. CSR has a long history, it has
changed with dynamics of society, religion and culture. This study aims to examine the perception of employees about
corporate social responsibility in terms of demographic variables. Data collection method which has been chosen for this
study is survey method. The data obtained through research are analyzed by using statistics hardware programme and the
data is evaluated by reliability test, frequency analysis, ANOVA test, t test. The results indicate that there are significant
differences in employees‟ perception of CSR according to education, occupational position and occupational experience.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Buket Acar
Today, parallel to the rapid development of the industry, mechanical and metallurgical properties of the steel profiles
that used as structural elements for constructions need to be improved. The constructions where steel profiles are used scaling
up over time, require higher strength values for the materials or larger cross-sectional areas. Larger cross-sectional area
has significant disadvantages in terms of product cost due to the weight increase, and the addition of strength-enhancing
microalloys has significant disadvantages in terms of raw material cost. In this study, low-carbon and non-microalloyed base
quality steel profiles that neither the hard nor the very soft material structure of undesirable were subjected to quenching of the
profile surface to a certain depth with the quenching method, and then tempered the cooled surface by the region which was
hot in the profile center. The changes in mechanical and metallurgical properties of the materials tested as a result of the
process application designed according to the steel profile quality and cross-section. According to the results obtained, it
was determined that the mechanical properties of the material increased and this increment was observed by the change
in the material microstructure which was caused by the applied process. As a result of the study, it has been determined that
more economical solutions can be revealed with the quenching process instead of using microalloying by using rare elements
in a working environment where competition is gradually increasing.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akkaş
Ezgi SEVGİ
Burak ÖNDER
Aytaç BAŞSÜLLÜ
Osman Çulha
Industry sector is a locomotive sector that provides
the development of countries. Iron-steel sector is the most
important part of the industrial sector. World trade has been
developing due to the developments in the iron and steel
industry. The demand that is affected and affected by the iron
and steel sector increases the importance of the iron and steel
sector with every passing day in the world conjuncture. Turkey
always wants to have a say in the iron and steel industry. The
idea of wanting to meet the Growing demand for the world is
that Turkey is more important to the iron and steel industry. In
this study, analysis of Turkey's iron and steel industry of world
trade is carried out with comparative advantages in the method.
As a result of the Analysis, the RCA index in the iron-steel
chapters is superior to the RCA index of the iron and steel sector
in Turkey's 72 and 73 chapters, in 2 parts of the foreign trade.
According to RSCA index, iron and steel sector has competitive
power. According to the TDI index, Turkey 72. The net importer
in foreign trade in the chapter, 73 is the net exporter in the
chapters. Turkey should always increase its investments in this
area if it wants to take place in the world trade and continue its
continuity in the iron and steel sector. Towards high
technological products should feed the chapters in the industry
sector sufficiently.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hayrettin KESGİNGÖZ
Muharrem YELDAN
In recent years, the use of Modern Maintenance
Management Systems (MOBAYS) has an important place to
optimize maintenance costs and increase efficiency in enterprises,
factories, hospitals etc. In this study, applicability and usage
performance of WEB-based MOBAYS to rail profile rolling plant
was investigated. As a short brief; at the end of the usage of the
MOBAYS Modern maintenance management system at the rail
profile rolling plant; the rate of periodic maintenance %78.26 and
the network rate %8.71 increases and in addition to this the unit
stoppages %24.06 decreases, were detected.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Semih DOĞAN
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ
Friction welding is one of the most economical
and highly productive methods in joining similar and dissimilar
metals. It is widely used in the automotive and
aerospace industrial applications. In the present study, the
continuous drive rotary friction welding was conducted on
AISI1040 and high chromium white cast iron rods under
different rotational speeds (1600, 1700 and 2000 rpm).
Microstructural studies were carried out by Optical
Microscopy (OM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS).
The microhardness variation across the joint zone was
determined. The characteristics such as hardness and
microstructural changes showed by friction processed welds were
compared to base materials.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tanju TEKER
Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT
Mustafa ÖZASLAN
The Iron&Steel sector is developing day by day. In order to increase the demand for hot rolling steels, there is a need for production
potential to supply this demand. For this reason, concepts such as speed, cost reduction, efficiency and quality are gaining importance
in production each passing day. As in many sectors, the iron and steel sector has increased the need for advanced technology for
production processes and has started the transition to automation systems. Since the systems and facilities previously operated in a
manual manner do not allow for standard quality production, mass production is transited to automation systems and worked at high
efficiency in production.
In this study, the transition studies, parameters, measurement and recording-control phases to the automation system for the full
controlled production of the products in Kardemir Haddecilik are examined and the gains of the system are explained.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Didem Kılıç
Orhan Akyol
Metehan Bacaksız
There are 4 Blast Furnaces in Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) and there is no system to display these
furnaces during operation. Similar applications around the world were searched and samples of blast furnace imaging
systems were examined. Since the types of raw materials and flammable materials used in the furnaces are unique. It has
been decided to use the Infrared Camera as a suitable system. In accordance with the operating parameters of the
furnace, air and water-cooling hulls were designed and it was investigated how efficient monitoring could be made in the
furnace. As a result of the necessary preliminary preparation of water and nitrogen-cooled body is manufactured and
assembled.
In test applications, contamination was continuously detected on the camera glass, different types of nitrogen blow
nozzles were manufactured to prevent contamination and different types of glass were tested. Research, development
and manufacturing were carried out together with TMT Company.
The benefits of the top imaging system for the Blast Furnace Process are as follows:
1. Providing operators with the opportunity to see the inside of the furnace, contributing to the improvement of the
process and also reducing the maintenance costs through real-time monitoring,
2. Examining the temperature distribution diagram,
3. Operators will be able to quickly detect any abnormal condition or equipment failure in the furnace equipments.
With this imaging system
• Whether the flow of material is regular or irregular,
• Whether there is any wear and damage in the rotary gutter,
• From which area the furnace works as a result of gas permeability,
• Amount of raw material powder,
• How open the oven's center is, etc. provides information on issues.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sertaç Kaya
Cemil Bayramoğlu
Ümit Gebenli
Laser ışını, malzemenin yüzeyinden daha derin noktayaa, oluşan buhar kanalı aracılığı ile ulaşır. Malzeme içine çok
yoğun bir enerji taşınımı gerçekleştirildiğinden, ısı yanımı için ısıl iletkenliğinin bu aşamadaki rolü ihmal edilecek kadar
az olur. Ne var ki; türbülans olayları ile ergiyik banyonun geometrisinin oluşumu ve buna bağlı olarak da elde edilen
kaynak dikişinin genişliğine, ısı iletiminin etkisi büyüktür.
Kaynaklı birleşmeler, oluşturulmuş ergiyik fazın katılaşması ile elde edilir. Laser ile yüksek kaynak hızlarına
ulaşıldığından, katılaşma hızı da görece yüksek olmaktadır, örneğin; çelik için 103-104 K/s katılaşma hızlarına
ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle özellikle alaşımsız ve düşük alaşımlı çeliklerin laser kaynağında mikroyapıya ve malzemenin
son özelliklerine, soğumanın etkisi büyüktür.
Bu çalışmada yapı çeliğinde laser ile kaynak edilebilirlik değerlerinin deneysel sonuçları verilmiş, yapı çeliği/ soğuk iş
takım çeliği, sementasyon çeliği/küresel grafitli dökme demir, krom çeliği/sıcağa dayanıklı çelik, yapı çeliği/sert metal ve
yapı çeliği/alüminyum çiftlerinin laser kaynak kabiliyetleri hakkında genel değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Karaaslan
Vickers microhardness values depended on the load
applied. Therefore, it would be beneficial to establish a
relationship between the results of the study made for the same
material. This relationship between the microhardness value and
the applied load is expressed as the track size effect (ISE), and it is
examined with ISE models and curve fitting equations. In this
study, AISI 1040 steels are investigated which have been the
quenched and different temperatures tempered. Load values
selected for experimental studies are total 7 values from 50 gram
to 2000 gram. The experimental results were compared with HaysKendall and MPSR models. The results showed that both ISE
models were compatible with similar sensitivity with the
experimental results. However, a correlation was found between
the Hays-Kendall model coefficients and the Vickers hardness
values. From this relationship, equations were obtained which
may be useful in comparing a hardness value measured using any
microhardness load with the results of different microhardness
loads.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Erdal Karadeniz
In the packaging industry, double-reduced (DR) tin
plate materials are produced by the deep drawing process and
are mostly used in the production of twist-off cap. However, one
of the most common problems in the deep drawing process is the
earing. This problem increases the cost of scrap cutting and
therefore decreases the production efficiency. In this study,
texture analysis were carried out by using electron backscatter
diffraction (EBSD) technique to clarify formation of earing. The
earing test, optic microscope (OM) examination and EBSD
technique were performed to material, which has same chemical
composition but three different thicknesses (0.14 mm, 0.17 mm
and 0.19 mm) in order to characterize the earing behavior. It was
determined that the earing value decreased with the increase in
thickness. In addition, it was confirmed that the earing were
related to <111> // ND fiber intensity, gamma (γ) fiber
distribution and grain size.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ramazan UZUN
Umran BASKAYA
Yasemin KILIC
Kemal DAVUT
Material scientists have developed a variety of
synthesizing approaches and methods for synthesizing new
families of materials called advanced or “high-tech” materials
that exhibit exceptional and superior chemical, physical and
mechanical properties. Metal matrix composites reinforced with
nano particles are very promising materials, suitable for a wide
range of applications. In this study, nano Al2O3 was reinforced in
micro sized iron powders. Al2O3 nano powder was added to iron
powder at rates of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt%. The samples were
prepared by mechanical alloying, pellet pressing and sintering
processes. Grinding and polishing processes were applied on the
sample surfaces at various levels for metallographic investigations.
The densities of the samples decreased with increasing in additives
amount, but it was an important result of reaching 77% ratio of
the theoretical density of the measured density in dry pressing.
The hardness values increased linear with the increase in the
amount of additives. The highest hardness value of 121,33 HV1
was reached with at the rate of 5 wt%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Açıkgöz A
Aktaş B
Demircan G
Amasyalı F
Akdemir F
Production lines in factories are producing not only the products but by products and wastes. Steel machining plants are
producing steel parts with steel chips and oxidized metal scale. Pipe production lines uses steel strips to produce steel
pipes. In pipe producing process, pipes are machined to cut welding bent, welded pipes are shot blasted with steel
granulates and oxidized metal scale is broken in shaping processes. All these production steps are producing oily
sludge of pipe production lines. Machining operation cooling and greasing oils causes sludge to be oily. This oily sludge
is considered to be a hazardous waste and sent to be treated in waste treatment centers. In this study oily sludge is
characterized in order to understand characteristics of oily sludge and develop possible recycle technologies.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Samet Ballı
Yeşiltepe Yeşiltepe
Mustafa Kelami Şeşen
Corrax steel belong to the PH martensitic stainlesssteel family and it’s mechanical specifications and chemical
composition are similar with PH 13-8 Mo. PH steels offer to the
users high strength and hardness through precipitation
hardening. The high specifications and high ductility of this steel
make it hard to machine. Especially high ductility causes
lamellar and continuous chip formation in machining. This type
of chips coils up to the workpiece and cause surface defections on
the workpiece surface. This study investigated the different chip
formations in orthogonal machining of Corrax Steel. Results
shows the high cutting speeds and high feed rates breakes the
chips instead of low cutting speeds and low feed rates.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Serdar Güldibi
Halil DEMİR
In the automobile and steel industry, zinc-based electrogalvanized coatings have an increasing interest as they have
excellent resistance to corrosion and mechanical properties.
In the literature, however, there is insufficient research into the
application of conversion coating to electrolytic zinc-coated
steels and corrosion behavior.
In this study, the corrosion behaviour of free cutting (Ç-1113)
steel in different thickness of electrolytic zinc plating was
investigated using electrochemical methods. In these methods,
potential ve time change, AC impedance and current –
potential curves were taken into account respectively.
Corrosion potential (Ecor), corrosion current (icor) and other
corrosion parameters were determined from current-potential
curves. Steel samples coated in cyanide baths were obtained
in thicknesses of 10 µ and 20 µ. Two different processing
times were used for this. The basic cyanide zinc coating bath
was prepared by adding (1 gram per liter of zinc (Zn (CN)2)
zinc cyanide, 85 grams (NaOH) sodium hydroxide, 40 grams
(NaCN) sodium cyanide and 5 grams zinc brightener (patent)).
After this coating, samples were passivated by immersion
solution in % 20 CrO3 +% 3 H2S04 +% 3 HNO3 for 60 seconds.
After the current-potential curves of the coated steel samples
were taken in aqueous medium, the change in the composition
of the surface was investigated by SEM / EDS and XRD
analyzes. The corrosion behaviour and corrosion rates of
coated steel samples in aqueous medium were determined by
three different methods. As a result, it was shown that the
corrosion of 20 µ zinc coated steel samples in neutral
environment decreased by 91% after the passivation process.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şengül Danışman
Mustafa Maşlak
Corrosion is an important problem encountered in metals and
alloys.One of the effective solutions to protect against
atmospheric corrosion is the electrolytic zinc coating.
In this study, the corrosion behaviour of free cutting (Ç-1080)
steel in different thickness of electrolytic zinc plating was
investigated using electrochemical methods. In these methods,
potential ve time change, AC impedance and current –
potential curves were taken into account respectively.
Corrosion potential (Ecor), corrosion current (icor) and other
corrosion parameters were determined from current-potential
curves. Steel samples coated in cyanide baths were obtained
in thicknesses of 10 µ and 20 µ. Two different processing
times were used for this. The basic cyanide zinc coating bath
was prepared by adding (1 gram per liter of zinc (Zn (CN)2)
zinc cyanide, 85 grams (NaOH) sodium hydroxide, 40 grams
(NaCN) sodium cyanide and 5 grams zinc brightener (patent)).
After this coating, samples were passivated by immersion in
solution % 20 CrO3 +% 3 H2S04 +% 3 HNO3 for 60 seconds.
After the current-potential curves of the coated steel samples
were taken in aqueous medium, the change in the composition
of the surface was investigated by SEM / EDS and XRD
analyzes. The corrosion behaviour and corrosion rates of
coated steel samples in aqueous medium were determined by
three different methods. As a result, it was shown that the
corrosion of 20 µ zinc coated steel samples in neutral
environment decreased by 93% after the passivation process.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şengül Danışman
Mustafa Maşlak
During the life of a coke oven many types of damage
can appear which affect the productivity of the process and
production. To keep coke oven batteries in service for many years,
various methods of repair (gunning, ceramic welding etc.) applies
in different periods. Erdemir Coke Oven Plant Batteries has
repaired via fused silica modular bricks since 2009. Each step of
hot repair has been improved in cooperation with repair company.
The Fused silica modular brick method using less than 10% of
conventional shapes, has enabled rapid push to charge down times.
By using zero expansion brick after repair work it doesn’t needed
complex heating regime and long heating time. During repair time,
less production loss, less manpower needed are biggest advantages
of this method. At last repair, before charging of repaired oven,
oven sole repair has done first time by using self-leveling material.
Self-leveling repair method is rapid, smooth and easy way of the
oven sole repair.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bülent ÖZTÜRK
Adnan NEHROZOĞLU
Murat YAMAN
Ozan TURHAN
The values of the Grubel-Lloyd, Vollrath and CEP
indices are important indices used to show the countries'
competitiveness levels. Turkey wants to prove and maintain its
presence in the iron and steel sector, which has been the
locomotive sector of industrialization for years. Turkey's iron
and steel industry competitiveness, to a comparative analysis
with countries Grubel-Lloyd, Vollrath and CEP indices were
calculated for the years 2001-2017. As a result of analysis,
Turkey; It operates in-industry trade against the USA. In
Addition, it has a comparative advantage in the field of iron and
steel and its competitiveness is quite high. The country where we
have the highest competitive power and export share is USA,
considering the intra-industry trade values. In industrial trade,
which is the feature of Industrialised Country, Turkey sells
significant amounts of iron-steel out and also buys it from
outside. Considering these analyses; In the iron and steel sector,
which is a capital-intensive sector, iron-steel sector investments
should be encouraged in order to maintain the increase continue
in competitiveness observed against the USA and increase its
competitiveness. For This, financial arrangements such as the
necessary infrastructure investments and tax incentives appear
to be a viable policy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hayrettin KESGİNGÖZ
Muharrem YELDAN
Bending fatigue lives of resistance spot welded (RSW)
joints using commercial DP600 and DP1000 advanced high
strength automotive sheets were compared in this study.
Advanced high strength steels, especially DP600 and DP1000
steels which are used in this study, are the most important metal
materials in which today's automotive body and attachment
parts are produced. The materials used for the manufacture of
the vehicle under dynamic conditions need to be identified of
their all features are vey important. The literature has mainly
focused on axial fatigue. Fatigue lives of base material and
resistance spot welded joints obtained from different welding
parameters were investigated by using two different high
strength dual phase steel. It was seen that as the welding current
increased and the electrode pressure increased up to a certain
value as in the axial fatigue, the bending fatigue life was
increased from the results of this study. Direct proportional
relationship was obtained between the weld nugget size and
fatigue life. 7 kA-4 bar (DP600) and 7 kA-3 bar (DP1000)
welding parameters yielded better fatigue life. DP1000 and
DP600 steel sheet samples have similar fatigue life values in low
cycle fatigue. It was also seen that DP600 steel had better fatigue
life than DP1000 in high cycle fatigue.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Muhammed Elitaş
Bilge Demir
In this study, effect of air cooling from intercritical
austenitizing temperatures on microstructure and hardness in
GGG70 grade ductile cast irons. For this aim, ductile cast iron
specimens air cooled from intercritical austenitizing
temperatures at 780°C, 790°C, 800 °C, 810 °C, 820 °C, and
830 °C for 30 minutes. Experimental results showed that, pearlite
volume fraction and hardness increased with increasing
intercritical austenitizing temperatures. It can be produced
ductile cast irons which has different pearlite volume fraction by
controlling intercritically austenitizating in same chemical
composition GGG70 grade ductile cast iron.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Uğur Söğüt
Serdar Uğurlu
Volkan Kılıçlı
— In present study, the morphology, structure and
corrosion properties of electroless NiP/NiB duplex composite
coatings on ferrous powder metal (PM) compacts were
investigated. Some of the coated samples were heat treated at 400
°C for 1 hour. The morphology, structure and chemical
composition of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD and
EDX. The corrosion resistance of PM compact and the coatings in
3.5% NaCl solution was assessed by polarization studies. The
corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (icorr)
were determined using the Tafel extrapolation method. The
NiP/NiB duplex coating results in a significant increase in the
corrosion resistance of the PM compacts. However, the applied
heat treatment affects corrosion resistance of the coatings
negatively.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ulaş MATİK
-In this study, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Al elements
using vacuum arc Melting production method with high entropy
(CrMnFeCoNiAl) alloy (YEA) was produced. Valence Electron
Concentration (VEC Value) of the high entropy alloy produced
was calculated as 7.67. The dendritic and interdentritic
structures of high entropy alloy microstructures were observed.
In the SEM mapping studies, it was observed that the
distribution of the elements was homogeneous. The hardness
value was measured as 46.95 HRA. The results are discussed by
comparing.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yusuf Karaca
Cemal ÇARBOĞA
Bülent KURT
The Charpy impact test is a well-known material testing method used to determine the amount of the energy absorbed by the material during
fracture and to investigate the material behavior at high strain-rate during impact. Nowadays, it is widely used in many industries
to determine appropriate material and design in engineering applications such as pressure vessels, bolts, and bridges. Although it
consists of straightforward components, in order to obtain accurate results, it is crucial to perform the tests under standardized conditions
and a user-friendly environment. Thus, the aim of this work is to design and manufacture a cost-effective, user-friendly, in-house
Charpy impact tester using Arduino. A Charpy tester with a maximum capacity of 48 J was designed in a CAD environment and its each
component were manufactured and assembled into a solid body. In addition, to prevent plastic deformation during the fracture, the hammer
was heat-treated. For a user-friendly control panel, a LCD screen was mounted to display all experimental data including the impact energy
for each sample. The data acquisition was realised using an Arduino UNO microcontroller board equipped with a SD card module. The
system enables the saving of measurement sets in separate .csv files (comma separated files), an open and widely accessible format. The
system can be used in two different modes: display only mode (when no SD card inserted) or display and save mode (when an SD
card is detected). Another advantage of the system is the possibility to simulate the integration of the different modules thanks to
the Arduino platform. The calibration of the device was realized according to international standards. The obtained Charpy impact
tester, thus can be used confidently for future planned investigations and the described procedure can be implemented for different material
testing equipment to achieve cost-effective and user-friendly designs.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Necati Uçak
Görkem Ünlü
Mustafa Yediparmak
Serife Akkoyun
Anıl Kurt
Mehmet O. Şahin
Ömer T. Dolanbay
Adem Çiçek
This study includes device design and design for
determining the performance of rigid round thin wires
under a bending rotating fatig load over a given lifetime.
Small diameter wires are thin wires with a diameter equal
to or greater than 1.60 mm (0.63 inch). Bending rotating
fatig tester ensures that the wire is rotated at constant
speed and subjected to constant amplitude bending
deformation. For this purpose, the wire retaining pliers
are parallel to each other and the wire between the pliers
is 180° paralel. After the speed is entered to the driver, the
AC motor power is started by means of the belt-pulley and
then transferred to the gears with the help of the cardan
shaft. The number of cycles is transmitted to the counter
by the encoder and recorded. The number of cycles can be
generated in response to the bending deformation applied.
The test device was reproducible and healthy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Emre Demirci
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yavuz Sun
Yunus Türen
Hüseyin Koymatcık
By rolling the materials between two rollers with a
cylindrical shape rotating around their axes, the forming process
is called rolling.Rolling systems in the rolling mill sizes are much
higher than the weight of the produced part.The rollers are
subject to sudden cooling and wetting conditions in hot
environment during operation.In such cases, the life of the rollers
should monitor and the roller must be re-heat treated without any
errors.In our study, it was aim to remove the microstructure map
of the roller by taking image replica with non-destructive
examination method on the roller.With this process, an instant
check will make without disassembling and damaging the
roller.The images obtained by the replica method will be
determined using the Deep Learning method in computer
systems.The images will be compare to the actual images by this
modelling and the crack tendency will be estimate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Selim Özdem
İlhami Muharrem ORAK
Bünyamin ÇİÇEK
The use of advanced high strength steels in industrial
applications has been gradually increasing. In bending
operations, it is extremely important to obtain parts at accurate
dimensions. Depending on the properties of the material and
operation used, bending process results with springback. In this
study, the effects of punch radius, sheet material thickness, and
material type on springback in U-bending operations were
investigated. Springback values of the materials were determined
by analyzes using Deform software. DP600, DP1000 and JAC270
sheet materials were used for bending analyzes. In addition, the
effects of bending parameters on springback were identified
using the Taguchi method. Studies have been carried out based
on the Taguchi L27 vertical index. The effects of bending
parameters on springback were evaluated by using variance
analysis (ANOVA) and the main effect graph with the 95%
reliability. Finally, a regression analysis was performed to
estimate springback values and a model was created.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Selin Yıldırım
Hakan Gürün
Hakan Dilipak
—In the aim of this study; the determination of life in
steel materials used in different temperature conditions in
thermal power plants has been conducted. In these systems, basic
steels with low C levels are use at low temperatures and Cr-Mo
added special series steels are use at high temperatures. In cases
where the creep resistance is of great importance, the choice of
material according to the level of creep resistance comes to the
fore. In the industry, non-destructive testing methods have been
develop in order to conduct investigations in the actively working
systems. There are many volumetric and superficial tests in
welded joints. In the non-destructive tests carried out on the
material, with replica microstructure copying and mobile
measurements come to the fore. In this study, the determination
of life of ASTM SA192 quality steel materials, which a reactive at
low temperatures, has been studied. Replica microstructure was
replicate through a working system and the images were
compare according to the first material. Because of this
comparison, changes in material microstructure were
determined as grain growth. Hardness and thickness values
obtained by mobile devices were also exam according to the first
material. As a result, 338C temperature and 39 bar internal
pressure in the working material, because of 140000 hours, a
17% reduction in thickness and hardness (HB) was seen a
decrease of 21%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bünyamin ÇİÇEK
Yavuz Sun
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
The modern automotive industry is increasingly
reducing the weight of vehicles by applying new technologies to
materials processing and lightweight materials, thus reducing the
fuel consumption. Advanced High-Strength Steels are good
potential for this purpose. In this context, Dual Phase steels of
grade 600 and 800 were investigated in this study. A tailor-welded
blank was produced by CO2 welding of DP600 and DP800 steels
in 1,8 mm and 1,5 mm thickness, respectively. The effects of laser
power and welding speed on mechanical properties of tailorwelded blanks were examined. It was found that laser power of 3
kW and welding speed of 4 m/s are the best combinations in terms
of yield and tensile strength, strain hardening exponent and
strength coefficients of the laser welded blanks.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ekrem Öztürk
Hüseyin Arıkan
Serkan Toros
Mehmet Kayrıcı
Reference materials (RMs) are one of the basic
materials used by the laboratories to prove the reliability of their
test results. In this research, preliminary studies have been
carried out to develop reference materials (RMs) according to
ISO 6892-1 tensile testing standard. For this purpose, EN
10130:2006 quality 1 mm thin sheet steel was prepared as
appropriate to standard. Homogeneity tests and inter-laboratory
comparison tests were performed. Results of these tests and
reproducibility criteria that specified in ISO 6892-1 were
evaluated to understand the qualification of the produced RMs.
It was considered that samples can be accepted as RMs with the
application to IAF member organizations.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Betul ERCAN
Alper Incesu
Engin ÇEVİK
Yasin Akgül
One of The main purpose of fracture
mechanics is materials selection compatible with the fracture
toughness. The higher stress at crack tip and lower zone of
fracture area provides less dimensions and crack length of
specimens. According to ASTM E 399, evaluated KIC, measured
plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) related to parallel
direction of crack propagation which is lower than cross
sectional area, occurrence of pre-crack, selection of COD gauge,
type of cracks, and drawbacks during the measurements are
clarified.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) is an integrated iron and steel facility, which produces both long and flat
products from production of iron ore. Wire rod, billet, coil with mill edge, slitted or trimmed coil and cut length plate
can be stated Isdemir’s product mix. Each of these products have different usage areas and customer expectations.
ISDEMIR has a wide range of application areas with the hot rolled flat products or long products, which are
expressed as wire rods-billets in order to respond to the customers', who operated in the industrial area and have
different demands and expectations, requests.
Some of the usage areas in long products are carbon steels for thin wire drawing, carbon steels for wire drawing, high
carbon steels, steels for mesh quality steel production, micro alloyed and non-alloyed high strength carbon steels for
wire-spring-rope production, steels for electrode and welding wire production, steels for bolt production, carbon
steels for nail, angle iron and profile production, steels for ship profile production, structure steels for angle iron and
profile production and sulphur alloyed high carbon steels etc.
Micro-alloy high-strength steel grades with excellent results in high-strength applications for flat products are
used in the production of wheel rim and chassis parts, which requires high strength and superior formability in
the basic input of automotive. Boiler steels suitable for use under high temperature and pressure are used in the
production of boiler and pressure vessels. Due to high formability, excellent weldability and toughness properties, tube
steels are used production of LPG tubes, which are exposed to high temperature and pressure. Medium and high
strength shipbuilding steels, which provide superior weldability and desired toughness values, are used in shipbuilding
(ship parts, keel etc.). General structural steels, which can be welded by conventional methods, provided ductility and
toughness optimization with guaranteed their mechanical properties, are mainly used in manufacturing of
construction and construction equipment, general construction plates, road and railway vehicles, storage tanks and
containers.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Muhammet Bilen
Nalan Gül Uğur
The cryogenic process is a complementary process
that has been used for the development of mechanical and
physical properties for a variety of materials. It has been
accepted commercially as an effective procedure for achieving
complete martensitic transformation in alloyed steel. The aim of
this study is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic process (-
196°C) on the wear properties of spring steels with different
alloying elements. For this purpose, conventional heat treatment
(CHT) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) procedures were
applied to spring steels which alloyed with different elements in
order to reveal the effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment.
Consequently, by examining the hardness and wear resistance of
the cryogenic-treated steels, it is aimed to reveal the effect of
alloying elements on the cryogenic processing of steels.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Reşat Can ÖZDEN
Mustafa ANIK
In today's industry, synergistic controlled MIG/MAG
welding machines are widely used. These machines are used in
automotive, construction, white goods, almost all sectors. In order
to increase efficiency in production and the desired quality
standards, it is great importance to increase the speed, penetration
and quality of the welded seam especially during welded
production. In order to achieve high wire feed rate, metal transfer
in high amperes is required. This situation creates a restrictive
factor for certain materials below certain thicknesses, as this leads
to high heat input. To understand the metal transfer methods and
to determine which parameters provide optimum mechanical
properties are important in synergistic controlled welding
machines. The comparison of the geometry and mechanical
properties of the weld beads obtained by changing in the
parameters of synergistic controlled MIG/MAG welding machines
is the subject of this study. The samples which were welded using
constant welding speeds and voltage values were investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yavuz Selim Ceran
Mustafa ACARER
Necati Ataberk
In this study, isothermal annealing was performed to
C70 quality steel sheet in a salt bath at 250 °C and 350 °C for 10 s,
1 min, 10 min, and 60 min after austenitizing performed at 850 °C
for 150 s and the samples were then tempered at 415 °C for 150 s.
Effect of these heat treatments on microstructure, hardness and
bending properties was then investigated. Results showed that the
initial ferrite and pearlite microstructure generally transformed
into martensite. Tempered martensitic microstructure was
obtained after tempering heat treatment. Hardness of the samples
has a decreasing tendency with increasing annealing times at a
given annealing temperature. Tempering heat treatment
decreases the hardness values obtained after isothermal
annealing, as expected. However, hardness values after tempering
did not exhibit a significant variation with respect to isothermal
annealing time. As compared to original sample, the application
of tempering after isothermal annealing increases bending
strength, and bending strain also increases getting closer to values
exhibited by the original sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Serdar Kuzkaya
Yakup Yurekturk
Faiz Muhaffel
Murat Baydogan
In this study, laser surface hardening process was
applied to the 8620 steel which is used in the parts, for the
machines and automobiles, gear wheels, pins and shaft enamel.
Laser power and laser feed rate were determined as laser surface
hardening parameters. It has been studied between 1050 and 1400
W as laser power. 4 and 6 mm velocities were preferred as the feed
rate. The hardness of the samples was measured under 500 g
(HV0,5) load for 15 seconds. Nikon brand optical microscope is
used for microstructure studies. According to the hardness results,
the hardness of hardness of 8620 steel was obtained with 1400 W
laser force and 6 mm feed speed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Mehmet Akif Erden
İsmet Faruk AYDIN
Inconel 718 superalloy was nitrided for 10 h in a
fluidized bed reactor containing Al2O3
particles as the carrier of
the ammonia + nitrogen gas mixture in between 375 and 450°C.
The structural characteristics of the nitride layers and the effect
of nitriding on high temperature wear properties of Inconel 718
superalloy were investigated. A significant increment in surface
hardness (from 495 to 1735 HV) was achieved after nitriding
treatment carried out at 400 °C. The applied nitriding treatment
led to formation of a nitrogen enriched surface layer exhibiting
superior wear resistance at 600 °C when compared to untreated
state of the Inconel 718 superalloy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tuncay Turan
Hasan Guleryuz
Huseyin Cimenoglu
In this study, the DP600 and DP1000 steel sheets
were joined with the pulsed Nd: YAG (Neodymium-doped
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Y3Al5O12)) laser welding and
mechanical properties of the welds were investigated. Performing
dissimilar weld of DP steel sheets is an inevitable demand in the
modern automotive industry. In the laser welding process the
selection of the welding parameters affects the final properties of
the welds substantially. So, the main objective of this study was
determining the influence of pulse frequency on the mechanical
properties of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded DP600-DP1000 steel
sheet joints. So, dissimilar (DP600-DP1000) steel sheets were
welded in the flat position with the butt joint. In order to
evaluate the welding performance, macrostructural studies and
mechanical tests were performed and experiments carried out in
this context including optical microscope examinations, tensile
tests and Vickers microhardness measurements.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oguz Tuncel
Hakan Aydin
Sukriye Cetin
This study aims to investigate the effect of reduced
graphene oxide (rGO) on microstructure, hardness and
electrochemical corrosion performance of pure iron. The
microstructure investigations were carried by optical and SEM
microscopes. The electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted
by potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5% NaCl solution. The
results showed that rGO-reinforced sample showed slightly
higher hardness value. On the other hand, the corrosion
performance of pure iron was significantly improved by the
addition of rGO due to the reduced reduction kinetics.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hüseyin Zengin
MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN
In the present study, the effect of section thickness on
the austemperability of Cu alloyed GGG-70 (EN-GJS-700-3)
nodular cast iron automotive crankshafts have been investigated.
Crankshafts were austenized at 950 °C for 2 h and austempered
at 350 for 90 and 120 min. Optical microcope equipped with
image analyse software was used to perform microstructural
investigation and hardness tests were done to determine
mechanical properties. It was shown that section thickness had
important influence on austemperability. In the thin sections,
ausferrite microstructure has been observed, whereas, in the
thick sections, pearlite was formed to due to insufficient cooling
rate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Keleş
Gönül Coşkun
Mehmet Yıldırım
In this study, Fe-based composites containing 1, 2 and
4% (by weight) SiC were produced by conventional powder
metallurgy method. The powders were weighed in the sensitive
balance and pressed under pressure of 750 MPa after 1 hour of
blending. After pressing, the composite materials were sintered
at 1100 °C for 1 hour. With the increasing the amount of SiC, the
decrease in density amounts, the increase hardness and porosity
values were determined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Hasan Karabulut
In this study, low alloy Cr-W steels containing 3%
and 5% Cr and 3% W as main alloying element were produced
via casting in ceramic mold and then hot rolled. Steels were
produced both without Ta and with 0.1% by weight Ta. The
purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of addition of Ta
as alloying element to the microstructure and hardness of low
alloy Cr-W steels. Before microstructure characterization and
hardness test all samples were heat treated. Heat treatments
were performed as (annealing, air quenching) and (annealing, air
quenching and tempering). Annealing were performed at 1100 ℃
for 1 hour and tempering were performed at 710 ℃ for 2 hours.
Microstructures were analyzed by optical microscope and the
Brinell hardness test was used to determine the hardness of
steels. 3 Cr steel has a microstructure of ferrite and bainite. 3 Cr
steels containing 0.1% Ta has a microstructure of ferrite and
bainite, too. But Ta-containing 3 Cr steel has less ferrite than Tafree 3 Cr steel. 5 Cr steel has a microstructure of bainite and
martensite. 5 Cr steels containing 0.1% Ta has a microstructure
of bainite and martensite, too. But Ta-containing 5 Cr steel has
less bainite than Ta-free 5 Cr steel. 5 Cr steels which annealed
and air quenched have highest hardness and 5 Cr steel which
annealed, air quenched and tempered has lowest hardness.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gökhan Arıcı
Mesut Uyaner
Mustafa ACARER
-In this study, termite welding process was
applied to R260 quality railway rails. Residual stress of
original and termite welded rails was measured
according to the DIN EN 13674-1 standard. Strain
gauges were attached in the middle of the rail foot (also
welded part of rail). Cutting was performed than strain
values were obtained. Wear test was also performed
under 50N. Results show that, residual stress was
increased after the welding process and wear rate value
was lower than original rails in head part of termite
welded rail.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
M. Emre TURAN
Mustafa DURSUNLAR
GX300CrMo27 samples which were reinforced by Ti-B as 1-2.5 wt% have been produced. The first three samples for each samples
were heat treated at 1000 oC. The specimens’ heat treatment time have been changing between 1, 3 and 6 h. The last sample was not
heat treated for comparison. The abrasive wear tests which have loads of 10, 20 and 30 N was performed to the samples to determine
the abrasive wear characteristic. In addition, SEM images of all samples were taken to examine the effect of reinforcement and heat
treatment on the carbide morphology
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
SERDAR OSMAN YILMAZ
Nurdoğan AKSOY
Alper KARAKOCA
Low carbon steels have been used in a wide
range of shipbuilding applications due to their low
cost, high workability and good weldability.
However, they have relatively low hardness which lead
to low wear resistance. As well known, wear of
engineering materials is an important phenomena and
needs to be improved by any means. It is also well known
that harder materials provide relatively high wear
resistance and low friction coefficient. There are various
ways to enhance the hardness of steels. Grain refinement
by sever plastic deformation (SPD) is one of them.
Among SPD methods, equal channel angular pressing
(ECAP) is one of the most commonly used one due to its
capacity for achieving bulk fine-grained (FG) materials.
According to the available literature, no study has
been performed on tribological properties of FG low
carbon shipbuilding steels via ECAP. Therefore, the
main purpose of this study is to enhance the wear
resistance of a low carbon ship building steel (ASTM
131A) by formation of FG via ECAP. The
tribological behavior of the steel before and after ECAP
was investigated by a reciprocating-type tribometer
(UTS Tribometer T30M-HT). According to the
experimental results, FG formation by ECAP resulted in
a considerable increase in hardness from 130 Hv0.5 to
about 283 Hv0.5. FG formation affected the wear
resistance of the steel. After ECAP, the wear rate of the
steel samples slightly decreased due to the improved
hardness values.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Dursun Murat Sekban
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of
welding current on tensile shear load, elongation, nugget
diameter and indentation in triple welded FEP05 and FE 600 DP
steel sheets by electrical resistance spot welding. In the triple
welding process, FE 600 DP sheet was in the middle and FEP05
sheets were on the edges. Electric resistance spot welding
operations were carried out successfully. When the welding
current values were increased from 7 kA to 10 kA, the tensile
shear load increased while the overall elongation decreased. With
the increase of the welding current, the percentage of indentation
showed an increase close to the linear. The nugget diameter
increased with the welding current up to 9 kA, but the welding
current decreased over 9 kA.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oguz Tuncel
Hakan Aydin
Levent Selova
Reactions between refractory-slag and refractory-liquid steel
adversely affect the chemical and mechanical stability of
refractories. Therefore, the development of slag corrosion and
wear resistance, chemical stability and mechanical properties
of refractories are important for the enterprises.
In this study, the effects of metal antioxidants on the
physical, chemical and mechanical properties of MgO-C
bricks were investigated. Al, Mg and Al + Mg (1:1 ratio)
metal antioxidants were added in 1-2-3 wt.% to MgO-C
refractories containing different amounts of C (8 and 12
wt.%). Slags obtained from Kardemir A.ġ. was placed inside
the refractory crucibles produced from MgO-C. Refractory
crucibles containing slag were gradually heated up to 1555 ˚C
and refractory-slag corrosion tests were carried out by holding
for 2 hours and then cooling in the furnace. Also, carbon
oxidation index, porosity, cold compressive strength and
density of the refractories were determined.
Increasing the amount of antioxidants in refractory materials
have positive effects on the porosity and oxidation index.
According to the results, the lowest porosity and oxidation
index were observed at the refractory material containing 12
%C and 3 %Mg. However, the best cold compression strength
and mass loss values were observed at the refractory material
with 8 %C that contains Al+Mg antioxidants. According to
the density measurements, the refractory material with 8 % C
and 3 % Mg antioxidant have the highest density.
The addition of antioxidants positively influenced the
porosity, density, cold compression strength and oxidation
resistance of refractory materials. Among the antioxidants,
Mg antioxidant was found to be more effective.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
S. ZENCİ
A. GÜNGÖR
Integrated iron and steel industries have many plants
that generate more than one industrial waste, especially in the
iron production unit. Whereas some of these industrial wastes
are used in the iron-making process, some of them are stored in
open areas. Blast Furnace Sludge (BFS) and Tar Decanter
Sludge (TDS) are good examples as a waste material which are
stored in the open areas. These materials cannot be used in iron
and steel production due to some restrictive reasons. Within the
scope of the evaluation of these two wastes at the same time, a
serial of tests was carried out in the Moving Wall Coking Test
Oven at Erdemir and Isdemir Coal and Coke Laboratories. In
these tests, single seam coking coals (low, medium and high
volatile) were milled to be 85% below 3, 15 mm and the BFS was
fixed at 0.5% and the TDS was added in certain percentages. The
results obtained from the coke produced in the Moving Wall
Coking Test Oven were interpreted by considering Coke
Strength after Reaction (CSR), Coke Reactivity Index (CRI),
stability and hardness values.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Kenan Akgün
Tayfun Pamuksuz
Barış Avar
Ferhat Parlak
Can Erarslan
Safi Ahmet Çal
In this study, up to 38ppm of boron was added to 4140
steel and the effects of this addition on microstructure and
tribocorrosion were investigated. Tribocorrosion behavior was
investigated in a 3.5% NaCl solution with a pin on disc method.
As a result of the studies, it was found that the hardness and
tribocorrosion behavior increased with the addition of boron but
these values decreased with the increase in boron amount after
17ppm.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tayfun AKSOY
Engin ÇEVİK
Hüseyin DEMIRTAS
Yavuz Sun
Cemal ÇARBOĞA
The cryogenic process, which triggers the hardening
mechanisms, such as the transformation of the retained austenite
to martensite and the precipitation of secondary carbides, is
generally used in the development of wear properties. A number
of publications available in the literature reported that as well as
improving the wear properties, various mechanical properties
can also be improved by cryogenic processing. In this
experimental study, the effects of cryogenic treatment on the
mechanical properties of 52CrMoV4 medium carbon spring steel
were investigated. For this purpose, conventional heat treatment
(CHT) and deep (-196°C) cryogenic treatment (DCT) procedures
were applied. Hardness, tensile and impact toughness tests were
performed for determination of mechanical properties. The
cryogenic process brings about a more homogeneous and finegrained structure in the matrix, and mechanical properties can
be improved without loss of toughness. As a result, by evaluating
the performed tests, it is aimed to determine the usability of the
cryogenic process in improving the mechanical properties of
medium carbon spring steels.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Reşat Can ÖZDEN
Mustafa ANIK
Duplex stainless steels have equal amount of ferrite
and austenite phases. Ferrite and austenite phase balance have
been provided with solution treatment process. Solution
treatment is applied between 1000 ˚C - 1200 ˚C and phase
balance occurs due to applied solution treatment temperature
and time. Microstructure properties such as ferrite and austenite
phase proportions, ferrite grain size and grain boundary affect
directly the corrosion behavior of the duplex stainless steels after
the solution treatment. In this study, UNS32205 was solution
treated between at 1100 ˚C and 1150 ˚C for 2 hours and 8 hours.
Microstructure properties of the solution treated samples were
characterized by light optical microscopy and image analysis.
Moreover, electrochemical corrosion behavior of the samples was
determined in 3.5% wt. NaCl solution.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alptekin Kısasöz
Ahmet Karaaslan
Accelerated rising for energy needs, energy cost,our dependency on
foreign energy sources and also competition conditions as well as in
the world also makes it obligatory for the efficient use of existing
energy resources in Turkey, therefore the energy saving work stands
out in the industry. Iron and Steel Industry is one of the most energy
consuming sectors in the world. Energy intensive use of iron and
steel sector, its share in total energy consumption in Turkey, 7.5%
and the share of industrial consumption is around 22.9%. In iron
industry areas where energy consumption is very high, coke plants,
blast furnace, coke, electric arc furnaces, annealing furnace, energy
plants that supply the furnace, and cooling water and dust holding
facilities are carried out to reduce energy expenditures. In the Iron
and Steel sector, the share of energy input costs is second after raw
material and has a high amount of 15-25%. The share of energy use
in production costs is sufficient to show how energy has a priority in
the iron and steel industry. Energy management and saving in
rolling mills holds an important place in Iron and Steel Industry. In
this study, the effect of energy efficiency and efficiency in iron and
steel industry has been investigated by making an industrial energy
study. In many industries and Iron-Steel sectors keep hold in sector
and the effort for keeping the position at enough level with
production capacity at competition race, efforts for achieving
standards and besides high quality, low cost strategies because of
variable energy prices and high energy costs entailed energy saving.
Energy saving is an important way to increase predictable winnings
and decreases dependence on costs and energy supply.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yaşar YETİŞKEN
İsmail EKMEKCİ
Nevzat ŞADOĞLU
Blast furnace is a kind of vertical fusion furnace producing pig iron using raw materials; fine
or lumped iron ore/pellet/coke/flux materials, has a variable capacity and the height of between 30
m and 90 m. Basicity of the BF slag is calculated according the formula of (CaO+MgO)/(Al2O3
+SiO2). In the furnace, iron ores and pellets are used to produce liquid pig iron, limestone and
dolomite are used to obtain slag with a desirable basicity level and coal or coke are used to get heat and
supply an atmosphere to reduce iron ore oxides to metallic phase. Blast furnace is running
according to the counter current principle in which charging materials (iron ore, pellet, coke,
limestone etc) charged from top to bottom and blowing hetaed air and reducing gas flow from
bottom to top in the furnace. Producing hot metal in blast furnace has two goals; the former is
producing pig iron and the latter is producing metallic iron that will be processed and become a value
added product in different steel production lines (steel workshop, continous casting and hot/cold
rolling)
One of the basic parameter screened in the process is sulphur emmision by the care
of environmental consideration. For that scope, the sulphur content in Raw Materials, in BF Slag and in
Pig Iron shall be known exactly to maintain sulphur emmision to atmosphere within a specified
limit. Besides, sulphur content in pig iron is important for down stream processes for steel
production. Since sulphur is one of the main elements affects the mechanical properties of steel, it
should be under control. In this work, adjusting the basicity of the BF slag using limestone, dolomite or
quartz, estimation of sulphur in the pig iron has been studied. Data used in the study is driven from
the production of BF-1 and BF-2. Composed models for both furnaces gives the correlation of
data around 70 % in consistency. That means, it is possible to estimate of desired pig iron sulphur
content before production via adjusting the propotion of fluxing agents.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Orhan ORUÇ
Hulya KAHYA
Caner KORKMAZ
Reviewed the possibility of high strength construction
steel fatigue evaluation based on analysis of dislocation steel
martensite structure tempering after quenching in water and
tempering at 650 0С (1 hour). The degree of influence of the
dislocation mechanism of destruction depending on the number
of test cycles, expressed in terms of the sensitivity of cyclic stress
to the fractal dimension of dislocations, is established.
Experimentally established, that sensitivity of dislocation to
fractal dimension is decreases with increasing number of test
cycles, leading to an increase in the number of dislocations to a
critical value after which the sample is destroyed. A model of
predicting steel fatigue indices 14Х2ГМР was obtained, which
allows the use of the fractal approach in assessing the fatigue of
high-strength steels with a higher dislocation density.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
V. I. Bolshakov
V. M. Volchuk
O. F. Parhomenko
Testing laboratories need to verify their
test procedures and testing capability for
reliable results. In this study, equivalent samples
are prepared by steel rod material. Randomly
selected test samples having specified dimensions
are sent to the participant laboratories. Then,
they are tested and results are analyzed
according to previously defined parameters.
Each laboratory applied tensile test on the
samples according to procedures given in ISO
6892-1 standard. Test results are evaluated
according to same procedures explained in
related standards by the participant
laboratories.
TUBITAK UME Force Laboratory being the
pilot laboratory collected to the all evaluated
results including associated measurement
uncertainties. Then the collected results
evaluated according to ISO 17043:2010 are
reported by each laboratory as a part of the
proficiency test report. Z scores of the
participant laboratories are presented.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemal VATAN
Bulent AYDEMIR
Ufuk KURU
Haldun DİZDAR
Resiudal stress has a vital importance for evaluation
of mechanical properties of steel products. It can be formed
during cooling stage and hot rolling processes which are
indispensable for iron&steel industry. In this study, heat
treatment was applied to st 37 steel, which is widely used for
construction applications, at 1100 ℃. Then, st 37 was hot rolled
with using 14 pass at 1000 ℃. Microstructure of samples were
characterized before and after rolling process using Optical
Microscope. Residual stress was measured by cutting method.
Also, hardness values of samples were compared.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Neslihan Akgül
Yasin Akgül
Muhammet Emre Turan
Under the conditions of global competition, to sustain
economic activities, enterprises must choose the most appropriate
alternative option in any decision. Multi-Criteria DecisionMaking Methods can be used to express the decisions to be taken
with reliable and objective values on behalf of the enterprises.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of a
company traded on the Borsa Istanbul Metal Main Index by using
TOPSIS method which is one of the Multi-Criteria DecisionMaking methods. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the
most successful year was 2008 and 2015 was the least successful
year. In addition, it was observed that the success ranking in the
analysis using cost and profitability ratios did not show a linear
improvement over the years.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Murat YILDIRIM
Ömer Karakaya
Laser cutting is a technology that has added
innovation to the industry with its precise and fast processing
capabilities. The parameters used in laser cutting processes have
effects on material cutting quality and thickness. In this study,
AISI 304 stainless steel sheet metals were cut in different focus,
nozzle, cutting speed, sheet thickness and gas pressures, and their
effects on surface roughness and cutting thickness were
investigated. According to the results, changes in the surface
roughness values were obtained by changing the parameters. It
was observed that the increased cutting speed improved the
surface roughness, but the thick materials could not be cut at
high speeds.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Serdar Güldibi
Halil DEMİR
Hasan Basri UlaĢ
In this study, laser surface hardening process was
applied to the low carbon steel which is used in the parts, for the
machines and automobiles, gear wheels, pins and shaft enamel.
Laser power and laser feed rate were determined as laser surface
hardening parameters. It has been studied between 1050 and 1300
W as laser power. 4 and 6 mm velocities were preferred as the feed
rate. The hardness of the samples was measured under 500 g
(HV0,5) load for 15 seconds. Nikon brand optical microscope is
used for microstructure studies. As a result of the hardening, the
expected hardness on the surface could not be obtained due to the
low carbon content. Due to the effect of the laser, carbon is
deposited on certain areas and formed non-uniform regions. As a
result, it was found that it was difficult to achieve the desired effect
from laser hardening process without carburizing the low carbon
steels.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Mehmet Akif Erden
The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of chemically similar elements consisting of scandium, yttrium and the
lanthanides. They are essential to most new and “green” technologies, but their production is anything but green. Today,
China produces more of these elements than the rest of the world together, and dominates the market. Demand is
rapidly exceeding supply, yet only about 1% of rare earths are recycled. Because the main use for rare earths is in
electrical applications, efficient recycling of electrical waste will soon be vital to the continued use of these elements. Rare
earths occur naturally as oxides, and good methods have been established for their extraction.
During the recycling shredding process of WEEE. Scrap is broken into very small pieces or even turning to dust and
REE will stick largely to ferrous fractions due to the magnetic nature. These ferrous fractions are generally sold to steel
recyclers, where they are melted in electric arc furnace (EAF) treatment and the rare earth elements will be lost
due to dilution. This paper presents the separation of rare earth elements and the base metals which contains Co, Cu,
Mn etc in Fe, using pyrometallurgical methods.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mertol Gökelma
Gabriella Tranell
Crack occurrence and its effect on materials
are one of the crucial problems in defence, aircraft and railway
industry. Related to the phenomena, the evaluation of the
methods and analysis on the materials selection gains
inmportance. In this study, ASTM E647 and BS ISO 12108
standards are investigated used in the calculation of FCGR (
fatigue crack growth rate).
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
AISI 52100 steel is considerably attracted in making
bearings and shafts due to its greater strength and better
corrosion immunity. However, high power consumption is
encountered in machining operations due to their hard
machinability. The consumption should be eliminated for cleaner
production in terms of sustainable machining. Therefore, this
study aims modelling of cutting forces in hard turning of AISI
52100 steel based on finite element method. The cutting
parameters are chosen as cutting speed and depth of cut with
three levels and constant feed rate. The average of 6.6%
difference is achieved between experimental and simulated feed
forces while 7.5% difference for main cutting forces. The finite
element modelling of cutting forces is quite compatible with the
experimental results and it can be performed by high accuracy
without excessive machining experiments of difficult-to-cut
materials.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ
In this study, high chromium white cast iron and
AISI1030 steel with nickel interlayer were combined by
friction welding method, using different friction times (8, 10
and 12 s). Welding morphologies were analyzed by optical
microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and
microhardness analysis. Accordingly, as indicated in the
literature, weld joints were divided into four zones as
extremely deformed zone, deformed zone, partially deformed
zone and base metal. Consequently, depending on increasing
friction time, atom transitions occurred in the weld zones.
Moreover, the highest microhardness values were obtained in
the weld joint with 10 s.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tanju TEKER
Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT
The integrated iron and steel plants produce a large
part of their electrical needs (50-80%) with natural gas as well as
process gases from the coke factory, blast furnace and steel mill
processes. Electricity generation takes place in both steam boilers
and gas turbines. A portion of the 45 bar steam produced in the
steam boilers is reduced to 15 bar and charged to the units at the
rate of the process. There are 5 projects for 15 bar steam
production from waste heat boiler, two investment projects for
reduction of electricity consumption, and one project of
electricity production from top pressure recovery turbine (TRT),
which are realized between the years of 2012 and 2017. In this
study, the effects of these projects on greenhouse gas emissions of
energy production processes were investigated. In 2017, CO2
emissions were reduced by 15.41% due to 15 bar steam
production from 4 waste heat boilers. With the TRT project, the
CO2 emissions from the total electricity consumed decreased by
3.43% in 2017. The emission gains from electricity reduction
projects have been realized as 22.5% for sintering plant and 31%
for the rolling plant.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
İrem Gürsoy
Didem İnceoğlu
Okşan Tartanoğlu
Mehmet Beyazçiçek
Material conditions are very important in systems
operating at high vapor pressure and temperatures. Cr-Mo
series special steels used in the thermal power plants of such
structures have high creep resistance and long lasting materials.
The time from the first production phase to the usage area and
subsequent welded joint processes should be carefully monitor.
The P91 and P92 series are the highest-grade creep resistance of
the steels mentioned in different standards. All stages of these
steels should be keep under control. Otherwise, they cannot meet
the desired efficiency after welding. In our study, the whole
process for the P91 steels from the beginning of the weld to the
end is summary as a technical report. For P91 materials, the
requirements for pre-welding, welding and post-welding are
explain together with the academic data. Many studies on
materials P91 have been compile and tried to form a technical
guide.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bünyamin ÇİÇEK
Yavuz Sun
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
The aim of this study was to investigate the
effect of the material hardness and microstructural
characterization of the spring steels having the
qualities of 51CrV4, 54SiCr6, 55Cr3 and 60SiCr7
produced according to the heat treatment application
conditions. Fragments cut to appropriate sizes from
spring steels were subjected to hardening process for
1 hour and tempering temperature for 1.50 hour at
austenitization temperature determined from Fe-C
balance diagram. When the applied heat treatments
were evaluated generally, no differences were
observed in the structure of the spring steel as a result
of the cooling of the oil and the cooling of the
austenitization zone in different cooling environments
resulted in differences depending on the internal
structure of the mechanical properties. As a result of
the cooling process, internal stresses occurred and the
microstructure turned into a mantle, resulting in
rigidity and brittleness. This martensite structure
tempering process reduced the internal stresses of the
metallic material, the hardness fell a little and
softened.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Esma KESKİN
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Yasin SUBAŞI
The aim of this study was to investigate the
effect of the material hardness and microstructural
characterization of the spring steels having the
qualities of 51CrV4, 54SiCr6, 55Cr3 and 60SiCr7
produced according to the heat treatment application
conditions. Fragments cut to appropriate sizes from
spring steels were subjected to hardening process for
1 hour and tempering temperature for 1.50 hour at
austenitization temperature determined from Fe-C
balance diagram. When the applied heat treatments
were evaluated generally, no differences were
observed in the structure of the spring steel as a result
of the cooling of the oil and the cooling of the
austenitization zone in different cooling environments
resulted in differences depending on the internal
structure of the mechanical properties. As a result of
the cooling process, internal stresses occurred and the
microstructure turned into a mantle, resulting in
rigidity and brittleness. This martensite structure
tempering process reduced the internal stresses of the
metallic material, the hardness fell a little and
softened.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Esma KESKİN
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Yasin SUBAŞI
Hot-dip aluminizing (HDA) process is an effective coating technique to protect the surface of steel and cast irons
from corrosion, oxidation, decarburization and wear at high temperatures. Because of these advantages, HDA is used to protect
the surface of steels used in the hot stamping process in automotive industry against oxidation and decarburization. Also, HDA
can provide additional oxidation resistance to high silicon ductile irons used in high-temperature applications such as furnace
parts and exhaust manifolds. HDA is generally performed by dipping the substrates into molten Al or Al–Si alloys. This process
results in the formation of various Fe–Al intermetallics along the coating. For example, immersing the substrate into pure Al
produces Fe2Al5 phase close to the substrate, and FeAl3 phase close to the surface. A high-temperature diffusion annealing
after HDA provides interdiffusion within the coating and thus can change the type and order of the intermetallics. In this study,
the effect of HDA on structural, morphological and mechanical properties of the coating formed on a low carbon steel, a
stainless steel and a high silicon ductile iron were addressed. In addition, effect of successive application of HDA and
austempering on wear and corrosion properties of the ductile iron was also discussed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Murat Baydogan
Hot shortness mechanism is related to tramp elements in steel. Copper is the most effective and the
most common tramp element in steel. Generally related with recycled steel production hot shortness is a
problem that causes failure of steel material in processing. In this study hot shortness is investigated
in low carbon steel. Smelting and casting is done in induction furnace, SEM and optical
microscopy is used for metallographic investigation. Micro hardness tests are done. XRD
technique is used for understanding oxidation behaviour of low carbon steel and its relation with copper
content via mill scale phase analysis.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Selçuk Yeşiltepe
Mustafa Kelami Şeşen
— Image analysis in many fields of science requires a certain level of automation, especially when analyzing a
thousands of features on a large amount of images, where manual analysis would be extremely time consuming, if not
impossible. The automation level depends mainly on the contrast between the pixels of the features to be analyzed and the
background, e.g., carbo-nitrides in a steel matrix. The aim of the present work is to improve the accuracy and shorten the time of
automatic image analysis of a large number of precipitates in two grades of steels, X20 and P91. SEM images at different
magnifications (3k to 20k) were acquired, depending on the optimal accuracy both in the size and shape of particles analyzed
(pixels per particle), and their number density (particles per surface area analyzed). On SE images, precipitates usually appear
brighter on a darker background, however a non-uniform gray value intensity in many areas of micrograph is equal for both
precipitates and background, which makes it impossible to perform a simple thresholding segmentation. Thus advanced
segmentation techniques employing sophisticated algorithms along with image preprocessing in order to improve the
segmentation performance itself were applied. It was found that there is no general image processing and segmentation
technique, no matter how sophisticated it is, which can cover a wide spectra of different images, even if they might have been
acquired from the same material. Thus different combinations of image processing and segmentation algorithms should be
applied for each image in particular, in order to achieve acceptable levels of characterization accuracy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fevzi Kafexhiu
Hot work tool steels are generally used in plastic
forming processes of metals as extrusion dies and punches. Service
life of these parts are related to their surface defects and
dimension changes arising from exposure to high pressure and
wear at high temperatures during plastic forming. Therefore, it is
important to enhance the surface properties of these parts to
extend their lifespan and mitigate the consequences of surface
defects and wear damage. Simulating damages on the dies
occurring during their service period is critical to estimate their
lifetime.
A homemade impact-sliding wear testing machine was designed
and used for accelerated simulation for observing performance of
quenched and tempered hot work tool steels in laboratory. Impact
sliding wear tester can be used for simulating extrusion process to
evaluate wear performances of different kind of die materials used
for metallic component production.
In the scope of this study, two different kinds of hot work tool steel
A and B were quenched and tempered with the carbon equivalent
of 1.91 and 1.66 respectively. Structural features of hot work tool
steels were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy, X-Ray diffractometer and hardness measurements.
Furthermore, sliding and impact sliding wear tests were
conducted at room temperature (RT) to evaluate their wear
performances. Wear tracks were examined by profilometer to
compare wear damages of the steels. Results of characterization
analyses showed that steel A with the carbon equivalent of 1.91
sample exhibited better resistance against impact sliding wear
compared to steel B with the carbon equivalent of 1.66.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ezgi Akyıldız
Faiz Muhaffel
Mert Altay
Seçkin Özkurt
Erdem Atar
Huseyin Cimenoglu
In this paper, some information about impact testing
method and its applications in steel industry are presented, in
additionally, it has been given knowledge related to uncertainty
analysis of Charpy impact test, also application of sample uncertainty
calculation according to ISO 148-1:2016 standard intended for
laboratories that implement this test and review the measurement
results.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Haldun DİZDAR
Bulent AYDEMIR
Cemal VATAN
Combustion processes ensure that the energy
produced by the combustion of air and fuel mixture can be
directly or indirectly used. In order to ensure that these
processes are carried out under suitable conditions, the air/fuel
ratio needs to be well adjusted. Inefficient combustion processes
occur when the air/fuel ratio is not well adjusted. For the
determination of the air/fuel ratio, the oxygen content in the flue
gas must be measured. Zirconium Dioxide oxygen measurement
sensors are used for the measurement of oxygen content in the
flue gas. These sensors can be used to measure oxygen directly at
high temperatures. In this study, the importance of oxygen ratio
measurement in flue gases and air/fuel ratio optimization
occurring in combustion processes are explained.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şaban PUSAT
Combustion process is one of the main processes for
industry. Due to the direct fuel use in combustion process,
efficiency is very important for optimum fuel consumption. The
most significant points to be considered in terms of energy
efficiency are the places where energy is being thrown away.
When the flue gases from the combustion process are examined,
it is seen that the waste heat recovery potential is very high. In
this study, importance of the waste heat recovery potential in the
flue gases will be determined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şaban PUSAT
This steel teeth and coupons were produced by the
casting process. Steel having MC chemical content was alloyed
with 0.15 (MC15) and 0.20 (MC20) % wt. Ti. Respectively,
normalizing, quenching and tempering heat-treatment were
carried out for improved mechanical properties. The typical lath
martensite structure in martensitic steels was observed when
microstructure of specimens investigated via an optical
microscope. Mechanical properties of heat-treated specimens
were determined to use of tensile and hardness test. Wear
behaviors of MC, MC15, and MC20 specimens were found out
with the pin-on-disk test device. The field test was done for teeth.
Working life, volume changes of teeth were calculated as a result
of this field test.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Keleş
Mehmet Yıldırım
Gönül Coşkun
In this study, Vickers hardness values change of the
100Cr6 steel as a result of the induction surface hardening and
tempering were investigated. Load values selected for
experimental studies are total 7 values from 50 grams to 2000
grams. The experimental result curves were compared with
Meyer’s law, PSR, MPSR and Hays-Kendall models. Furthermore,
the most appropriate mathematical equation for experimental
curve was investigated. The comparison results showed that the
Matlab curve fitting model was the most concordant of the
equation obtained from the Power 2 Lar Trust-Region analysis.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Erdal Karadeniz
Aykut Argıncıklıgil
In this paper, TiAlZrN coatings were deposited on
AISI H13 steels with various bias voltage and working pressure
ranging between -50 V to -90 V and 2 x10-3 to 3x10-3 Torr
respectively. Closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering
technique which is a kind of PVD was used for the deposition
process. Among the different PVD methods, closed field
unbalanced magnetron sputtering method is one of the most
successful and sophisticated technology for the metal, alloy and
ceramic coatings to control microstructure, surface morphology
and phase composition. After the deposition process, the effects
of bias voltage and working pressure on the microstructure,
hardness, scracth and wear properties were investigated by
SEM, EDS, nanoindentation, scratch and wear volume
measurements. All produced films exhibited classic surface of
granular structure and the cross-sectional morphology showed
that all films have columnar structure which was altered from
massive columnar to denser columnar structure due to increase
the bias voltage and working pressure. TiAlZrN films deposited
at -90 V and 3x10-3 Torr exhibited dentest structure, besides
possessed the best nano hardness, scratch and wear properties.
The highest nano hardness of 42 GPa is obtained under highest
bias and working pressure. Also compared untreated AISI H13
steel which is the substrate, the produced TiAlZrN with
aforementioned coating parameters considerably enhance the
wear resistance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yaşar Sert
Levent KARA
Tevfik Küçükömeroğlu
FeTi and FeB particulates having 150 µm were
inoculated to molten 27Cr high chromium white cast iron as 0.5 wt.%
and over 50 °C above the melting temperature. Samples were
analyzed using optical microscopy and XRD to examine the
influence of the addition of titanium and boron. The effect of
inoculant on the size and carbide volume fraction were determined.
The microstructures of the samples were examined by matrixstructure of austenitic and M7C3 carbides with austenite layer
surrounding the carbides. From the heat treatment results, it can be
say that the size of the austenite reduced, and the decomposition of
the austenite resolved M7C3 carbides.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
S. Osman YILMAZ
Tanju TEKER
In metal forming process, improving mechanical and
surface properties of tool steels has been significant issue, since the
productivity is mainly related with the service life of tools. In order
to enhance service life of tools, wear is the most challenging
problem to tackle due to its detrimental effects on surface and
dimensional characteristics of components especially produced by
hot forming process. In the present study, influence of nitriding on
the wear resistance of famous AISI H13 tool steel was investigated
by homemade impact-sliding wear tester to simulate forces which
affects tool steels during extrusion process. Structural
characterization of nitrided and bare samples via using X-ray
diffractometer, optical and scanning electron microscopes was
conducted along with hardness measurements. Wear tracks of
samples subjected to impact-sliding wear test at room and
elevated temperature were examined under scanning electron
microscope in order to determine their wear mechanism. 2-D
profilometer was also used to measure the wear loss.
Results of these examinations revealed that nitriding leads to
increment in impact-sliding wear resistance of H13 tool steels at
room and elevated temperature.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Belda Aydın
Birsen Baş
Mertcan Kaba
Mert Altay
Faiz Muhaffel
Utku İnan
Seçkin Özkurt
Erdem Atar
Huseyin Cimenoglu
Having combine mechanical properties (e.g. strength,
toughness and ductility makes the austempered ductile iron
(ADI) finding wide range of application areas. In recent years, to
obtain greater ductility than that by the conventional
austempering process, intercritical austempering process has
been focus of researches on ADI. This study deals with
intercritical austempering of GGG40 ductile cast iron by
isothermally treatment at 350 °C for a range of 25-150 minutes
following partly austenizing it at 800 °C and microstructural
examination of as-threated cast irons. Digital image processing
method was used to determine graphite nodularity having
responsibility of ductility and matrix phases influencing other
mechanical properties in the cast iron. Results showed that while
number of graphite particles decreases, their size and circularity
increases with increasing treatment time and a useful
austempering range can be defined as 100-150 min.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Erol Kilic
Cengiz Bagci
Kubilay Karacif
Studies are carried out to minimize earthquake
damages during rapid and irregular construction process since
our country is on an active earthquake zone. Especially in recent
years, steel structure systems find out a large application area
due to their high construction speed and the fact that a
significant part of their production is done in factories.
Therefore, these are also, as in other building types, the
importance of earthquake resistant designs increases. On the
other hand, depending on technological developments, the
methods used in the design and elaboration vary. For these
reasons, the regulations used in their design are updated from
time to time. In this study, the changes in the new TS 648 design
regulation, which came into force in January 2018, which
replaced the TS 648 dated 1980 which was used in steel
structures design, will be emphasized. For this purpose, some
design principles of the TS648 steel structures regulation which
has newly entered into force with the old steel structures
regulation are presented comparatively. The findings obtained at
the end of the study reveal that there are significant differences
between the design regulations considered.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ayşegül YILMAZ
Şenol GÜRSOY
Accessing to global markets and gaining a larger
share from global trade is one of the most important factors that
will accelerate the economic development of countries, and this is
becoming more difficult under increasing competition conditions.
On the other hand, due to the fact that the steel sector is the main
input of many sectors such as automotive, construction, white
goods and machinery production and is a strategically important
sector, international competition has become more difficult
especially with the increasing protectionism and tariffs which
have increased in recent years. As a consequence of the high
customs tariffs implemented by the US as a result of section 232
investigations, exports to the US have ceased to be attractive and
countries searching for new markets. As a result of this, the EU
has taken a safeguard measures in order to protect the steel
sector and has started to implement quota on a country basis. In
case of a country exceeds the quota, EU will start to implement a
tariff of 25% and in this circumstance international competition
for the Turkish steel sector has become more difficult. With this
study, it is expected to have a scientific contribution to Turkish
steel sector. Thus, in order to increase exports in the steel sector,
this study determines international target markets among twenty
alternatives based on AHP considering three main criteria and
twenty sub-criteria. Computational analysis shows that USA,
China and India are the first three international target markets
for Turkish steel sector.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Merve Bayata
Mehmet KABAK
Fulya Altıparmak
In this study, a dual phase steel DP600 which is
frequently used for automotive industry because of lightness,
durability performance and economical attainability, was joined
by resistance spot welding (RSW) method that are used
frequently in automobile industry, and then exposed to cyclic
bending load with different amplitude values. In addition, fatigue
test was repeated with additional tensile force that is applied with
bending forces and results that obtained from bending fatigue
tests and bending-tensile fatigue tests are evaluated and
compared with each other. As a result of the fatigue tests that
performed to the samples, it was observed that the axial tensile
force decreased the fatigue life. In literature frequently axial
forces were applied to resistance spot welded specimens for
fatigue tests in most research. In real condition, fusion zone can
be exposed to different axial forces. It is necessary to know and
investigate the fatigue life due to tensile and bending resultant
force as well as axial force, which is very important for vehicle
stiffness and reliability.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Göktaş
Muhammed Elitaş
Bilge Demir
This study aims to fabricate nano boron nitride (BN)
reinforced with 1 wt. % fraction iron matrix composite using semi
powder technique. Powders were mixed using mechanical agitator
in ethanol and drying process was completed in vacuum
distillation system. Powders were pressed and the obtained bulk
materials were sintered in atmosphere controlled furnace.
Microstructure was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM). Wear test was conducted under 20N, 40N and 60N during
500 m. sliding distance. Results indicated that BN reinforced
composite showed lowest wear rate under 20N load. In general,
BN exhibited good lubricant effect.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Muhammet Emre Turan
Carbon steels have a wide range of applications such as
construction, machine components (shafts, bolts etc.) and
transportation. Corrosion is one of the important reason for the
failure of these materials. In this study, the corrosion behavior of
hot-rolled carbon steel against dimethylformamide (DMF) was
investigated. Also, the corrosion resistance of the sample was
compared to untreated carbon steel and heat treated carbon
steel. Stress relieving heat treatment was applied at 550 ℃ for 90
minutes. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed for all
samples. In addition, while the chemical composition of the
sample was determined by spectral analysis, microstructure
studies were carried out by an optical microscope.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yasin Akgül
Hamza Simsir
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Investigations on cutting force, surface quality and
dimension accuracy etc. are ongoing considering the feed rate
and cutting speed despite the development of new drill qualities
in terms of the material and geometry in drilling. In this study,
the drillability of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel used in many
industrial environments such as automobile chassis parts, hot
water tanks, kitchen utensils and decorative applications was
investigated. The effects on thrust force, torque and surface
quality of cutting speed and feed rate was evaluated in the
drilling of workpiece prepared in sheet form. Experiments were
performed with three different cutting speeds and feed rate with
the uncoated carbide drill bit. Variance analysis was applied to
determine the effect levels of the drilling parameters on the
machining outputs. According to the experimental results, it was
determined that as the feed rate increases, thrust force, torque
and surface roughness increases. On the other hand, it has been
observed that as the cutting speed increases, the machining
outputs tends to decrease.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tolga MERAL
Mustafa GÜNAY
In recent years, analysis of product and production processes with the help of
numerical simulation methods; the effects of production processes on mechanical and
microstructural properties of products, efficiency studies in the processes, material flow,
determination of cooling regime, distortion, folding, etc., provides a significant contribution
to the determination of the relationship between production-structure-propertyperformance in R & D / Design studies. Hot and cold forging, rolling and extrusion can be
solved under finite elements and finite volume method with the help of computer aided analysis.
In this study, the solution of the phase transformations in the material microstructure,
due to the heat transfer coefficient in different cooling environments as a result
of the production with hot forging, is investigated by the numerical simulation method.
Critical phase conversion temperatures of 1.7035 and 1.1191 code steels, nonrecrystallization temperature, critical forging temperatures were calculated
according to alloy composition. Hot forging operation was carried out by finite volume method
and cooling process was solved by finite element method. Simufact.Forming software was used
in numerical simulation supported solutions. As a result of hot forging and cooling process;
phase ratios, strength, distortion in the product, residual stress values were revealed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Osman Çulha
Fulya Eyçin
Serhat Bardakçı
Chemical composition and steel alloy structure are the most important process inputs
affecting the material properties in production with hot forging. Different mechanical
properties can be obtained in the product due to the cooling regime applied at the end of the
forging operation. Especially, as a result of the cooling process, the alloy phase structure is
transformed into different phases at room temperature. The microstructure of micro alloyed
steels at room temperature, which is obtained by thermomechanical forging at high
temperatures, differs from one another depending on cooling atmosphere. According to the
literature review; microstructure of forged material shows that the finer grain structure has
higher toughness and fatigue strength. In this study, 1.1141 coded cardan shaft fixed forked
flange produced by hot forging at 1200 oC and 5 different operations, used as sample.
Microstructural; grain size, type, distribution and rate of phase and mechanical properties;
hardness and strength variations of hot forged samples under four different cooling media such
as; controlled, air, oil and water cooling, were investigated in simulation. Phase
transformation and distribution were calculated according to the cooling rate and TTT-CCT
diagram of sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Osman Çulha
Fulya Eyçin
Serhat Bardakçı
This work can be located to two parts. In the first part,
hydrothermal carbon (HTC) was synthesized from cellulose at
180 ℃ for 20 hours. In the second part, HTCs reinforced iron
matrix composites were fabricated via powder metallurgy. For
this fabrication process, HTCs and iron powders were mixed by
turbula mixer for one hour. Then, obtained mixtures of powders
were compacted by press machine at 700 Mpa. After that, green
billets were sintered at 1100 ℃ for one hour. Microstructures of
samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM). Density measurement was applied according to
Archimedes method. Hardness and compression tests were
conducted to determine mechanical properties of samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hamza Simsir
Yasin Akgül
Mehmet Akif Erden
In this study, Fe-5Cr-3W steels containing without Co
and 1.5 wt% Co were produced via casting and following that
they were hot rolled. The effect of Co addition on microstructure
and hardness of steels after heat treatment ((annealing, air
cooling) and (annealing, air cooling and tempering)) was
investigated. Co-free and Co-contained steels have bainitic and
martensitic microstructure. However, martensite volume
fraction of Co-free steel is higher than Co-containing steel.
Hardness of air quenched samples was decreased after
tempering. Co increased hardness slightly both air quenched and
tempered samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gökhan Arıcı
Mustafa ACARER
Mesut Uyaner
— Cr-Mo steels with high creep resistance used in power
generation plants vary according to the region where they are
used. As the temperature and pressure increase, the amount of CrMo increases in the alloy. The welding of these dissimilar steels is
obligatory in the regions that make up the temperature difference.
For example, when P91 quality steels are use at high temperatures,
P22 quality steels are use at lower temperatures. In the transition
from the walls of the boiler to the outside, these two dissimilar steel
are weld together. In such processes, all stages before and after
the welding should be keep under control. In this welding process,
relevant standards should be follow and witnessed sample (PQR)
must be perform prior to welding. After that, the weld are valid,
which meet the desired values from the mechanical tests (when the
values of the standards are meet). A PQR study was follow in our
study. In this weld, P91-P22 coupling was make by TIG method.
Afterwards, tensile, bending, charpy and hardness tests were
apply according to the relevant standards and it was observe that
they met the standard requirements.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bünyamin ÇİÇEK
Yavuz Sun
Mehmet Ünal
In this study, the surface of EN 10130 steel used in deep
drawing processes in industry is coated with CMT technique.
Al2O3 powder with different ratios of Al, Zn, Sn and Ni metal
powders were used as coating material. Nano-sized metal powders
and ceramic powders were used. This coating has been made to
improve wear and corrosion resistance after deep drawing of EN
10130 steel. However, due to the lack of sufficient time for the
operation and the failure of the wear device, only SEM and EDX
studies were applied. In SEM studies, it was observed that the
Al2O3 + Ni composition and the coating interface were not
smooth. Other coating surfaces are in good condition. Although
the average coating thickness varies regionally, it is 20-60 µm
thick.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Erkan Koç
Hüseyin DEMIRTAS
Hybrid composites are materials that have a
combination of two or more reinforcements. These materials have
extensive engineering applications that have a low
strength/density ratio, low cost and ease of manufacturing. Hybrid
composites provide a combination of properties such as tensile
modulus, compressive strength and impact resistance, which
cannot be realized in composite materials. The surface properties
of the materials must be improved against corrosion and wear. It
is therefore essential and important that the coating layer has both
wear and corrosion resistant phases. In this study, the surface of
AISI 316L stainless steel is coated with metal powder having
different composition by tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding surface
coating method. Ti, B4C and SiC metal powders of different ratios
were used as coating powder. The corrosion properties of coated
samples were characterized by potentiostatic polarization test.
Corrosion test results showed that corrosion properties vary
depending on the coating components.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Serkan Islak
Mehmet Akkaş
Cihan Özorak
Aytekin Ulutaş
In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in
the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is
obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe
matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 4, 5 and 6
mm ball in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was
mixed with powder and ball ratio 1/10 for 1 hour. Powders
obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at
1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as
tensile specimens. The particle size of the produced steels and the
distribution of the phases were determined by optical
microscope. After microstructure analysis, tensile test was
applied to steel samples prepared in tensile specimen dimensions.
The elongation, yield-tensile strength of the samples are
explained depending on the ball diameter. As a result, steel
samples with a ball diameter of 5 mm exhibited the highest yield
and tensile strength.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Selim Erman
Harun ÇUĞ
In this study, Fe based SiC reinforced composites
were produced by powder metallurgy method. Fe-Graphite and
SiC powders were weighed with a scale of 0.0001 g and then
blended for 1 hour. It was then pressed under pressure of 750
MPa. After the pressing process, the composite materials were
sintered at 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 1 hour in argon
atmosphere. With increasing sintering temperatures, an increase
in density values and a decrease in porosity were determined.
The ideal hardness results for the composites were obtained by
sintering at 1100 ° C.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hasan Karabulut
Mehmet Akif Erden
Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a method
which allows better formability properties compared to forming
processes using a sheet metal die. However, the production time
is considerably higher compared to using a die. Therefore, this
method is generally used in low production quantities or in
prototype manufacturing. In the present work, DP600 Dual
Phase sheet material are selected for SPIF. Two material
thicknesses were took (1mm, 1,5mm) and a truncated cone form
was designed with three different wall angles. The finite element
(FE) modeling of SPIF was generated with and without applying
a pressure force from lower side of the sheet material. The FE
analyzes have been done by using Abaqus software. It was
determined that fluid assisted SPIF application caused to
homogenously distribute the wall thickness of the sheet material
while forming and increased the forming properties of the sheet
metal.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hakan Gürün
Onur Çavuşoğlu
Gökhan Küçüktürk
Onur Çetinkaya
The research was carried out to determine critical temperature and to investigate the kinetics of decomposition of supercooled austenite with continuous cooling of steel for rails with high content of manganese and microalloyed of vanadium. Dependences of interlamellar
spacings of perlite on the speed of cooling and hardness from the
interlamellar spacings of perlite with changes in the cooling rate
of steel with 0,80% C; 0.25% Si; 0.97% Mn; 0,055% V.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
A. Babachenko
G. Kononenko
The microstructure investigation of springback formed
after sheet metal forming by the drawing mold is the
basis of this study. In this study, microstructure
properties after springback were investigated in two
different metal groups such as high-strength steel and
Al. The estimation of the amount of springback, the ways
of avoidance and microstructure investigations are of
great importance in producing parts with high
commercial value. Specially designed deep drawing
mold was used in experimental studies. The staple
radius in the drawing die was used as a die factor and
kept constant in all experiments. Four different materials
and four different thicknesses were used as material
factors. The microstructure was examined after the
forming, the amount of springback was calculated as
angular. The results showed that the increase in sheet
metal thickness increased the amount of springback and
the difference in chemical composition was more
effective than the resistance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Abdülsamet ÖZDEN
Bilge Demir
in this study copper nanoparticle (CuNP) deposited on
the 316L stainless steel (316L SS) by physical vapour deposition
(PVD) technique. The development of thermal conductivity is
essential for thermal application, especially in solar energy
applications. The distinctive method transient plane source (TPS)
for measuring the thermal conductivity of the copper thin film was
used in comparison with the 316L SS base metal, while the
ambient conditions including heating power, measurement time
and sample temperature were 6.9 W, 5 Sec and 34 o C
respectively, were employed in this test. The results show that the
prepared film by a thermal vacuum evaporation technique has an
enchantment on the improvement of physical properties like
absorption and thermal conductivity in comparison with parent
316L SS substrate. It was noted that the thermal conductivity
improved dramatically with 39.82 % comparing with 316L SS
substrate. Structural properties of thin film layer achieved have
been analyzed by (XRD). The other characterization likes surface
morphology has been investigated by using SEM, FESEM, and
AFM. This improvement from an economical energy point of view
for the 316L SS-CuNP enhanced the heat gaining process of solar
collector system considerably with high efficiency.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmed S. Abbas
Mohammed J. Kadhim
Khalid A. Sukkar
In this study, different rates of boron at 1635 ºC were
added to the 21CrNi5 steel using the induction furnace. The casting
process was melted and cooled in air to 40x40 mm thick ceramic
ceramic molds heated up to 850 ºC. The obtained 40x40 mm square
materials were rolled in 2 passes and deformation was applied at
about 200-300%. Parts with a 15x15x10 mm were cut and sanded.
The effects of boron on the wear behavior, which were added to the
samples under 10 N load test and added at different rates, were
examined by optical microscope.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemal ÇARBOĞA
Bülent KURT
Serkan DAL
In this study, different rates of boron at 1635 ºC were
added to the AISI 1040 steel using the induction furnace. The casting
process was melted and cooled in air to 40x40 mm thick ceramic
ceramic molds heated up to 850 ºC. The obtained 40x40 mm square
materials were rolled in 2 passes and deformation was applied at
about 200-300%. Parts with a 15x15x10 mm were cut and sanded.
The effects of boron on the wear behavior, which were added to the
samples under 10 N load test and added at different rates, were
examined by optical microscope.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemal ÇARBOĞA
Bülent KURT
Serkan DAL
This document includes the studies carried out during
the optimization of the casting parameters as a result of the
revision performed in the continuous casting machine of the
ÇEMTAŞ/BURSA plant.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gürcan KIRNAK
Cemalettin YAMAN
In the diesel common rail systems, it is necessary to increase the fuel pressure up to 2500 bar to make
engines more efficient and economical as well as to correspond more strict environmental
standards. Bainitic forging steels were recently developed for the common rail systems and also
becoming increasingly attractive for many forged parts such as crankshafts, injection rails,
axle pivots in the automotive industry. A controlled cooling route comprising of hot forging
without any quenching and tempering has been established for developing ductile high strength steels
with tensile strengths up to 1250 MPa. In this study, the austenite grain growth of a microalloyed
bainitic forging steel was investigated using light microscopy. It is well known that the
precipitation of microalloying elements can prevent the austenite grain growth. Therefore,
phase transformation temperatures were calculated using Thermo-Calc software to obtain an
overview about the possible austenitization temperatures. In order to investigate the austenite grain
growth, annealing experiments were performed at temperatures between 1000 ºC and 1300 ºC for 5
minutes. The mean intercept length of the grains has been determined according to ASTM E112
intercept method. The results showed that prior austenite grain size and distribution depend on
austenitization temperature.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sibel Ün
Emre Alan
Nurten Başak Dürger
Caner Güney
Ersoy Erişir
In this study; The effect of the heat
treatment applied to the samples taken from the
domestic production gear part used in the
construction machinery, on the heavy abrasive wear
is investigated. Samples removed from the threaded
part were allowed to stand at 900 ºC for 1 hour and
then cooled by quenching. Water samples were
tempered at 400 ºC for 1.5 hours. Non-heat-treated
and heat-treated samples were subjected to abrasive
wear test against 60 mesh Al2o3 sandpaper under
40N, 80N, and 120N load. The abrasive wear
resistance of the examined domestic nail in severe
abrasive wear conditions improved by 37% in heat
treatment
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemal ÖZGENÇ
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Süleyman Yaşın
Esma KESKİN
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Yasin SUBAŞI
Burcu Çetintaş
Welding technologies; automotive, transportation,
steel construction, machine manufacturing, iron and steel sector,
pipe sector, ship construction, power plants, mining sector,
defense industry etc. has a strategic importance in many sectors.
The role of welding as a locomotive in the industry is of great
importance both for its development and its progress. Turkey, in
accordance with the needs of the market, keeping up with
constantly evolving technology, have high competitiveness, good
quality and affordable welding wire, welding electrode, skilled
electrodes, soldering wires and it can increase the export capacity
by producing welding machines of various capacities. Due to the
presence of large-scale welding wire and covered electrode
producers in the domestic market with economies of scale, high
tonnage raw material purchasing power, warehouse and storage
capacities cause the iron-steel mills of the wire rod manufacturer
to focus on these firms. Small and medium sized new
entrepreneurs are ignored by these producers due to their
insufficient purchasing and storage capacities. Therefore, new
entrepreneurs cannot enter the market, causes prices in the
domestic market are increasing. This increase leads consumer
and manufacturer firms that demand low price products to Far
Eastern companies' products. In the resource sector, while access
to European standards and quality in Turkey, both producer and
consumer reduce the competitive strength of the company.
Reduce the share of Far Eastern products in the domestic market
and large suppliers of wire rods to increase the production of
materials such as welding electrodes, welding wires, solder wires,
etc., must meet the reasonable demands of small and medium
sized entrepreneurs. The market price balance of the welding
consumables will be ensured thanks to the new small and
medium sized new entrepreneurs. The new price balance, by
reducing imports of far-eastern products has captured the
European quality standards and will contribute to Turkey's
exports of welding consumables.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Soner ÇETİN
Volkan Temizkan
AISI 304 stainless steel accounts for approximately
50% of the world's stainless-steel production and consumption.
It is important to improve the machinability properties of
stainless steels due to the intensive use in the industry. In this
study, the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness
was investigated in water jet turning of AISI 304 material. The
test parameters were determined as nozzle feed rate, abrasive
flow rate, turning speed of the chuck and nozzle distance. During
the experimental study, the pump pressure (380 MPa), the
abrasive size (80 Mesh in Garnet form) and the nozzle diameter
(0.75 mm) were kept constant. According to the experimental
results, the surface roughness decreased as the turning speed and
the abrasive flow rate increased. On the other hand, the surface
roughness value increased as the nozzle feed rate and nozzle
distance increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat KARTAL
M. Hüseyin ÇETİN
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Low carbon steels have been gained special attention for being used in transportation industries like automotive and
railway sectors. Improving the mechanical properties of low carbon steels in any manner may decrease the total weight
of the vehicles and structures and thus reduce the fuel consumption. Although mechanical properties of low carbon
steels can be optimized by heat treatment, severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques based on imposing very high
strain to the material provide much more increase in the strength values of them. Therefore, low carbon grade-A
steel was processed via equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) known as one of the most commonly used SPD
method. ECAP did not cause considerable decrease in the grain size of the steel, but it increased hardness and
strength values significantly due to the increase in the dislocation density in the microstructure. On the other hand
ductility of the steel decreased after ECAP process. Impact energy of the ECAP-processed sample was found to be
dependent on the notch position of the Charpy impact test sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Muhammet Demirtaş
Copper, which is known to have very good electrical
and thermal conductivity, has poor mechanical properties. In
order to overcome this negativity, the production of coppermatrix composites is becoming increasingly popular. In this
study, copper (Cu) matrix ferrochromium (FeCr) and
ferroboron (FeB) reinforced composites were produced. Cold
pressing and sintering process were preferred as production
methods. Microstructure and phase composition of the
composites were examined by using scanning electron
microscope (SEM). Hardness properties were carried out
microhardness device. Also, Densities of composites were studied.
SEM images showed that FeCr and FeB reinforcements were
partially homogeneously dispersed in the Cu matrix. In the
presence of FeCr and FeB in the Cu matrix, the hardness of the
Cu matrix was considerably increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akkaş
Serkan Islak
Uğur Çalıgülü
Mustafa Boz
Low carbon steels are well-known ones among
the traditionally shipbuilding materials due to their low
cost, high workability and good weldability. However,
they have relatively low mechanical properties such as
hardness and strength due to their low carbon content.
Grain refinement via sever plastic deformation (SPD)
seems to be an essential strengthening mechanism
without changing the chemical composition of
metallic materials. Among SPD methods, equal
channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most
commonly used one due to its capacity for achieving
bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials. When the
literature is examined, very limited investigations have
been undertaken regarding the low carbon steels and
none of them are shipbuilding steels. Therefore the
mean purpose of this study is to apply ECAP to a
shipbuilding low carbon steel (ASTM 131A) to be able to
achieve finer grained microstructure for gaining
improved mechanical properties. ECAP brought about a
substantial grain refinement. Two different
microstructures observed on flow and transverse
planes of the ECAPed sample. On the flow plane,
microstructure consists of elongated ferrite and
perlite grains aligned in a direction having mainly 45°
angle with the extrusion direction while on the transverse
plane nearly equiaxed grains were formed. Hardness
increased significantly from 130 Hv to about 290 Hv on
the transverse plane after UFG formation. ECAP also
increased both yield and tensile strength values from 280
MPa and 410 MPa to about 420 MPa and 790 MPa,
respectively.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Dursun Murat Sekban
Muhammet Demirtaş
Gençağa Pürçek
The assessment of microstructure of polycrystalline materials is a very complex task. In practice it is usually
gathered through observations of 2D cross-sections of material. In the literature there are many references that theoretically deal
with the problem of mapping the 2D structure onto 3D space. This is a very complex geometrical problem. Any kind of
idealization of grain shapes might lead to erroneous conclusions. The contribution describes the concept of 3D model where a
large quantity of grains is generated randomly in shape and size. They are randomly distributed in a unit volume space. The
space crosssections are made, producing the 2D grain distributions. The grains are randomly shaped and initially represented by
geometrical formalisms and further on neural networks are used to form a non-geometric representation of extremely large
number of grains. Further step to create the virtual 3D microstructure is to form the large repository of randomly created grains.
When used, such grains are randomly selected and placed into the 3D space, scaled, rotated and fit to the grains that already
occupy the 3D space. The results of modeling and simulation are presented.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Igor Belic
Blast furnaces are vertical melting furnaces and their capacities change according to their
height. They are used in the production of liquid raw iron by melting coke, limestone and iron
ore. High quality raw materials are demanded for the blast furnace operations and from one
of the raw materials, metallurgical coke, is produced in the batteries of coke plants.
Coke production take place by mixing low, medium and high volatile coking coal
in calculated proportions, than feeding this blend into closed system, airtight ovens and
heating the blend to 1250 ° C - 1350 ° C for 18-19 hours. In the coking process, first the
moisture in the coal is separated by vaporization, then the volatiles separates by gasification
after a series of cracking reactions. The final product is metallurgical coke which is rich in
carbon, porous and has a hard structure. The quality of the produced metallurgical coke is
directly affected by the coals used in the blend and the coking conditions.
Because of the increasing production targets and needs, integrated iron and steel plants can
supply metallurgical coke from outside producers. One of the most important input that increases
the cost of liquid raw iron is the amount of coke used in blast furnaces. The most important
parameters that determine the quality of the coke are CRI, CSR, Stability and Hardness.
Considering that the facilities provide coke from suppliers in order to meet their
production targets, the quality of the purchased coke affects the consumption in the
blast furnaces and has a direct negative or positive impact on the costs.
From time to time, it is observed that the analyses result of the four quality parameter
values mentioned above in the loading port and discharge port are not matched, the
discharge port sample’s analysis result are low than loading port. In such cases, the articles in the
contract are valid and buyer can accept the shipment with penalty or reject the raw materials.
In this study, the results of CRI, CSR, Stability and Hardness analysis are modeled from the
ash, volatile matter and ash components of coke and 77,14% - 77,30% - 91,51% - 80,8% R-square
values were obtained respectively. With the model a tool has been developed, which can be
used by the purchasing departments at the proposal evaluation stage.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Can Erarslan
Tayfun PAMUKÇU
Erdem YILDIZ
The results of modelling of temperature
fields, kinetics of deposition of layers of dissimilar metals
and nature of structural transformations in formation of
multi-layer structure of 17G1S and 30KhGS steels are
presented. Computer modelling was performed using
COMSOL Multiphysics package. The work takes into
account effect of temperature on thermal and physical
parameters of steels. To increase productivity of additive
process the work has studied simultaneous effect of 3 arcs
on process of deposit formation, kinetics of structural
transformations and diffusion processes of alloying
elements redistribution. The calculations show that
preheating of the substrate by arc in the beginning of the
process before application of deposited material is
necessary in order to decrease a stress level between
additive deposit and substrate to 50 MPa. It is shown that
the time of passing between neighbor arc heat sources
shall be kept in 5- 30 s range. It is determined that low
power of arc (1 kW) mainly provokes formation of
ferrite-bainite structure in the deposit, portion of bainite
in which makes 71 %, ferrite 28% and martensite 1%.
Application of larger power arc (5 kW) forms in the
deposit bainite-martensite structure, portion of bainite in
which makes 50%, portion of martensite rises up to
40% and that of ferrite to 10%. Increase of arc power
results in rise of maximum temperature of liquid pool to
1750-1850 C, growth of cooling rate to 15 – 25 C/s , and,
as a consequence, increase of martensite portion in the
structure of deposited layers. Developed software can be
used for mathematical modelling of metallurgical additive
process of formation of products from different steels,
titanium, aluminum etc. alloys.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
КОSTIN V.A
LAUKHIN D.V
ROTT N.O.
Manufacturing Practicing Code (MPC) is the key number which is consisted of 13 parameters and given to all the flat
(coil, plate) and long products (wire rod, billet) regardless of A1 or A2 quality manufactured in Iskenderun Iron and
Steel Co. (ISDEMIR). It underlies the basis of the follow-up systematic in the factory. These 13 parameters are aimed to
be increased till 28 parameters at a later time. All information about the product come under MPC which contains
customer demands which affect production and quality parameters in all phases from the stage of order placement
until delivery to the customer. These components identify the product and customer requirements. Isdemir
Production Management System (PMS), Production Control System and Long Product Sales System are
established on MPC from demand to shipment. Product type, steel grade, thickness/diameter, width, length,
domestic/export, size tolerance, length tolerance, type of packaging, outside/inside diameter, test report, special mark
and weight' create the infrastructure of MPC. All information in this code determine the production line where the
product has to be followed, processing parameters and tolerances in production lines. Thus, production and effective
control can be ensured accordingly. MPC which characterizes identification of customer demands, provides
continuity of the process and systematic along with PMS. ISDEMIR has 4 levels
of computing and automation system in the production process: The first three level is consist of machining, line
or division basis whilst fourth level provides production and control, gives production orders, allows quality control
and production monitoring functions generally in whole ISDEMIR. The
other name of Level-4 is Production Management System (PMS). Quality Design, Production Planning, Quality
Control and Production Monitoring etc. are sub-systems of PMS. Quality design, order acceptance, order entering and
order confirming are performed in the PMS. MPC is a necessary code on PMS because of the production planning
and the continuation of the product or semi-finished products to the next line. Therefore, MPC becomes the
main component of the Production Management System. It is a key that reflects the final product characteristics
consisting of a product code and a sequential number, expressed in 9 characters.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Muhammet Bilen
Nalan Gül Uğur
Nowadays, one of the most important problems of businesses is to optimize projects with many conflicting goals. Goal
programming model is very commonly used tool for solving multi objective programming solving. However, the concept of
uncertainty is very important in optimizing model where there are many targets. In these reason, the complexity of
uncertainties in our environment or insufficient capabilities of decision-makers lead researchers to concentrate on
new methodologies. One of the best ways to decide in case of uncertainty is to use the fuzzy goal programming
model. The production targets of an integrated iron and steel plant are becoming more complex in a changing
production environment where the suppliers need to be diversified. In the iron and steel industry, mathematical programming
techniques have been used since 1958 and since then many optimization applications have been reported. In this study, firstly
concept of fuzzy and fuzzy logic was explained. Then goal programming and fuzzy goal programming methods were
investigated. Finally, the product supply problem of the integrated iron and steel plant was solved by two
different Fuzzy Goal Programming approaches and the most appropriate procurement program was found. Then, the
results obtained by these two methods were compared and the findings were interpreted.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Neslihan Yağcı Köse
Ramazan ŞAHİN
Powder metallurgy method is production of parts widely used today. This use is widely used in many areas of the
steel materials industry, especially from powder metal parts produced by powder metallurgy method. Since these materials take the
form of the final product at the end of production without requiring any machining process. Also, these materials can be used as an
iron based bearing material because of the machine parts such as filter, cutting tool bits and they have self-lubricating property due
to its porosity. The aim of this study is; stainless steel matrix, boron carbide reinforcement in different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%)
is the production of functional graded material. For this reason, stainless steel and boron carbide powders were mixed in V-type
mixer for 3 hours. After this process, the samples were produced by means of powder metallurgy under pressure of 45 MPa at 900°C
in the hot press machine. The microstructure and boron carbide distribution of the produced samples were examined in the
SEM device and hardness measurements were made in order to observe the changes in mechanical properties. When
microstructures were examined, it was determined that boron carbides were distributed homogeneously. It was observed that the
hardness increased as the rate of support and the transition between the stages increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Batuhan Özusta
Yasin Akgül
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Süleyman Yaşın
İsmail Esen
Yavuz Sun
Yunus Türen
In the past 10 years, the progression on research and development of graphene incorporated steel matrix composites
has attracted enormous attention of scientists and industries aiming to combine the advantages of each component producing
multifunctional materials with exceptional properties. Due to its unique properties, graphene is strong candidate for reinforcing
and decorating the structure of steel matrix and high expectations have been placed on it for various technological applications.
Recently, numerous studies directed toward on composites of graphene with steel particles. The interactions between graphene
and steel, either noble or non-noble steels, have enhanced durability, chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties to
a large extent. Herein, this paper addresses the most recent progress on graphene-based steel composites, their properties and
the applications.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Kamal Bin Yusoh
Oily sludge is considered as waste in steel processing plants. Although it is treated as waste, it could be used as
raw material since high metal content. Mill scale on the other hand is used in integrated steel factories and is a
large source as raw material or recycled material. In this study, oily sludge of pipe production is mixed in
different ratios with mill scale and pelletizing behaviour is studied. Starting materials are characterized
for particle size, chemical composition and phase analysis. Produced pellets are controlled for free fall test,
moisture content and compressive strength. Reduction experiments are done in laboratory scale furnace
in order to evaluate reduction behaviour of pellets and effect of oily sludge content.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Samet Ballı
Selçuk Yeşiltepe
Mustafa Kelami Şeşen
The contribution of neutron scattering to progress
in the physics of magnetism is very large and important,
especially its contribution to the understanding of magnetism
in metals. The spin wave dispersion relations of Fe and Ni were
measured by neutron scattering techniques, around 1970 and
the results were in good agreement with the band theory based
on a generalized random phase approximation (RPA).
Therefore, band theory can explain the magnetism in metals
not only for the ground state but also for the excited states.
Otherwise, the high strength and hardness properties, cobaltbased alloys have been used as structural materials in nuclear
reactors and activated cobalt materials in corrosion products
are significant in determination of dose levels during
maintenance after a coolant leak at a nuclear fusion reactor.
In this study, we have been investigated some nuclear and
magnetic properties of Fe-Co and Co-Ni alloys. Magnetic
behaviours of these alloys can be investigated by Monte Carlo
simulations for different and predefined exchange energies or
coupling strengths. For ferromagnetic interactions,
magnetization and susceptibility curves of the alloys have been
computed with Monte Carlo method based on classical
Heisenberg model. Magnetic characters of these type of alloys
can be reached by neutron scattering experiments as well. The
cross sections values for 59Co(n,p)59Fe and 59Co(p,n)59Ni
nuclear reactions have been calculated with TALYS code and
have been compared with the available experimental cross
section data reported in the literature. Also, the half-lives of
these transitions have been calculated in the proton-neutron
Quasi Particle Random Phase Approximation (pn-QRPA)
framework. The obtained results are compared with the
experimental data and the other theoretical values.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Necla Çakmak
Rıdvan Baldık
Ulvi Kanbur
Stainless steel - copper nanoparticles selective
surfaces were deposited by a thermal evaporation technique.
Stainless steel type 316L (316L SS) was chosen as a substrate,
while the copper nanoparticles (CuNP) were deposited on 316L
SS by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The absorption and
emissivity were also measured in the UV-Vis and IR regions
respectively. The results show that the prepared film by PVD has
an enchantment in optical properties. A solar absorption of 0.78-
0.94 and thermal emissivity of 0.01-0.05 at room temperature has
been achieved for the 316L SS-CuNP solar selective coatings.
Also, the results displayed that the presence of copper
nanoparticles combined with 316L SS has a better performance
than 316L SS alone. The absorption and the emissivity have
been an improvement; in addition to a good thermal stability
have been obtained. The improvement of the solar absorber
using CuNP combined with 316L SS was found to be better than
CuNP singly. Other characteristics like structure and phases of
coating layers achieve investigated using XRD in another side,
topographic was examined via AFM and SEM.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmed S. Abbas
Mohammed J. Kadhim
Khalid A. Sukkar
In this study; Distaloy AE alloy powder which is type
of diffusion alloyed powder used and this alloy powder pressed
on the 400 and 600MPa pressures with traditional pressing
technique. Pressed Distaloy AE samples sintered 1200°C
temperature for 2 hours under N2
atmosphere. Density and
structural properties of sintered these alloy samples performed.
In order to investigate density properties of Distaloy AE samples;
Archimedes water displacement test performed ; bulk and
apparent solid density (g/cm3
) , apparent porosity (%) and water
adsorption (%) values recorded. With SEM images and EDS
spectrums; surface properties of these alloys examined and by
XRD patterns crystal structures on the surface of these alloys are
recorded.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ayşe Nur ACAR
Abdul Kadir EKŞİ
Ahmet EKİCİBİL
The feature of the microstructure of carbon steel
EA1N (chemical heterogeneity inherited from the dendritic
segregation of silicon and manganese) in a cast, deformed and
heat-treated state has been investigated. After the longitudinal
rolling, the deformability evaluation of structure of the axial
billets has been executed. The effect of inherited chemical
heterogeneity of silicon and manganese on formation of final
microstructure of the railway axles has been established.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Оleksandr Babachenko
Kateryna Domina
This paper aims to investigate the effect of Laser
surface melting (LSM) and Mo alloying on plasma transferred
arc (PTA) deposited Co-Based Stellite 6 Hardfacings. LSM'ed
and Mo alloyed samples were characterized using X-ray
diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. LSM’ed
unalloyed Stellite 6 exhibited a microstructure similar to its
PTA state in terms of constituent phases but at finer scale as a
result of high cooling rate of the melt pool followed the LSM
process. Whereas in the LSM’ed Mo-alloyed Stellite 6, only two
distinct phases have been observed, whereby the complex
carbides appear as interconnected network and the matrix
phase appears in fine cellular dendritic morphology. The
subsequent LSM process of the unalloyed and Mo-alloyed
Stellite 6 led to an increment in the surface hardness as
compared to the PTA version. Room temperature wear
resistance was examined under testing loads of 1, 2, 3 and 4N
and corresponding wear coefficient 'k' was determined. The k
values showed that there was almost 25% reduction in wear
loss upon the LSM process. This dual approach of Mo alloying
and LSM led to a 75% reduction in wear loss than the PTA
version.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Abdul Munim Alhattab
Shaikh Asad Ali Dilawary
Amir Motallebzadeh
C. Fahir Arisoy
Huseyin Cimenoglu
Hard turning is an alternative machining method
instead of cylindrical grinding. In this method, more efficient
results can be obtained for surface integrity (surface roughness,
hardness, residual stress, etc.) of the machined parts when the
cutting conditions are optimized. This study includes the
optimization of cutting parameters for the minimum surface
roughness (Ra) and the development of a mathematical model
for estimation of Ra in turning of hardened X40CrMoV5-1 tool
steel with ceramic cutting tools. In this context, hard turning
tests were made at three different levels using the cutting speed
(V), cutting depth (a) and feed rate (f). According to the Taguchi
methodology, the optimum cutting parameters were determined
as the a2V3f1 test sequence. According to the results of the
analysis of interactive variance, the most important parameter
was determined as the feed rate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ
Mustafa GÜNAY
In present study, the morphological structure and
hardness properties of electroless NiP alloy and NiP/h-BN
composite coatings on AISI 1040 steel were investigated. The
synthesized nano h-BN particles (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/l) were added
into the NiP bath to develop NiP/h-BN composite coatings.
Chemical composition of the coatings was analysed by EDX. The
morphology of h-BN particles and coatings were examined by
SEM. Hardness of the coatings are evaluated using Vickers
microhardness tester. The results show that the incorporation of
nano h-BN particles in the deposit has been found to decrease the
hardness of composite coatings. The nano h-BN particles are
uniformly distributed in the nickel-phosphorous matrix.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ulaş MATİK
Tavan vinçleri ağır sanayide, ciddi öneme sahip olan adeta işletmenin eli kolu konumunda olan kaldırma ve iletme
makinalarıdır. Buna karşın vinçler, iş kazalarının ve proses kazalarının yoğunlukla meydana geldiği makinalar arasında
yer almaktadır. Hem vinç kaynaklı proses ve iş kazalarını önlemek hem de üretkenliği ve verimliliği artırmak için
eğitimli ve tecrübeli vinç operatörlerine yardımcı olacak akıllı sistemler ihtiyaç vardır. Burada şirketimizde kendi
imkânlarımızla vinçlere eklediğimiz iki akıllı özellik sunulacaktır.
1. Vinç kancalarına çarpma uyarısı: Yüksekte çalışan ve birden fazla kedi ve kancaya sahip olan vinçlerde operatörlerin,
kancalardan birine odaklanırken diğer kancanın unutularak vincin altındaki tesislere çarparak zarar vermesini
engellemek için uyarı ikaz sistemi tesis edilmesi.
2. Cüruf havuzlarındaki vinçlerde gevşek halat engelleme: Özellikle cüruf havuzlarında çalışan vinçlerde, yoğun
buhardan dolayı vinç operatörleri kepçenin havuza indiğini görememekte ve halatlar gevşeyip dolaşarak üretimin
durmasına sebep olabilmektedir. Biz, vinçlerdeki mevcut imkânlarımızı kullanarak gevşek halat engelleme sistemi
ekledik vinçlerimize. Bu şekilde, yük indirilirken kaldırma tertibatı tahrik ünitesi yükün ne zaman zemine indiğini
algılayıp hareketi durdurur. Kaldırma tertibatı halatları gevşemez, böylece halatlar kanca blokunun dışına kaymaz ve
kepçe de yana yatmaz.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Sönmez
The surface of sheet metals should have a certain level
of roughness in terms of forming and dyeing quality. Surface
roughness is mainly introduced to the material by cold rolling with
straight rolls, which are textured by different methods. These
methods have some advantages and disadvantages compared to
each other. In this study, these methods are examined, and their
superior sides are indicated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bilal ÇOLAK
Fatih BAŞOĞLU
Naci KURGAN
In this study; Rod drew 54SiCr6 and
60SiCr7 steel’s resistance to severe abrasive wear
response were examined by the means of comparing
Si and Cr contents. The sample pieces with 10 mm
diameter and 20 mm high from the medium carbon
steels were subjected to abrasive wear test against
Al2O3 sandpaper with a particle diameter of 210 µm
under 40, 80, 120 N loads. It has been observed that
the abrasion resistance of 54SiCr6 and 60SiCr7
medium carbon steels has improved with the decrease
of Si content in the structure of steel and the increase
of Cr content at the same time.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Esma KESKİN
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Cemal ÖZGENÇ
Yasin SUBAŞI
Burcu Çetintaş
— In this study, Fe based composites containing Al2O3 at
1, 3 and 5% by weight were produced by powder metallurgy
method. The powders were weighed in the sensitive balance and
pressed under pressure of 750 MPa after 1 hour blending. After
pressing, the composite materials were sintered at 1100 °C for 1
hour. With the increase in Al2O3, the density decreased, the
hardness and porosity increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in
the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is
obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe
matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 5 mm ball
in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was mixed with
powder and ball ratio of 1/10 for 1-2 and 3 hours. Powders
obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at
1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as
tensile specimens. The particle size of the produced steels and the
distribution of the phases were determined by optical
microscope. After microstructure analysis, tensile test was
applied to steel samples prepared in tensile specimen dimensions.
The elongation, yield-tensile strength of the samples are
explained depending on the mechanical alloying time. As a result,
steel samples for 1 hour exhibited the highest yield and tensile
strength.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Selim Erman
Harun ÇUĞ
In this study, at Kardemir Co. Inc., during the
absorption of BOF gas with basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) in the
steel production phase with high suction ID fan (Induced Draft),
it was provided that wear of the ID fan blades was improved. As a
result of the investigations, it was determined that BOF gas eroded
ID fan body and wings and an increase in ID fan vibration values
due to abrasion happened. ID fan blades have been improved to
eliminate wear on ID fan blades. As a result, improvements have
resulted in reduced production stoppages due to vibration,
improved production efficiency and reduced production costs.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Halil İbrahim EMİROĞLU
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ
In this study; The effect of the solution and aging
heat treatments on the corrosion behavior on high chromium
cast steel samples with the compositon of 1.61% C + 25% Cr +
0.74% Si + 0.55% Mn + 0.38% Mo + 0,23% Ni + 0.15% V were
investigated. The samples solution heat treatment - rapid cooled
for 4 hours at 1150 ℃, aged for different times between 5-25 and
in cast (original) status were subjected to corrosion treatment.
Corrosion behavior was investigated by immersion method in 10%
FeCl3 and 10% H2SO4 medium. As a consequence, the least
corrosion rate was seen on the sample kept at the solution
condition and then cooled by water rapidly while higher
corrosion rates were observed on cast (original) status and aged
samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Soner Arı
Yasin SUBAŞI
Süleyman Yaşın
—In this study for a teeth wire that has a
quality of 316, diameter of 0.4 mm and a tensile
strength of 800 MPa, we investigated its fatigue
behaviour in two environments: atmosphere and
3,5% NaCl using the methods of simple bending tests.
In order to do those tests we decided to use stainless
steel braces of model REF500-040-00 and calculated
the wire’s length before starting the test using the
following law: (L = (c * 2.17) +31). The tests have been
done according to the room temperature and
frequency of 10 Hz. We used the lean bias device to
perform the test which requires the fully reversible
stress (R=min/ max= −1). After that we examined
the fractured surfaces of fractured samples that were
close to the deformation limit of fatigue using SEM in
order to know their fracture mechanism. We have
observed that the corrosive environment caused the
fatigue to result in a different mechanism.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Rahma Shaaban
Tuğba Akçabaş
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Yavuz Sun
Yasin SUBAŞI
Ömer Onat
Hüseyin Koymatcık
Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) grades are currently the fastest growing materials in the
automotive industry. AHSS offer a great potential for the development of automobile bodies with their
mechanical properties of high formability and strength. Dual phase (DP) steels are increasingly
popular AHSS grade in the automotive industry due to the excellent combination of high strength
and good formability. The intercritical annealing of DP steel is generally two-stage heat treatment.
DP steel sheet is annealed in the intercritical temperature range to produce ferrite and
austenite and followed by accelerated cooling to transform the austenite phase to martensite. This
study aims to examine effect of a cyclic intercritical annealing below and above A1 temperature on
DP steel microstructure with comparison to the conventional intercritical annealing. The
specimens were conventional intercritically annealed at different temperatures between 720 °C and
760°C. In cyclic intercritical annealing experiments, the temperature is cycled between 630 °C and an
intercritical annealing temperature without any isothermal holding. After the conventional and
cyclic intercritical annealing, the samples were investigated using light microscope and scanning
electron microscope. Experimental results showed that a refinement of martensite and ferrite dual phase
microstructure compare to conventional intercritical annealing.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ayşe Kavruk
Oğuz Gürkan Bilir
Özge Ararat
Ahmet Efe Gezmişoğlu
—In this study, fatigue strength and microstructural changes of
AISI 1040 steel with different heat treatment parameters were
investigated. 1040 steel is a material used in many areas today. Some of
the material application areas can be subjected to cyclical loads. Fatigue
strength, such as abrasion and tensile strength, is also very important in
these materials. AISI 1040 steel can be easily heat- treated to increase
strength. The samples were incubated at 920 ° C for 4 hours and
controlled cooling in air, oil, water and oven. The microstructures of the
samples after heat treatment were examined by optical microscope.
Vickers hardness was performed for all samples. Force controlled fatigue
test was performed. Broken surface images of fractured specimens were
taken on Nikon ShuttlePix device during the test. The hardness of the
water cooled sample was better than other heat treatment samples. It was
observed that the increase in fatigue strength as a result of the hardness
and pulling points increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Salih Bektaş
Fazil Hüsem
In this study, the effect of the heat treatment parameters on the hardness of the asymmetric
profile was investigated. For this purpose, at first, the asymmetric profile samples of R260
quality were austenitized at 790 C for 60 minutes. Then, quenching was performed at
different quenchant media (water, oil and polymer-based water). The quenched samples
were tempered at different temperatures.
The results showed that the highest hardness value was obtained at the sample at quenched in
water among the samples. The main reason for this highest hardness value is due to the fact
that the cooling rate in water quenching is much faster than the other quenching medias. After
the water quenching process, tempering at three different temperatures (610 C, 630 C and,
640 C) for 80 minutes were carried out. As a result of these processes, the optimum hardness
values (26,2 – 31,6 HRc) were obtained at the sample tempered at 630 C. After oil
quenching, the tempering processes at various temperatures (500 C and, 520 C) were
performed for 80 minutes. The required hardness values were reached by the tempering
process at 500 C for 80 minutes. After the polymer-based quenching prosess, samples were
tempered at the various temperatures of 550 C, 590 C and, 640 C for 80 minutes. It was
found that the sample tempered at 590 C for 80 min. showed optimal hardness performance.
To sum up, variable results were determined in three different regions by the hardness
measurements which performed to observe the results of the different heat treatment
parameters caused by the hardness of the R260 quality asymmetric profile. The main reason
for this is due to the asymmetric form and the differences in cross-section thickness of the
profile. At this point, the most homogeneous hardness distribution throughout the section was
observed in the water quenched sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gürkan Gümüş
Hakan Erçay
Tuncay Dikici
In this study; the effect of nitration process applied to coldforged 32CrMoV1210 samples with 100-mm, 24, 5 mm in outer
diameter and 7, 5 mm in inner diameter, which is used in
production of the barrel rifle, on the abrasion behaviour is
investigated. For this purpose, hardness measurements,
microstructure investigation and coating thickness determination
of the gas nitrated 32CrMoV1210 steels at 500 °C for a period of
12 hours has been carried out. The original sample and the heattreated sample have been subjected to an over ring pin-type
abrasion test under 80N-120N load. While the 1.2344
(X40CrMoV51) quality tool-steel, which is 56(HRC) in hardness,
is used as a pin, the materials which have been examined with
nitration and without nitration are used as a ring. In comparison
with the severe abrasion resistance of 32CrMoV1210 samples
without nitration; nitrided samples have shown an increase in
abrasion resistance at the rate of %90.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Akkuş
SAİT ÖZÇELİK
Mehmet Ünal
Yusuf Gökalp
Burcu Çetintaş
Furkan Ayhan Tezer
In this study, the effect of gas nitration on the wear
behavior of crankshaft was investigated. For this purpose, gas
nitration was applied to crankshaft for 12 hours at 500 ° C, and
hardness and microstructure images were examined. Nitrided
and unnitrided samples were subjected to abrasive wear test
under 20N, 40N and 60N load. While 100Cr6 balls were used as
abrasive, crankshaft with nitriding and unnitriding was used as
counter-material. Nitrided samples have increased wear
resistance by about 20% compared to the wear resistance of
unnitrided crank shaft samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yusuf Gökalp
Yavuz Sun
Mehmet Ünal
Emre Küçük
SAİT ÖZÇELİK
Ali Akkuş
Burcu Çetintaş
Emre Demirci
In this study, the hardening process was performed in
air, water and oil environment after austenitizing to 8620 steel
which is used in parts, machines and automobiles, gear wheels,
pins and spindles. The austenitization process was carried out in a
Protherm brand oven with an electrical resistance for 1 hour at
900 °C. The cooling in air was carried out in a stagnant
atmosphere at 25 °C. For engine cooling, the waste engine oil at
room temperature was used, while for the cooling of the water
environment, the tap water at room temperature was used. The
sample thickness studied is approximately 20 mm. As a result of
the optical microstructure studies, the air-cooled samples have a
hardness of up to about 1 mm below the surface, and the hardness
in the material center is about 400 HV. In the oil cooling process,
the classrooms, which have 750 HV on the surface, have decreased
down to 550 HV at 2,5 mm depths. In the hardening process, 800
HV hardness values on the surface are replaced by 600 HV values
in the center.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Erkan Koç
The term dual phase steels, or DP steels, refers to a
class of high strength steels which is composed of two phases;
normally a ferrite matrix and a dispersed second phase of
martensite, retained austenite and/or bainite. Martensite phase
fraction, morphology, and phase distribution play an important
role on mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of DP
steel. DP steels were developed in the 1970s. The development
was driven by the need for new high strength steels without
reducing the formability or increasing costs. In particular, the
automotive industry has demanded steel grades with a high
tensile elongation to ensure formability, high tensile strength to
establish fatigue and crash resistance, low alloy content to ensure
weldability without influencing production cost. For years later,
the demand for DP steels is still strong. Materials that can
combine high strength and good formability and thus reduce the
weight of vehicles and other products give an environmental and
economic advantage. In this study, plate shaped specimen was
used. The specimens were subjected to normalization annealing
at 850 °C for 1 hour and cooled in air at room temperature. The
specimens were inter-critical annealed at 740°C, 750 °C, 760°C
and 770°C for 1 hour and quenched in water at room
temperature. Light microscope and SEM were used for the
microstructural investigations. Changes of microstructure
properties and material hardness were investigated due to
different heat treatment conditions. The tensile test was applied
to the samples to determine mechanical properties and the
results were discussed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Çöl
Ersoy Erişir
Funda Gül Koç
Burak BARUTÇUOĞLU
In this study; The effect of heat treatment of ER7
quality train wheel samples was investigated under severe
abrasive wear. The train wheel of ER7 quality samples were
heated to 900 oC and brought to austenite phase for 1 hour, then
cooled by water. Cooled samples were tempered at 400oC for 1.5
hours. Severe abrasion test was applied to the samples on
sandpaper containing 210 µm Al2O3 particle under 40N, 80N and
120N loads. Microstructure and hardness measurements of
samples were investigated after quenching and tempering heat
treatment. As a result of these tests, the abrasive wear resistance
of the heat treated sample by containing by a 3-fold increase in
hardness improved by 36%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Burcu Çetintaş
SAİT ÖZÇELİK
Süleyman Yaşın
Yusuf Gökalp
Ali Akkuş
Emre Demirci
Diamond cutting tools have been widely used in
natural stone industry as the circular sawing, frame sawing,
wire sawing and core drilling. The diamond cutting tools are
manufactured by powder metallurgy techniques. They are
consisted of diamond particles embedded in metal matrix.
Chemical interaction between diamonds and matrix is primary
importance for diamond cutting tools. As the most used binder
to provide these reaction is iron and its alloys. The aim of this
study is to enhance the cutting performance of diamond tools by
the investigation the effects of iron addition on to the matrix
compositions. In this study; 30,50 and 80 wt% Fe containing
matrices were determined and their mechanical properties,
microstructures and wear resistances were examined
comparatively. All materials in the form of powders were cold
pressed and then the pellets were sintered with Spark Plasma
Sintering (SPS). Microstructural and mechanical
characterizations were performed by SEM-EDS, XRD,
hardness, compression tests and wear tests. According to the
results, control on the grain size and reaching the theoretical
density values were achieved by SPS method due the lower
sintering temperature and shorter sintering time. Results
showed that Fe additives had no negative effect on properties of
the samples. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the
samples increased with increasing Fe contents.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Berrak Bulut
Murat Baydogan
Eyup Sabri Kayali
In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in
the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is
obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe
matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 5 mm ball
in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was mixed with
powder and ball ratio of 1/5, 1/7 and 1/10 for 1 hour. Powders
obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at
1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as
tensile specimens. Tensile test was applied to steel samples
prepared in tensile specimen dimensions. The elongation, yieldtensile strength of the samples are explained depending on the
powder and ball ratio. As a result, steel samples with powder and
ball ratio 1/10 for 1 hour exhibited the highest yield and tensile
strength.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Selim Erman
Harun ÇUĞ
In this study, Fe based Al2O3 reinforced composites
were produced by powder metallurgy method. Fe-Graphite and
Al2O3 powders were pressed under 750 MPa pressure in one
direction after 1 hour blending. After pressing, the composite
materials were sintered at 1100°C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 1
hour in argon atmosphere. The ideal hardness results for the
composites were obtained by sintering at 1100 ° C. With
increasing sintering temperatures, an increase in density values
and a decrease in porosity were determined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hasan Karabulut
In this study, fatigue behavior of 55Cr3
metal alloy spring steel which is produced as hot and
cold was examined. Fatigue samples with a diameter
of 10 mm, extracted from 55Cr3 spring steel in
accordance with ISO 1143 standard, were subjected to
rotational bending fatigue testing of different masses
under repeated bending stresses according to a
continuous rotating neutral axis. As a result of the
investigations, the fatigue strength of 55Cr3 spring
steel decreased with hot process, while the cold
process increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Esma KESKİN
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Hüseyin Zengin
Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK
Yasin SUBAŞI
This study reports the effect of different size of
particulates on wear behaviour of iron (Fe) matrix composites.
Fe / 5 wt. % Al2O3
, Fe / 5 wt. % B4C and Fe 2.5 wt. % Al2O3
-2.5
wt. % B4C composites were produced thorough powder
metallurgy. The samples were compacted under load of 500 MPa
and followed by sintering at 1050 ºC for 1.5 h. The dry sliding
wear behaviour of the samples were investigated by
reciprocating wear tests under loads of 10, 20 and 40 N. In order
to clarify wear mechanisms, worn surfaces were analysed by
Scanning Electron Microscopy. The hybrid Fe 2.5 Al2O3
-2.5 B4C
composites has the highest wear resistance. Oxidation and
delamination are the main wear mechanisms.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatih AYDIN
Metallic material producers, users and those who work
to determine the properties of materials, most commonly use
tensile testing. As you know, the tensile test of metallic materials
at room temperature is done according to the ISO 6892-1
standard. The tensile testing laboratories provide the reliability
and worldwide validity of the test results through accreditation.
In this study, after briefly discussed important issues of the ISO
6892-1 standard, laboratories involved in the accreditation system
in Turkey will be discussed. The number of laboratories
accredited by the same standard in Europe is determined. As a
result, the locations of the test laboratories in our country will be
compared according to their global competitors and the shares
will be presented for the future road map of the laboratories.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bulent AYDEMIR
In this study, it was investigated whether there was a
correlation between the production of steel and the number of
accredited laboratories of countries. For this purpose, the
metallic material competence (MMC) coefficients of countries
were calculated. According to the results, Germany, known as a
quality steel producer, was the country with the highest
coefficient. Moreover, Germany's made in country index has the
best value in other countries. However, China, which is the
market leader in steel production, was a country with the lowest
MMC coefficient among the compared 10 countries. It was
foreseen that countries should focus on non-destructive tests in
order to become quality steel producers. This study for the iron
and steel industry was thought to be a guide for other sectors.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alper Incesu
Yasin Akgül
Betul ERCAN
Muzeyyen ABUNAZ
Bulent AYDEMIR
Murat KAVRUK
— In this study research, the RSW process was applied
at various welding currents and in different electrode pressures
in electrical spot welding of commercial DP600 steel sheets which
has 1 mm thickness that was investigated and calculated the
relationship between the effects of the electrode force and that of
the welding current has an effect on the weld quality and the
diameter of the weld nugget. The current and electrode force
been adjusted through the increment of 2 kA from 4 to 8 kA and
1 Bar from 3,5 to 5,5 respectively. The results of the experimental
reveal that the tensile shear load and the nugget diameter are
increases as the current increases and then it decreases as the
electrode pressure increases.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Abdulkarim Alzahougi
Muhammed Elitaş
Bilge Demir
On the example of the carbon steel, issues of
structuring in the process of accelerated cooling are considered.
The emerging gradient of structures at different distances from
the surface of the heat transfer is presented in the form of a
dependence, which is adequate to the effect of the temperature of
individual heating during the release of steel after the quenching.
It is shown that after the forced cooling is stopped, the increase
of distance from the cooling surface accompany higher the
tempering temperature of the metal. In the volumes of the metal,
the microstructure close to the middle of the disk wheel is formed
by the diffusion mechanism.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Vakulenko I
Proidak S
Raksha S
Akay, M. E
Cuğ. H
Askerov K
In this study thermal properties of graphene reinforced
Fe-Cr-Ni-Cu alloys were investigated. This alloys were produced
with a two-step process. Firstly, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni powders were
mechanically milled for homogenous mixing. Secondly, these
powders were cold pressed and sintered at 1150oC. For
comparative study, graphene (GNP) powders were milled with Fe,
Cr, Cu, Ni powders and finally, these powders were pressed and
sintered at 1150oC. Hence, two types of alloys i.e Fe-Cr-Cu-Ni and
graphene reinforced Fe-Cr-Cu-Ni were produced. The specimens
were evaluated by thermal, microstructure and mechanical
properties. DSC and TGA analysis was carried out for
determining the melting points, phase transformations and
entropy values. It was found that the graphene reinforced-alloy
exhibits lower entropy values than that of obtained from Fe-CrCu-Ni. But the existence of graphene has increased the melting
point of alloy. However, the existence of graphene has reduced
compression strength of alloy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yuksel Akınay
Muhammet Emre Turan
The purpose of this paper is to review in some detail how and why the surface degradation of steels
through mechanical and chemical mechanisms can be mitigated by the application of specific
thermochemical diffusion processes. Of these, carburising, carbonitriding, vanadizing, boriding,
nitrocarburising and nitriding are considered in depth. It is shown that wear resistance is not a
simple property that can be determined by a single test since many mechanisms of wear are
possible. The paper discusses the possible prevailing surface degradation processes and how these
can be mitigated by the various thermochemical diffusion processes. Vanadized steels (e.g.,
produced via the TD process) have sufficient hardness to resist abrasion by the hardest of abrasives
(such as SiC). They are best used on very hard, very tough and strong steel substrates, which
maintain such properties up to 450ºC. Nitrided/nitrocarburised steels have the advantage that they
demonstrate good functionality in mildly oxidational environments at elevated temperature (up to
400ºC); outperforming untreated, carburized and carbonitrided steels. The development of an
exterior, micro- -Fe2-3N layer via nitrocarburising, has specific advantages under lubricated
high pressure (>1GPa) rolling contact conditions as found in some low alloy steel pinion gear
applications.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Peter Dearnley
Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) has four blast furnaces(BF) 80-90% liquid crude iron is used in basic oxygen
furnece (BOF). Liquid crude iro is transfer to BOF by torpedocars.The purpose of our application is monitoring the level
of crued liquid iron filling the the blast furnace. With this application, we get the production values of the Blast Furnace
and arrange logistics of the torpedocars. The other advantages of this application are as follows;
1. BF workers can monitor the blast furnace process and ensure that the furnace to help understand the rate of discharge,
2. Helps to monitor the full aperture of the drain hole to empty the BF,
3. To be able to understand when the furnace should be closed with instant tonnage information,
4. To make the maneuvering program of the logistics maneuver better, Obtaining data about refractory thickness,
5. Increasing data and digitalization of demonstrable about BF process
In addition, the advantages of location tracking system with wireless RFID, which is established for maneuvering of
torpedocars. and locomotives, are as follows:
1. Digitally tagged and numbered for easy tracking of torpedocars. and locomotives,
2. Tracking of torpedocars.refractory thicknesses can be monitored faster via ID,
3. Time and speed data of logistics maneuvers have been obtained,
4. All employees in the iron and steel production can follow the torpedocars. through the system. This system is finish the
verbal communication,
5. The operating times and maintenance times of the locomotives can be monitored.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemil Bayramoğlu
Sertaç Kaya
Ümit Gebenli
Ramazan Yaraşır
In this study, Fe matrix composites with different
amounts of graphene nanoplatelets (0.2-0.5-0.8 wt%) were
produced via powder metallurgy. Tribological behaviors of
samples were determined with a dry sliding wear test. Results
were compared with Fe-Graphite (C) composites.
Microstructures of samples were investigated by the optical
microscope. Vickers hardness and density measurement were
performed for all samples. Also, worn surfaces of samples were
observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results
show that all graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) containing samples
showed better wear resistance behavior compared to graphite
containing samples. However, the same trend was not observed
according to hardness test results. 0.8 wt% graphite-Fe sample
has a higher hardness value than 0.8 wt% (GNPs)-Fe sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Salih BEKTAS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Ahmet Nusret Tanrıverdi
Yasin Akgül
Pig iron production costs are very high in blast furnaces
where conventional iron and steel production is carried out, and
therefore, iron and steel producers seek alternative methods, two of
which are the production of sponge iron and iron nuggets.
Depending on furnace temperature and waiting time, reduction of
magnetite to pure iron results in three products, one of which is
Direct Reduced Iron obtained from iron oxide ore in a reducing
atmosphere between temperatures of 900-1100 oC. The second
product is Transition Direct Reduced Iron (TDRI) obtained at
temperatures at which partial melting occurs. The third product is
iron nuggets in which complete melting occurs, and metal and slag
are separately obtained.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biomass waste
on iron nugget production from magnetite ore using carbothermic
method. Biomass waste was carbonized at 800 °C for 1440 min to
obtain a 94.68% C and 0.03% S carbonized product with a thermal
value of 8823 cal/g.
Composite pellet samples with and an O/C of 0.5, 1
and 2 were treated in a high temperature furnace at 1300 and 1350
°C for 5, 10 and 15 min. Results showed that samples contained Fe
and C as well as FeO. Macro images showed that metal-slag
separation was not fully achieved and that the product exhibited
TDRI properties.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bayram Bostancı
Elif ARANCI ÖZTÜRK
Mustafa BOYRAZLI
Engin ÇEVİK
Zeki Çizmecioğlu
In this study, the welding images, which were taken in HURSAN Pres company, were classified as good welding /
bad welding. The aim is to minimize human errors by artificial intelligence methods during welding defact detection. Welding
images were taken on weldings, which were done by three different experts, with 13MP mobile phone camera. The images were
labelled as good welding / bad welding by an expert. The dataset consists of 27 good welding images and 70 bad welding
images.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yavuz Selim Ceran
Musa Yılmaz
Mücahit Barstugan
The management of industrial wastes, which may have
negative effects on the environment and human health, has
become an important issue in recent years when it has been
thrown away or discharged directly to the environment. The
most important step in industrial waste management is the
determination of wastes from each process and the selection of
appropriate waste management technology. Within the scope of
this study, a road map that can be used to achieve zero waste
targets in the iron and steel industries has been prepared and
application proposals are presented.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
H. Duygu BİLGEN
In this study, the wear performance of the hardfacing
process used to economically extend the life of the forging dies
used in the hot forging process in the steel industry was
investigated. Hardfacing is a rapid die repair method that is
applied locally or completely to the damaged areas in the hot
forging die. In this study, 56NiCrMoV7 (DIN 1.2714) hot work
tool steel was used as the base material. CITODUR 600/B Febased electrode, i.e. Fe-7%Cr-0.4%C, was used for hardfacing.
Hardfacing was carried out by the arc welding method. The wear
tests were performed using ball-on-disc CSM Instruments
Tribometer. A counter ball specimen was Al2O3
with dimensions
of Ø6 mm. Wear performance was reported for both tool steel
and hardfaced layer at normal load of 10N and linear speed of
12.8 cm·s
-1. It was shown that the hardfacing layer exhibited
better wear resistance than the tool steel for all testing results.
The overall friction coefficient was higher in hardfacing layer
than in tool steel. Surface hardness of the hardfaced layer and
tool steel samples was obtained. It was observed that the
hardfacing with CITODUR 600/B leads to an increase the wear
life of the dies which are made from 56NiCrMoV7 tool steel.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Simge Gençalp İrizalp
Yiğit Erçayhan
Ezgi Yeter
In this study, at Kardemir Co. Inc., during the
absorption of BOF gas with basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) in the
steel production phase with high suction ID fan (Induced Draft),
it was provided that wear of the ID fan blades was improved. At
the end of the wear improvement work, the ID fan blades are
plated with AISI 304L stainless steel to remove the wear on the ID
fan blade wings. Briefly, improvement of the ID fan blades with
the AISI 304L stainless steel, a decrease in the production stops
time during the steel production phase with BOF so depending on
the decrease, steel production has increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Halil İbrahim EMİROĞLU
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ
Abdullah UĞUR
Emission standards getting harder and
tougher day by day, therefore this challenge causes a
decrease in diesel engine and increase in hybrid systems
usage. But, for heavy duty industries; diesel engines are
still very economic and feasible because of today’s
technological developments and market competitions.
In this direction, research and development process of
heavy duty diesel engines continues on process
optimisation and weight reductions. In this study, weight
reduction and design development is applied for a
tractor diesel engine block which manufactured for
prototype to gain an industrial advantage. New light
weight design is optimized according to
manufacturing parameters and moulding
requirements via casting simulation software. In
additional, a commercial finite element-based
analysing program is used to simulate the mechanical
properties of the new design, and to predict possible
deviations by comparing the first and final design.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ümit Kirenci
Ali Serdar Vanlı
Anıl Akdoğan
The residual stresses induced by any machining process
affects fatigue life, corrosion crack resistance and part distortion.
Therefore, residual stresses should be predicted better and the
cutting parameters should be arranged for minimum value. This
paper presents a 2D finite element analysis (FEA) on residual
stresses during hard turning of AISI 4140 steel with HSS tools.
The cutting parameters are chosen as feed rate and cutting speed
with three levels and constant depth of cut. In simulation after the
cutting process is finished, both the chip and tool are removed and
the workpiece can thermo-mechanically relax. The average of
three extraction points on eight different depths of machined
surface for residual stresses is calculated for better results. FEA
results showed that both tangential and axial residual stresses act
as tensile in the depths near the surface until about 75 µm while
they act as compressive stress after the depth of 75 µm until about
300 µm. Also, increasing cutting speed has decreasing effect on
tensile residual stresses while increasing effect on compressive
residual stresses.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ
Nafiz YAŞAR
Mustafa GÜNAY
Prices are falling in the world iron and steel industry due to China's high production capacity. This leads manufacturers to produce high-yielding products with less amount of production. Rail and rail equipment is one of the increasingly being produced iron and steel product in our country in recent years. In this study, by analizing export data of rail and rail equipment (including wagon wheel) of Turkey, a forecasting for the years 2016-2020 has been made with the aim of guiding producers and giving an idea about exporting of these products. Grey prediction method and Holt's exponential smoothing technique were used for forecasting and the results were compared.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Ziyaeddin Bulum
Muharrem DÜGENCİ
Mümtaz İPEK
Halil İbrahim DEMİR
In this paper, a literature review was conducted for
the development of the aerial work platform with a working
height of 60 meters, which was installed on the truck. And
mentioned to why needed for work platforms, how they were
developed, and their history as well as areas of use. In the near
future, this study has been thought that the platform to be
designed will help to be secured, technologically and low cost.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yasin Yaman
İlhan Asilturk
This paper proposes a new method for the assessment of performance of protective oil on galvanized and skin passed sheets. 11 different protective oil products were applied (1 g/m2) to hot dip galvanized and skin passed 66 sheet samples and subjected to Neutral Salt Spray Fog Testing (NSSFT) with 5% NaCl solution. Amount of white rust on the samples has been determined at 2, 6, 9 and 24 hours. Test results showed that application of NSSF test for 9 hours gives best deterministic results.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Özgür KARAKAŞ
Erdogan KANCA
Faruk CAVDAR
Alper AKÜN
İbrahim GÖÇER
High technology based production with the advent of industrialization has created some new issues. Foremost among them is the occupational health and safety. The facts that the business environment is particularly unsafe and puts health at risk have increased the importance of health and safety in work places. Measures in regards to work safety in the iron and steel sector are at the forefront of the issues that must be prioritized. It is crucial that job satisfaction levels of occupational health and safety specialists, who not only have good knowledge of both the workplace and the production process but also can determine, along with best safety measures, hazards related to the nature of work and production tools, are high so that they can work effectively and efficiently. Considering this factş a field study was done in order to measure job satisfaction levels of health and safety specialists working in the Black Sea Region. The data obtained from the questionaire with 379 samples was evaluated with factor analysis and then, it was analysed to see if there is variation by applying nonparametric Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis H tests. As a result of the analysis, it was found that job satisfaction levels of occupational health and safety specialists did not vary in respect to age, sex and OHG (Occupational Health Safety) certificate but varied in respect to occupational experience.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Volkan SANCI
Abdullah KARAKAYA
Families act in an environment of financing system
which includes the pressure of the economic powers like the
changing economic balances, increasing unemployment rate,
changing purchasing power of money, inflationist pressures,
increasing tax load, changing government policies, increasing
interest rates, complicating consumer market, and the competence
gradually increasing between the businesses. In such an
environment, the behaviours of family related to usage of the
income on one hand affect the social and economic welfare of
family itself, and on the other hand the national economy and
welfare. In this context, economic functions are of a significant
center for the families to obtain their wishes and needs and to
maintain their lives better and happier. In this article we focus on
families’ financial behaviours. For this purpose we have observed
1) financial status of families, 2) financial decision making forms
of families’, 3) families' financial status evaluation. The sample
consists of individuals, who are working in Kardemir Inc. (n=245).
A total of 245 employees are participated in the study on a
voluntary. Findings indicated that 65.3% of the responses keep
record for income and expenses every month. Economic decision
making are always shared by couple (47.3%).
The rate of monthly income scarcely satisfies needs (46.1%) are
higher among the reasons for not saving. The majority of
participants (89.0%) have stated that their monthly incomes are
not sufficient or scarcely sufficient to satisfy the needs of families
and thus, they cannot make savings. Finally, some
recommendations are suggested for individuals, families,
executives and researchers.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gülay GÜNAY
Ahmet OĞUZ
Fatih BAYRAM
Murat YILDIRIM
In general, design of abrasion resistant steel is based on the assumption that abrasion resistance increases
with hardness. However, in practical use, some problems are created with an increase in hardness exceeding
500 HB. Therefore, abrasion resistant steels should have a combination of high abrasion resistance, good
cold formability and sufficient impact toughness. Relia® is ArcelorMittal’s new range of high hardness,
low-alloyed martensitic steels, offering outstanding resistance to wear and abrasion. Despite their extreme
hardness, the properties of Relia® plates are specifically designed for improved workability such as cutting,
forming, drilling and welding to realise any kind of applications and designs.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oktay Elkoca
Heat treatment methods are the most
commonly used production steps because they can
interfere with all the mechanical properties of the
material without altering the chemical composition of
the metal in industry. Accelerated cooling is also one of
the most prominent points in the series production
process in these heat treatment methods. This method
is used in the manufacturing process of thin pearlitic
steel, double phase steel, rayon sheet steel which is used
for bainitic steel production, from construction bar to
profile in many different quality and size products. In
this study, S355J2 corrugated corrugations and
S275JR quality HEA-HEB structural section steels
were produced from hot rolled billets produced by
open casting method. Intensive inclusions were found
in both of the materials examined and it was seen that
they could not meet the mechanical strength values in
the sizes with low crushing rates. These materials,
especially those with low impact strength, have been
subjected to accelerated cooling to increase their
impact strength.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatma KÖZ
Furkan ACAR
Emre Demirci
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yavuz Sun
Yunus Türen
Mustafa DEMİRKAZIK
Mesut KAYMAZ
Şerafettin ÖNER
— Grain refinement is a unique approach to improve
physical and mechanical properties of metallic materials without
need to change their chemical compositions. Friction stir
processing (FSP), is technique for microstructural refinement of
metallic materials down to micrometer levels. In this process, a
specially designed rotating tool is plunged into the sheet to be
processed and traversed along the line of interest. The most
important advantage of process is providing weight reduction by
effectively strengthening of metals. However, applicability of this
process to thin sheets have been found difficult. In this study; thin
interstitial-free steel (IF-steel) was subjected to FSP using a
carbide-tungsten tool with the diameter of 14 mm. Ultrafine grain
structure was successfully achieved in 1.2 mm thick IF steel sheet
via position controlled processing technique and selection of the
proper tool dynamics. The microstructural evolutions were
characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
techniques. The results show that the FSP of IF-steel resulted with
the fine grains with a mean grain size of 5 µm (initial grain size
was 35 µm). FSP steel exhibited a good combination of yield
strength of 500 MPa with uniform elongation of 16%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mümün YILMAZ
Imren OZTURK YILMAZ
Onur SARAY
Flat steel products are coated with zinc to ensure decorative requirements and prevent the steel from corrosion. Galvanized cold rolled (GCR) sheets has three main characteristics for decorative requirements, these are metallic effect, spangle and gloss. High gloss value is one of effective parameter on the customer demand. In order to define influencing factors on gloss value, GCR sheet samples, with different dimensions and produced with different parameters, had been taken. Influencing factors such as zinc coating mass, sheet thickness, chemical composition of zinc coating, line speed were investigated under constant zinc pot metallurgy conditions. This study finds out increase in strip thickness and Al% content of zinc coating leads to increase in gloss value, increase in coating mass leads to decrease in gloss value and gloss-line speed data gives a Gaussian curve where the gloss value reaches a maximum magnitude at about 100 m/min.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Özgür KARAKAŞ
Erdogan KANCA
İbrahim GÖÇER
Alper AKÜN
Erkan PÜGE
Güzin Müge LÜLE
Ali DOĞAN
Ahmet ÖZDEMİR
The effects of artificial aging on A356 aluminum billets
were investigated. Low superheat casting (LSC) was performed in
order to prepare appropriate samples by equiaxed grains
formation instead of dendrites for further semi-solid metal
process. Specimens were cast at 635°C in LSC technique and nondendritic grains were obtained. Produced billets were reheated at
595°C where both solid and liquid phases of the alloy coexist.
Samples were held in this semi-solid region for varied times
followed by quenching. After reheating step, specimens were
solution treated, water-cooled and artificial aged. The
microstructural evaluation and related hardness changing of
reheated billets were examined by image analyser assisted light
optical microscopy and Brinell hardness measurements. Aging
process leads to attain relatively uniform microstructure with
newly formed precipitates which provide increase in hardness
considerably.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ridvan Gecu
Serhat Acar
Alptekin Kısasöz
Kerem Altug Guler
Ahmet Karaaslan
Aluminium is usually used for de-oxidation of liquidsteel production in Basic Oxygen Furnaces. For this process, Aluminium ingots that have 5 kg nominal weight are feeding manually in a ladle for this kind of Plant. This situation can lead to some problems such as quality error and loss of efficiency. The problem was solved by designing automatic aluminium ingot feeding system. Hereby feeding system performance variables had improved considerably and also risks caused by occupational health and safety aspects have been eliminated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Kayrak
Mesut Tutal
İsa Keskin
Today, the most important factors in the evolution of people's living standards are the development of
industrialization and production capabilities. In the industrial sector, fossil-based energy sources are widely
used and cause production costs to increase and competitiveness to decline, especially in countries that are
dependent on energy supply. In addition to this, the use of energy as efficiently as possible and the recycling
of waste energy can reduce both costs and adverse environmental problems.
In the study, the use of the waste heat from the basic oxygen converter process used in the iron and steel
industry has been examined again to meet the demand for demineralized water and to convert the
overproduced water into a financial resource and to avoid adverse environmental effects. For this purpose,
a demineralized water production system that operates on the basis of a humidification-dehumidification
method compatible with the amount of waste heat, whose investment costs are more advantageous than other
methods, is designed and the production capacity is calculated. It has been determined that the obtained data
is at a very high level of demineralized water producing potential of the designed system and that this
recycling application can be funded considerably.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Aytaç AYDIN
Mustafa Karagoz
Emrah Deniz
Today, rapid industrialization, manufacturing
innovations and the growing population rate has caused an
increase in energy needs in many countries. This increase in
energy needs of people to produce more energy, energy
efficiency and led the search for renewable energy. The next
few centuries studies renewable energy sources and focus on
the efficient use of energy has been caused because of run out
of fossil origin fuels. The industrial sector of energy
consumption of fossil origin energy sources are widely used
and especially in countries that are dependent on foreign
energy supply of increased production costs and causes it to
fall of its competitiveness of firms. How much more energy if
the benefit is reduced to that amount of production costs and
emissions, emission caused environmental problems by
reducing wastes, imply avoided.
In the study, both the iron & steel industry is being used in
basic oxygen converter process occurring from organic
rankine cycle from waste heat produced electricity with
satisfying the energy needs of a partition and use in order to
prevent negative environmental impacts have been studied.
To this end, the waste heat from power generation system with
organic rankine of cycle designed and production capacity
was calculated. The data from the potential for producing
electricity system designed fairly high level, and that
substantial financial resources through the application of
recycling have been identified that can be instantiated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Karagoz
Aytaç AYDIN
Emrah Deniz
In the present study, the commercially available TRIP800 steel having 1.5 mm thickness was joined with resistance spot welding method by using optimum welding parameters which is assessed with developed weld lobe diagram. A group of samples were post weld heat treated (stress relief annealing treatment) at the temperature of 600oC for 30 minutes. The effect of stress relief annealing treatment on the tensile shear load bearing capacity, energy absorption, hardness and microstructure of weldment was investigated so, the relation with microstructure-mechanical properties was determined. The other group of samples was tested as welded condition for sake of comparison. Conclusively, it is believed that stress relief annealing treatment applied for resistance spot welded TRIP800 weldment did not affect to the constituent phases and failure mode of tensile test sample. However, the hardness decreased in the weld nugget and HAZ. Meanwhile, the tensile shear load bearing capacity and energy absorption of weldment affected negatively.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hayriye ERTEK EMRE
Ramazan KAÇAR
Modern industrial manufacturing processes and modern societies need to use chemical substances. Chemistry and chemical products are described as the key elements in development of modern societies. In addition, chemical substances are used extensively in almost every stage of industrial production including in the iron and steel industry. Thus, production of chemicals and their usage are getting increased through the worldwide. Due to transboundary nature of flyaway distribution of chemical substances, in terms of human health and environmental should be required of national and international cooperation. Therefore, there are a lot of applications in field of international collaboration. One of these applications is the REACH System developed by the European Union. The REACH System is aimed to higher level protection of human health and environmental. Thanks to this system, will have more knowledge about chemical substances and this knowledge will be shared with the society. In this study, developing on chemicals control by the European Union will be discussed through implementation areas of the REACH System. An Erasmus+ project related to field will also briefly presented.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bora Balun
Gazanfer Erbay
In this study, many operations carried out by
traversing laser beam on 6 mm thick S960 steel plates for various
laser welding speeds and powers in order to determine influence
of welding speed and power on penetration, shape of fusion zone
and heat affected zone. A 16 kW Ytterbium fibre laser and pure
argon as shielding gas were used in this experimental study. Data
was evaluated and compared with some previous studies.
Furthermore, an empirical formula between heat input and weld
bead width was developed from results.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ömer Ekinci
John Francis
Anıl İMAK
Zülküf BALALAN
Innovation is the application of an idea, item or a new process to the real life for income. In coating sector,
it is possible to talk about some new and innovative processes for different kind of parts, especially for small
parts. However, the subject of coating for steel sheets or plates having large surfaces with Fe-based alloys,
especially for resistance to wear, is still open for investigation. For coating of large steel surfaces, common
method is welding using different kind of electrodes. However, coating with welding has some
disadvantages such as; dependent on electrodes, low coating rate, high surface roughness and so on.
However, in the continuous coating method that was invented under this study has more advantages. In the
experimental study, st 37 steel plates having dimensions of 4 x 800 x 800 mm were coated using continuous
coating method with three different kinds of Fe-based alloys, austenitic manganese steel, high chromiumhigh carbon alloy and nodular cast iron, with the thickness of 4 mm. After coating process, microstructural
investigation was conducted using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with EDS analysis and
microhardness measurements were obtained from coating to substrate. The results showed that there is a
good bond between substrate and coting layers and the continuous coating method is much more suitable
for coating the surfaces of large sheets or plates safely and economically.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Eroğlu
As the known lightest structural metal, Magnesium (Mg) has attracted interests for automotive, electronics and aircraft industries. There is a common usage at industrial applications of Mg alloys because of their distinguishing performance characteristics. However, there almost isn’t an integrated mass production line at the industrial scale in Turkey which can supply high density and strong mechanical property Mg products due to the lack of experience and knowledge in this subject. Unfortunately, Turkey deliberately avoid to manufacture Mg alloy parts thus can only use them by importing. Honestly, there is an integrated mass production system including a dosing furnace, a molten metal transfer system, a gas mixing unit, a die heating-cooling device, and a cold chamber die casting machine for Mg alloys mass production in Yildiz Technical University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Die Casting Laboratory. Today, it is possible to get acceptable mechanical and metallurgical propertied, high density parts by considering the three basic production steps i.e. melting, dosing, and casting precisely.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Serdar Vanlı
Anıl Akdoğan
In recent years, steel manufacturers have been focused
to develop the 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength Steels
(AHSS) for automotive industry. In this study, parametric studies
have been done on the electrical resistance spot welding of the
DP1000 steel, which is widely used in the automotive industry,
with the newly developed QP1180 steel. Welding studies were
carried out by the process window method with different welding
time and welding current while keeping other parameters
constant. The effects of welding current and welding time on the
mechanical properties of spot welded joints were investigated. In
order to determine the mechanical properties of spot welded
joints, welding specimens were subjected to tensile shear tests. In
this context, the relationships between welding parameters,
nugget size and mechanical properties of the spot welded joints
were established.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Imren OZTURK YILMAZ
Abdullah Yasin BILICI
Hakan Aydin
In this study, machinability tests were carried out on
Toolox 44 hot work tool steel (44 HRC) an important material in
developing industry. The tests were carried out dry through
milling method at four different cutting speeds (150, 180, 210, and
240 m/min), four different feed rates (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6
mm/tooth) and at two different depth of cut (0.2 and 0.4 mm).
Cutting forces developed during milling and surface roughness of
the machined surfaces were measured. The results showed that
increasing feed rate increased the surface roughness while
increasing cutting speed decreased the cutting forces. The lowest
surface roughness value (0.533 μm) was obtained at 180 m/min
cutting speed, 0.4 mm/tooth feed rate and 0.2 mm depth of cut
while the highest one (3.126 μm) was obtained at 180 m/min
cutting speed, 1.2 mm/tooth feed rate and 0.2 mm depth of cut.
The lowest cutting force was obtained at 0.4 mm depth of cut, 0.4
mm/tooth feed rate and 180 m/min cutting speed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Rüstem BİNALİ
Halil DEMİR
İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ
In this study, the resistance spot weldability of DP600 and TRIP800 dissimilar steels, which are used preferentially in automotive industry due to their high strength and good ductility, was investigated in detail with using different electrode force. The tensile shear load bearing capacity, cross tension strength, energy absorption, weld nugget size, the hardness profile of weldment was determined and the metallographic evaluation was also carried out on the cross section of weldment. Thus, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure has been confirmed. It was found that electrode force is one of the most important welding parameters which affect to the nugget geometry and mechanical properties of dissimilar steel weldment.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Khaled Omer H. Marwan
Ramazan KAÇAR
Hayriye ERTEK EMRE
The purpose in this study was to investigate the effects of keyhole laser welding parameters (laser beam power, laser welding speed, and heat input) on weld bead shape and integrity such as fusion zone and heat affected zone. Hence, butt-joint keyhole laser welding practices were conducted on S700 steel plates thickness of 13 mm by applying various laser beam power and welding speed with a 16 kW Ytterbium fibre laser and using pure argon as shielding gas in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of The University of Machester. The weld crosssections were examined under an optical microscope and widths of fusion zone, coarse grained heat affected zone and intercritical heat affected zone were measured and also defects that occurred during welding were determined based on laser beam power and welding speed. As a result, effects of laser beam power and laser welding speed on fusion zone width and heat affected zone width were plotted and results were compared with previous studies published.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ömer Ekinci
John Francis
Zülküf BALALAN
Inserted powder injection molding (IPIM) is developed
to produce a larger volume parts in powder injection molding
(PIM). In this method, the injection process is carried out on the
part called insert. Since the injection volume gets smaller, the
debinding time decreases. However, the insert diameter/the
molding diameter ratio (Di/Dm) is the important parameter in that
method. There could occur crack in the injection side unless the
ratio determines properly. In this study, the insert and injection’s
materials is high speed steel (HSS) and WC-%9Co feedstock,
respectively. Different amount of expansion occurs since the
materials have different thermal expansion coefficients. This
difference causes a thermal stress in the connection surface. If the
resulting thermal stress exceeds the compressing strength of the
material in the injection side, then thermal cracks occur.
Mathematical calculations have been carried out to determine the
optimum ratio of Di/Dm. In order to validate the calculations, finite
element analysis was performed by ANSYS software. Theoretical
results were supported with experimental studies. The risk of
cracking in the injection side increases as the ratio of Di/Dm
increases. As a result of the study, the optimum ratio of Di/Dm was
determined as 0.45 for the part produced by PIM.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oğuz Yılmaz
Kamran Samet
Harun Koçak
Çetin Karataş
Machining of many polycrystalline shape memory alloys CoNiAl (SMA) has been considerably a new phenomenon. CoNiAl alloys should be made available for final use after being formed, without loss of their shape memory properties. In this study, the effect of cutting parameters on kerf width and dimension tolerance of the Co based Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) have been investigated on the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machine. After the cutting process, kerf width of the samples were investigated. The experimental results showed that water pressure, traverse speed and abrasive flow rate have a great effect on kerf width and dimension tolerance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali GÜNEN
Mehmet DEMİR
Erdogan KANCA
Mustafa Serdar KARAKAŞ
Murat YILDIZ
Ersan KIRAR
M. Mustafa ERŞEN
In this study, machinability experiments on hardened
AISI H10A hot work tool steel with CBN inserts were performed
in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions.
Hard turning experiments were conducted according to Taguchi
L9 orthogonal array. The effects of cutting parameters (cutting
speed, feed rate and depth of cut) and cutting conditions on
surface roughness were analysed. The analysis of variance
(ANOVA) in 95% confidence level was applied in order to effects
of cutting parameters surface roughness. It was observed that
average surface roughness (Ra) increased with increasing feed
rate and depth of cut in dry cutting condition with CBN inserts. In
dry and MQL cutting conditions, the most important parameter
on surface roughness were determined as depth of cut with
51.79% PCR and 69.68% PCR, respectively.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Rıfat Akdere
Halil DEMİR
Gültekin Uzun
Mustafa GÜNAY
- Prepainted galvanized (PPG) steel coils, comparing to
galvanized coils, have better corrosion resistance and fascinating
decorative properties with their color alternatives and glossy
appearance. Color of PPG coils, during service period, by the
effect of environmental conditions, fades and their surface lose
their glossy appearance. This study investigated the color and
gloss stability of PPG steel sheet samples, painted with 14 different
colors and 3 different paint type. 23 parallel samples were exposed
to natural environmental conditions during 2 years at two
different locations, Florida/USA and Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey. For
natural tests, environmental meteorological parameters such as
temperature, humidity, rain and various weather conditions are
recorded monthly. This study shows the effect of natural
environment of Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey location and the regions
similar meteorological conditions like Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey on
color and gloss of PPG coils.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Özgür KARAKAŞ
Tuğçe TUNÇBİLEK TOP
Erdogan KANCA
Hatice Arslan
Hazar Çelik
Fahri Akça
Güzin Müge LÜLE
Process control for optimizing factors such as product quality, energy and cost becomes increasingly important in
industry. In this study, the analysis and optimization of the rolling parameters were carried out in steel profile hot rolling process
applied in Kar-demir Rolling Industry Trade Ltd. Co. which execute R&D and production activities in the rolling industry. In this
context, the analysis of the rolling parameters such as roll position, force, moment, temperature, thickness and crushing amount
belonging to rolling mechanics were carried out based on the empirical models widely used in the hot rolling process. As the
result of the study, optimum roll positioning and crushing amount calculations are proposed to minimize energy and time cost.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Didem Kılıç
Metehan Bacaksız
Orhan Akyol
Engin Tan
As a conformity assessment activity, testing is a crucial step in iron and steel industry. The characteristics and quality of the material are determined by the test. Manufacturers who manufacture in the sector and manufacturers who buy products make the acceptance of the material according to the results of the test. The reliability of test results is ensured through accreditation. In this study, the scope of the accredited laboratories in Turkey serving the iron and steel industry has been examined in detail. These results are compared with the same sector-based laboratories that are accredited in Germany. As a result, proposals have been made for future plans of test laboratories serving the iron and steel industry.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Murat KAVRUK
Bulent AYDEMIR
Today steel is one of the most common material used in almost
everywhere from seat belt mechanism to petroleum pipeline. Steel
production requires many steps including the steel making and
continuous casting plants. Starting with first drafts in 1856
continuous casting machines has evolved today’s modern
machines. One of the most important part of continuous casting
machines effecting the quality, productivity and yield is the openended copper mould. With time there is needed more control over
casters due to the increasing quality demand and machine yield.
When liquid steel is poured through the mould first solidification
occurs around slab strand. When the strand of steel is
continuously withdrawn from the mould through roller, friction
happens between strand shell and mould. Mould friction should
be kept in optimum range. Beyond this range there can be
breakout or produced slab having bad surface quality. Variety of
continuous casting parameters effect mould friction such as
casting speed, steel grade, mould level, mould powder viscosity,
mould oscillation parameters, etc. In this research there can be
found how different slab caster parameters effects the mould
friction.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hakan KAPUSUZ
Selçuk Mıstıkoğlu
Rolling has an important place in iron and steel industry due to the advantages such as production speed, continuity and easy to process applications. Roll materials must be resistant to high heat temperature conditions, high breaking resistance, good surface quality, proper hardness, good wear resistance and thermal shocks. However, producing an alloy material with all of these features together will be very costly. Instead of producing a roll material having all of these properties, it is more economical and practical approach to provide these characteristics by surface modification. In this study, External cooling rollers (ECR) coated by different four techniques which, Flame spray, boriding, titanizing and borotitanizing. After the coating process, the thickness of the coating layer, hardness, and layer structures examined by optic microscope, scanning electron microscope, micro hardness, and X-ray analyses. A wide range of coating thicknesses and microhardness values obtained depending on coating technique. The highest mircohardness obtained in the titanized sample, but the lowest coating thickness. The obtained hardness values were 3 times higher than those in the current application. The cost of rolling will be reduced by increase in ECR tool life.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet DEMİR
Ali GÜNEN
Mustafa Serdar KARAKAŞ
Vahdettin Koç
Mustafa Sabri Gök
Ahmet ÇÜRÜK
—A non-conventional material removal process,
Abrasive Water jet (AWJ) machining is also an ideal
manufacturing process for very hard materials. This study aims
to optimize the parameters involved in AWJ machining of 316
stainless steel material such as abrasive material grain size, nozzle
speed, standoff distance, abrasive mass flow rate and pumping
system pressure. The analysis of the impact of parameters
involved in this study was conducted using the L27 Taguchi
orthogonal array, S/N ratio and ANOVA. Five controllable factors
were used to obtain the minimum surface roughness and each
parameter was assigned with three different values in order to
define the optimal factor and level combination. Results showed
that the surface roughness is in strong correlation with abrasive
material grain size. The findings of this study suggest that the
study design used is much more effective than the full factorial
design in terms of the number of experiments conducted.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat KARTAL
Hasan GÖKKAYA
This work was carried out to study the usability of stainless steel (SS) types 304L instead of 316L for plate heat exchangers without sacrificing their operating efficiencies and performances. In line with this purpose, corrosion behaviour of 316L and 304L SS were studied under the simulated service conditions to assess the replacement of 316L by 304L SS which is more economical. Operating and boundary conditions of plate heat exchangers, such as temperature, pH, Chloride ion concentration of the solution etc., were taken as the experimental parameters. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out to measure pitting behaviours of both stainless steels under the simulated service conditions and the preselected test parameters associated with the types of pitting corrosion. Studies were carried out by employing electrochemical polarization tests to determine the resistance to pitting corrosion of materials which plays a decisive role in the service life of plate heat exchangers produced by the use of the stainless steels.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Haluk ERDEMİR
Cem ÇAKIROĞLU
Ahmet ÇAKIR
In this work, the wear resistance behavior of GG-25
gray cast iron was investigated. Three specimens with different
austempering time (120, 90 and 60 minutes) and one specimen,
which is not austempering, were used. With this manner it has
been tried to examine the effect of the parameters of austempering
process on each specimen. Pin-on-disc wear resistance test with
one loads (20N) on every specimens has been applied according to
of ASTM 99 standards. SEM to observe the microstructures
characterized the austempered specimens. In addition, brinnel
hardness test was applied. With the results of the wear resistance
test, as the austempering time increased, wear resistance also
increases.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Abdulsamet YILDIRIM
Yunus Türen
Hayrettin AHLATCI
Yavuz Sun
Mustafa GUÇLU
Hamza Serhat AYDEMIR
Mehmet Sami TAKVA
While rail steels are being developed, the main objective is to improve wear performance. For this purpose
we are continuing to work harder on the production of rail steel. However, a certain degree of hardness can
be obtained by conventional methods. Bainitic microstructural rail steels can achieve higher hardness than
conventional perlitic rail steels. In this study, it has been tried to obtain a bainitic structure with isothermal
transformation to this steel with hardened rayon steel of eutectoid alloy. Two different austenite
temperatures (850°C and 900°C) and two different bainitic transformation temperatures (350°C and 450°C)
were determined. Abrasive abrasion tests have shown that the specimen with a bryitic structure at 350°C
was annealed at 900°C compared to perlitic rayon steel, resulting in higher wear resistance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Derya BULGAN
Mustafa DONMEZ
There are many destructive and non-destructive tests for detecting microstructural changes and faults in steel parts. The term “non-destructive testing” (NDT) is used for material testing methods that can be applied without harming the material. NTD can be applied to materials, parts, assemblies or structures. One of the non-destructive evaluation methods is Barkhausen Noise (BN) that is magnetic based and is used mainly in the automotive and aviation industry. Barkhausen noise (BN) measurement is an electromagnetic testing method that is suitable for ferromagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic materials are made up of small magnetic domains which are separated by domain walls and orientated in different direction. As a result of the external magnetic field applied, domains will turn to the direction of magnetization, moving the domain walls which will cause jumps of magnetic flux denstiy. These jumps are called Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN). MBN is sensitive to different material properties such as microstructure, composition, residual stress and hardness. This paper focus on describing an improved Non-Destructive Testing methology based on the analysis of BN. It also explaines the relationship between material properties and BN profile. Also, it is aimed to introduce applications and test equipments of BN.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oğuz KOÇAR
In the present study, shielded metal arc welding electrodes containing boroncarbide in the shield were produced for making boride coatings and low-carbon steel plates were surfaced with single-double and triple pass welds. The effects of the boron content on the microstructure and hardness of the coatings were investigated. After deposition, microstructural analyses including metallographic examination, wavelengthdispersive X ray (WDX), X-ray and microhardness measurements of the coatings were evaluated. From the results, it was seen that different boron contents formed primary and eutectic Fe2B, and consequently had an effect on the hardness of the coating.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Eroğlu
Yusuf DONAT
In this study, the (hkl) plane energies of bcc and bct Fe crystals were calculated as a function of internal
interactions between atoms. The Classical Morse Potential Function applied in the theoretical studies of
transition elements was used in Fortran code for analytical calculations. Since the force applied to the crystal
at the equilibrium has bcc → bct conversion, we calculated the variations of the a2 lattice parameter
depending on the a1 lattice parameter. The (hkl) plane energies of bcc and bct crystals were determined
using calculated lattice parameters. Calculations are limited to 9 (hkl) planes. For the bcc Fe (h00) planes,
the internal energy passed through the minimum points, while the energy in the (hk0) and (hkl) planes
changed parabolically. In the case of bct, no stability point was determined on any plane. Theoretical
calculations show that the total energy is the nearest plane energy of the incoming feeds. In bcc → bct phase
transformation, the system has a single equilibrium point and the stability range is not very large. This
calculation method can be successfully applied to cubic Fe and Fe-based alloys in the theoretical studies.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hamza Yaşar Ocak
Gökay UĞUR
Şule UĞUR
Red iron oxide which is produced by regeneration of waste hydrochloric acid from steel pickling line contains chloride. Chloride has negative effects on industrial productions which use red iron oxide as a raw material. This paper asserts red iron oxide particles have different chloride content according to their particle size. Regenerated red iron oxide was sampled from different production batches and these samples were grouped according to their particle size with sieving them from 1 mm to 75 µm. Sieved red iron oxide samples were analysed with spectrophotometer to determine chloride content. The study found out that chloride content slightly increased by increasing particle size up to 710 µm, after that size chloride content was drastically increased, such that, removing particles bigger than 1 mm from the iron oxide provides a 11,97 % reduction of the total chloride content and causes only 0,27 % loss from the total material.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Özgür KARAKAŞ
Erdogan KANCA
İbrahim GÖÇER
Alper AKÜN
Erkan PÜGE
Güzin Müge LÜLE
Tuğçe TUNÇBİLEK TOP
The aim of this study is to produce new generation biodegradable iron-based alloys and to investigate their compatibleness for using as transient implantable materials. Produced iron-cobalt alloys were immersed in SBF to simulate the degradation properties in human body. Degradation behavior of the Fe-Co alloys were investigated using both mass loss tests for following the rate of degradation and observed growth of the apatite structure in the simulated body fluid. Also, general characterization methods (XRD, SEM and EDS) were used for investigation of the samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yucel Gencer
Mehmet Tarakci
Yunus Azakli
Sezgin Cengiz
In this study, Fe-Ni binary alloys containing 1, 2 and 4 at. % Ni were prepared under controlled atmosphere conditions and then these alloys along with pure Fe were pack boronized at 1100°C for 3 h. The boronised samples were characterized by SEM, SEM-EDS, XRD and microhardness measurements. The boride layer with saw-tooth morphology on the substrate materials changed to compact morphology and the branchy structure around the boride crystals was formed with the increasing amount of Ni in the substrates. The main boride layer was composed of FeB and Fe2B phases with homogeneously distributed Ni in the main boride layer and accumulation of Ni in the boride layer/substrate was detected for the borided samples. Ni addition was ineffective on microhardness and thickness of boride layer while the thickness decreased with high addition of Ni.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Naim B. Mackan
Yucel Gencer
Anthropogenic air pollution is increasing in the earth.
And highest portion of the anthropogenic air emission is caused by
energy consumption. The biggest section of the energy consumption
in the transport sector is originated from the road transportation.
Therefore, the road transportation is highly emitting direct and
indirect GHGs caused by gasoline, diesel and LPG consumption on
the roads. This sector is needed to be examined in detail for climate
change studies. The uncertainties in road transportation emission
calculations are very high, because the other sources emissions,
meteorological conditions, vehicle using behaviour and age of
vehicles have some pressures on the emissions.
Direct greenhouse gases, including CO2, N2O and CH4, emitted by
the road vehicles are the key sectors for Turkey. In long-term
struggle with climate change, Turkey should reduce emissions from
this sector. Therefore, the studies related to the emission control on
road transportation are supporting climate change mitigation.
In this study, the direct GHGs emissions from the road vehicles in
Karabük province have been calculated and the effect on the climate
change is considered. The IPCC methodology was used for
calculating the emissions. The vehicles were classified in different
categories and the CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were calculated as
time series for each category. The road vehicle statistics of Karabük
province were obtained from TURKSTAT and the total fuel
consumption was estimated due to the average km covered by
vehicles and total consumption of fuels taken from the energy
balance tables.
The final results are showing that the diesel consumption on the road
is increasing CO2 equivalent (CO2 equ.) emission until the 0.22
million tonnes in 2014. It is just 0.5% of total Turkey’s road
emission. Moreover, the gasoline consumption in the city is
remaining constant although the number of automobile is
increasing in the city. The main reason is the people living in the city
prefer diesel or LPG automobiles. Consequently, the emission
related to the diesel vehicle is highest and it is concluded that 75%
of total CO2 equ. emission from road vehicles in Karabük province
is coming from the diesel vehicle. The GHGs emissions caused by
automobiles, van and caterpillar are causing highest pollution in
Karabük province. The CO2 equ. emissions from these three type
vehicles are 83% of total city’s road emissions.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali Can
In order to prevent fatalities and injuries in the accidents occurred in railway transportation, crash zones were developed at the front and back ends of the coaches. These crash zones are aimed to absorb the kinetic energy in a controlled manner and protect the health of the passenger and the structure of occupied areas in the coach. The primary energy absorber is one of the most important components of the system and is able to absorb an impact energy of about 1.3MJ. In this study, deformation behaviours of tube like structures with square and circular cross sections under the axial impact load were investigated by means of finite element analysis. The investigated tube like structures are the same size and weight and have five different wall thicknesses. At the end of the study, the performances of square and circular sections were compared in terms of energy absorption capacities and average deformation forces
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ramazan Özmen
Tuncer TOPRAK
Stainless steels are primarily utilized on account of
their high corrosion resistance. However, the scope of excellent
mechanical properties offered by the various classifications and
grades within the family of stainless steel render them extremely
versatile materials. Austenitic stainless steel wires are widely used
in industrial applications and have a rapidly growing demand.
With the wire drawing process, the mechanical properties change
considerably after the diameter reduction process. In this study,
the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels (304, 309
and 316L) were compared in three different qualities. As a result
of experimental studies, the highest mechanical properties were
observed in 304 and 309 series stainless steels, respectively. There
is an effect on the phase transformation as well as the rate of cold
deformation in the increase of mechanical properties.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ekrem ALTUNCU
Yılmaz YILDIRIM
The investigation of the fatigue behaviour of metals under non-proportional multi-axial stress states is an important problem to minimize design-induced errors and improve structural durability, especially for cast and light-weight sheetmetal structures. Various approaches that can be used in fatigue analyses make use of stress states, strain states and strain energy densities to obtain an endurance limit value, a fracture plane estimate, S-N curve and/or a combination of these. Thus, the determination of the possible initial cracking plane and an estimation of crack initiation is an important step in fatigue analysis of structural design, especially under multiaxial stress states based on theories that are stress-based where the method of critical planes is the most commonly applied. Such methods seek for the orientation of fracture plane by using different parameters based on the assumed input parameters. The purpose of this research is to identify and compare critical plane orientations using various stress approaches to critical plane methods. The determination of several parameters in different stress based critical plane search is indicated. Furthermore, critical planes are found for different stress states with using pre-assumed material properties from available test data. Based on the outcomes, a method of better versatility and ease of application is proposed among the methods investigated for practical applications of fatigue analysis.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tuğçe Leblebici
Emin Sünbüloğlu
S. Ergün Bozdağ
In this study, the effect of C addition on the
corrosion behavior of wire rods of 5.5 mm in diameter
was investigated. The horizontal and vertical cross
sections of the wire rods with 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 C ratio were
taken during the metallographical process. The
microstructure of the examined specimens was examined
by light optical (LOM) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). Hardness test of steel containing 0.7-
0.9 C was carried out in shimadzu brand micro hardness
tester. Corrosion tests of the prepared samples were
evaluated according to both the weight loss and the
Potentiodynamic Polarization measurements in 3.5%
NaCl solution. Despite the increased hardness of the
specimens examined, the corrosion resistance decreased.
This can be caused by inclusions in the microstructure.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Medine Kilinc
Gulheser Dogancik
Yunus Türen
Yavuz Sun
Hayrettin AHLATCI
İbrahim AFŞAR
Serhat ÖZDEMİR
Hüseyin Koymatcık
Hüseyin Zengin
Recently, new generation, promising functional alloys for different applications, developed via high entropy (HE) alloying method, have gained attention both from academia and industry. This technique is mainly alloying of at least five major elements in equiatomic or near equiatomic ratios and positioning all the elements in the same lattice using the high entropy of mixing of the system. These unique HE alloys can be obtained using the suitable combinations of almost all the metallic elements present on the periodic table. The main question is, “what is the most important property for a stainless steel?” Clearly, the answer is corrosion resistance. In addition, it is well known that protective surface films play a key role in corrosion resistance of the stainless steels. HE alloys are innovative and promising materials due to their excellent corrosion properties. Key documents on the corrosion behaviour of the high entropy stainless steels have been reviewed under this study.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Burak Dikici
Hakan YILMAZER
Controlled accelerated cooling of R350HT head
hardened rail joints immediately after their welding is critical in
order to secure that these joints have similar mechanical
properties with the rest of the rail. In practice this accelerated
cooling can be achieved by sending forced air through an
apparatus placed over the welded area of the rail joint just after
welding operation. The apparatus should be designed in a way to
create homogenous and effective cooling around the railhead. For
this purpose, airflow and cooling simulations were performed in
order to optimize the design of such apparatus. Number and
diameter of air nozzles, their positions, nozzle-to-rail surface
distance and airflow rate were employed as the main input
parameters for the simulations performed using ANSYS 15
(thermal and fluid flow). The main focus was on finding the design
and operation parameters that give homogenous air flow around
the rail head which in turn would produce uniform cooling. In this
publication, the results of the simulations run under various
conditions will be compared and an optimum set of design and
operating parameters will be offered.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Nizar Ramadan
Kazım Tur
Erkan Konca
White cast irons are hypoeutectic alloys in which the carbon remains dissolved in the iron carbide phase,
called cementite, without decomposing into graphite during solidification. Because of the hard cementite
phase, they preferred in high abrasion resistance required applications. In order to improve further the wear
resistance they are alloyed with strong carbide forming elements (W, Mn, Mo, S, Cr, V, Mg, etc.). There is
a strong relationship between the mechanical properties of alloys and the internal structure they possess. In
order to reveal the effect of the internal structure, the diagrams showing the phase equilibria of the material
should be known. Today, various software programs are used to make thermodynamic calculations relevant
to phase equilibria. In this study, using the Materials Calculator software program, it is aimed to simulate
the pseudo binary phase diagrams (i.e. isoplethal maps) where the molar fractions of alloying elements other
than carbon are fixed. In order to check the accuracy of the constructed diagrams, the casted samples with
determined compositions will be analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the theoretical
and experimental data will be compared. The diagrams for changing the type and amount of the alloying
addition will be examined and the effects of changing the amount and distribution of carbides with increasing
carbon content and temperature will be discussed to improve the wear resistance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Öncü AKYILDIZ
Duygu CANDEMİR
Developments and innovations in financial market, product variety and the complexity of the products’
content entail people to take part in financial system consciously. Recently, the importance of financial
literacy dramatically increased due to some factors such as the rise in people’s responsibility on decisions,
innovations information and communication technology, swift changes in retirement and taxing policy,
demographic changes in population, the failure of individual attempts and financial fraud. Each individual
should be financially literate for financial security and comfort.
Individuals’ self-consciousness on financial issues will not only prepare them for prospective hard economic
conditions that may emerge in the future but also supports the development of the country on strong basis.
In this perspective, the awareness of financial literacy will help to use the limited sources more affectively.
In addition to this, it will also prevent the waste of sources by contributing the economy and improving the
life-standards of the citizens. In this regards, the aim of the study will examine individuals’’ who are working
in Kardemir Inc., financial literacy levels. The sample consists of individuals, who are working in Kardemir
Inc. Data were collected through a demographic information form, Financial Literacy Index developed by
Van Rooji et al. (2011). The obtained data will be evaluated by "SPSS for Window" statistical program.
Finally, the findings are compared with the literature and some recommendations are suggested for
individuals, executives and researchers.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Murat YILDIRIM
Fatih BAYRAM
Ahmet OĞUZ
Gülay GÜNAY
Influence of different austenitization conditions on retained austenite quantity and composition investigated
on SAE 52100 steel. SAE 52100 steels are being widely used as bearing component regarding to their
hardness and wear resistance. Traditional production cycle includes hot rolling, spheroidization, cold rolling,
quenching from two phase region and tempering steps. This cycle results with martensitic matrix and
undissolved course carbides. Course carbides maintain adequate wear performance but due to course
carbides providing appropriate nucleation sites for crack propagation and growth this structure shows poor
fatigue behavior. Previous studies showed better carbide size and distribution with experimental two step
hardening cycle. This cycle results with considerable increase at retained austenite fraction. It’s well known
that mechanically unstable retained austenite improves fatigue resistance in this type of steel.
Transformation retained austenite to martensite caused by deformation eliminates local stresses and retards
crack propagation and growth. XRD studies are carried on to determining retained austenite quantity with
various austenitizing conditions. Computational simulations with Thermo-Calc and Dictra are used for
predicting carbon concentration gradient of austenite during austenitization which determines retained
austenite fraction at the end. A good correlation between XRD data and simulation results was obtained.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ersoy Erişir
Oğuz Gürkan Bilir
Ahmet Efe Gezmişoğlu
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have both higher mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the cause of austenitic and ferritic microstructure. DSSs, generally have equal amount of austenite and ferrite phases. Solution heat treatment is applied to DSSs for providing homogenous microstructure, composing desired austenite-ferrite phase fraction and resolving intermetallic phases. After the solution treatment, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of DSSs can be alter, especially with changes in austenite-ferrite phase ratio. In this study, effect of solution treatment conditions on corrosion behaviour of EN 1.4462 was investigated. Solution treatments were applied at 1100˚C and 1150˚C for 2 hours and 8 hours. Corrosion test was applied in FeCl3 (10% wt.) media for solution treated specimens. Corrosion properties of the specimens were determined with weight loss and also, microstructural characterization was carried out by optical microscopy analysis.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alptekin Kısasöz
Ahmet Karaaslan
Niobium (Nb) and Chromium (Cr), being crucial alloying elements in the high value alloys such as the High Strength Low Alloys (HSLA) and Stainless Steels, especially Austenitic Stainless Steels (AUST.SS), have been identified and classified as critical raw materials (CRM). The potential of not producing these high value alloys has an adverse effect on the EU and Turkish economy due to the fact that Nb and Cr. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new generation of structural alloys that will be free from CRM elements and exhibiting superior performance. However, it is difficult to develop such proposed high performance alloys by conventional alloying, which are formed around a dominant element like iron in the steel. The High Entropy Alloying, an innovative approach introduced in the last decade, is the alloying using the alloying elements at equiatomic or near equiatomic percentage, consequently the presence of the high mixing enthalpy positioned the alloying elements within the same phase crystal lattice system. As alternatives to HSLA and AUST.SS alloys, the novel structural alloys can be designed and developed by means of HEA approach and gain to industries. The purpose of the study is the designing and developing novel structural alloys as an HSLA and AUST.SS) using innovative High Entropy Alloying (HEA) approach. The proposed High Entropy Structural Alloys (HESA) in this project will be manufactured through the conventional melting and thermomechanical processing. The HESA alloy groups, which will have key roles in many important industrial applications, are aimed at exhibiting superior mechanical properties and corrosion values and meeting the industrial and economic conditions of production.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hakan YILMAZER
Burak Dikici
In this study, head hardening process was applied for R260 quality rails. Microstructures of rails were carried
out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hardness distribution of head parts were also evaluated for
two category samples (heat treatment and non heat treatment). Wear tests were performed under three
different loads (10N, 20N and 40N) in both %3.5NaCI solution and dry conditions. Worn surfaces were
characterized by Nikon Shuttlepix, Profile projector and SEM. Results clearly show that, head hardened
rails exhibited better wear performance especially under load of 10N in dry conditions.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M. Emre TURAN
Fazil Hüsem
Yasin Akgül
Yavuz Sun
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Iron and steel production and consumption values are the most important indicators which demonstrate development and industrial growth of countries. In our study, world iron and steel sector production capacities and development of steel production values are examined by years. During this period, except global crisis times, iron and steel capacities and production values’ constantly increasement are observed. Growth rates and iron and steel production values are compared, during economic crisis where world and our country are affected. In the last part of our study, a regression model of salable billet and ribbed bar steel prices was set up to estimate with using independent variables such as the global and Turkey liquid steel production, world and Turkey% growth rates. Except negative effects of economic crisis’ on sector’s development; low capacity usage rates due excess supply over demand, raw material procurement price fluctuations, China's iron and steel sector developments, decreasing other producers’ competion ability due to imports from China to all over world and protective tax regulations on behalf of protection of local producers, create uncertainty to development and future of sector.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Nazmi Sarıkaya
Ahmet Gürbüz
In this study, the effect of boron addition at different ratios (2-38 ppm) on the microstructure
and corrosion properties of Cr-Mo steels was investigated. Square cross-sections of the boron containing
steels obtained at different ratios measuring 40×40 mm were rolled in three passes, and a deformation of
totally 200-300 percent was obtained. The rolled specimens were examined by optical microscopy and
corrosion test. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarisation measurements were taken to evaluate
corrosion behaviours of the examined steels. Analysing the potentiodynamic corrosion test results applied
to the CrMo steels containing boron at different ratios, it is seen that there has been increase at the corrosion
rates when the boron amounts are low.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cemal ÇARBOĞA
Bülent KURT
B. Demirel
Yavuz Sun
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Engin ÇEVİK
In this study, the effect of carbon content in the
range of 0,7-0,9 on wear resistance was investigated. The
examined specimens in 5.5 mm diameter are manufactured
with drawing process. Wear tests of the cylindrical samples
with a length of 20 mm were examined in pin-on-disc type
wear tester on counter face of 1.2379 cold work tool steel
under the load of 30-60 N. The weight losses of the samples
examined increase with the increase of carbon content and
hardness. Wear Mechanism is mild wear to oxidative wear.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Semih Gezer
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Çağatay Aslan
Yunus Türen
Yavuz Sun
Melike Birinci
Meryem Yıldız
Neşe ÇAĞLAYAN
Hüseyin Koymatcık
In this study, the boronizing of Fe-Cr binary alloys (2, 4, 8 at. % Cr) was investigated by pack boronizing treatment at 1100°C for 3 hours. Fe-Cr binary alloys were prepared under controlled atmosphere. The characterization of the borided alloys was carried out XRD, SEM, SEM-EDS and Vickers microhardness measurements. The boride layer on the Fe-Cr alloys was composed of Fe2B phase. The saw tooth morphology changed to a smoother interface layer (coating-substrate), the boride layer thickness decreased while microhardness did not change significantly with chromium content in the Fe-Cr alloys. The Cr-rich precipitates formed in the transition zone and their amount increased with increasing amount of the chromium in the substrates.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Tarakci
Yucel Gencer
In this work, the effect of Cr content on the
microstructures and tensile behaviors of nonalloyed powder
metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The samples pressed
at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C temperature in the sintering
argon atmosphere for 1 h were produced. Nonalloyed PM
microalloyed steels with different Cr ratio were analyzed in
terms of tensile test. The microstructure of the PM steels was
characterised by optic microscope. Results indicated that 5 wt.
% Cr added PM steel showed the highest values in yield
strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Rıfat GÜNDÜZ
The effects of deformation on the
mechanical and microstructural properties of hot
rolled AISI 4140 steel were investigated. The steel
heated at 1200oC was hot rolled from the initial
thickness of 160 mm to 15 mm, 10 mm and 6 mm after
multiple-pass. Later, normalization and tempering
heat treatments were applied to the hot rolled steels.
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of
as-hot rolled and tempered steels were determined
experimentally. Tensile properties, hardness values
and wear properties of the steels were determined with
room temperature tensile tests, Brinell hardness
measurements and wear tests, respectively. In addition,
scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to
analyze the surface morphology of the steels. After
tempering heat treatment, yield stress increases with
increasing amount of hot deformation, while wear rate,
ductility and toughness of the steels decrease with
increasing amount of hot deformation. In addiditon,
the hardness of the steels decreases after tempering
heat treatment.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gökhan ATAY
Ali Gungor
SAE 4140 steel or 42CrMo4 is widely used in
automotive industry (parts of steering wheel, parts of suspension,
etc.) as forged parts due to its high strength, different fatigue
behaviors, and good machinability properties. In this study, the
effect of post-forging heat treatment process was examined.
Different heat treatment routes were applied to 4140 steel,
following hot forging. Microstructure and mechanical properties
including fatigue strength were determined. Microstructures of
the forged changed regard as cooling rate and martensitic and
martensitic/bainitic structures were observed. While the sample
forged and then quenched in air has shown the highest tensile
strength and fatigue cycle, optimum properties were obtained
with the sample as forged-quenched in air-tempered, and forgedaustenitizing-quenched-tempered conditions
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Asım Eser
Mehmet Ali Güvenç
Seracettin Akdı
Mustafa ACARER
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a thermo-mechanical
process in which severe plastic strains are imposed by aid of
transverse movement of non-consumable rotating tool inserted
into the material. Tool friction also increases temperature of the
local deformation region. This leads occurrence of the dynamic
recrystallization leading to extensive grain refinement and
consequently improvement of strength without a considerable loss
of ductility. This improvement may be beneficial to lightweighting of the automobile bodies. However, this also requires
application of FSP to the thin metal sheets. On this point of view,
current study mainly focuses on FSP of 1.1 mm thick DP600 steel
which is widely used in body-in-white applications. SEM
investigations revealed that FSP caused both grain refinement and
morphological changes. Micro-hardness mapping of the FSP
region revealed nearly two fold increase in hardness. Similar
improvements were also detected tension tests. By selection of
proper FSP parameters, yield strength and UTS of the steel was
reached to about 720 MPa and 1050 MPa respectively. This
strength improvement was achieved with a considerably high
uniform elongation of 7%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Onur SARAY
Imren OZTURK YILMAZ
Mümün YILMAZ
A quantitative grain boundary analysis and impact
properties of thermomechanically rolled X70 pipeline steels were
conducted. Three different X70 samples that were coiled at
different temperatures were characterized by SEM-EBSD
technique. Number of low angle and coincidence site lattice (CSL)
grain boundaries were quantified. Tensile and impact properties
were measured and related by low angle grain boundaries
(LAGB) and CSL boundaries. The results showed that, tensile and
impact properties are varying with these boundary types. While
yield and tensile strength increases by increasing LAGB and Σ3
boundaries, impact properties i.e Charpy and drop weight tear
(DWTT) energies are generally in a decreasing trend. Moreover,
it was observed that grain size due to higher Ti/N rate is a more
effective mechanism for Charpy energy than the grain boundary
type.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Semih Engün
Servet Turan
Orhan Uzun
Oğuz Gündüz
In this work, the effect of graphite content on the
microstructures and tensile behaviors of Mo added powder
metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The samples pressed
at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C temperature in the argon
atmosphere for 1 h were produced. Mo added PM microalloyed
steels with different graphite ratio were analyzed in terms of
microstructure and tensile test. Results indicated that as the
amount of the graphite in the PM steels increases, the volume
fraction of the pearlite increases gradually. Mo aded PM steel
contained 0.6 wt. % graphite showed the highest values in yield
strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS).
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Hasan Karabulut
Süleyman GÜNDÜZ
The AA7075 alloy has a wide range of applications due to its high strength and light weight. The T6 heat treatment
applied to the AA7075 alloy increases the strength of the alloy but its corrosion properties remain poor. T73 heat treatment to
increase the corrosion sensitivity reduces the strength of the alloy. A special heat treatment applied to the AA7075 alloy improves
the corrosion and mechanical properties of the alloy at the same time.In this study, the effects of special heat treatment parameters
applied to AA7075 alloy on alloy strength and corrosion were investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gökhan ÖZER
Ahmet Karaaslan
G18NiCrMo3-6 steel is widely used in mining industries, offshore platforms equipments, machine parts due to its high strength and toughness properties.
In this study, the effect of homogenization treatment on the microstructure, hardness and toughness of G18NiCrMo3-6 steel was investigated. For this purpose, a group of specimens were applied homogenization heat treatment at 1150 ˚C for 3 hours. All specimens were austenitized at 950 ˚C for 2 hours, quenched in polymer solution at room temperature and then tempered at 500 ˚C, 620 ˚C, 650 ˚C for 1 hour. Charpy V notch impact test was performed to determine the toughness properties of the specimens. Fracture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microstructures of the specimens were investigated by using light microscope to determine the effect of heat treatment conditions. Changes of the material hardness due to different heat treatment conditions were obtained with hardness measurements.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Funda Gül Koç
Mustafa Çöl
Sevim SÜNNETÇİ
In this study, AISI 2205 types of duplex stainless steels were welded by FCAW (flux cored arc welding) using E2209 T11/4 type flux cored filler metal. Joinings welded with different heat input and number of passes were characterized by microstructural analysis and charpy impact test. Also, ferrite/austenite phase ratios in welded specimens were investigated and variations in microstructural and mechanical properties were compared by ferrite/austenite phase balance. Moreover, effects of microstructural properties on mechanical properties of welded specimens were determined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alptekin Kısasöz
Mustafa Tümer
Ahmet Karaaslan
In this work, the effect of Nb content on the
microstructures and tensile behaviors of Nb-V added
microalloyed powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated.
The samples were pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C
temperature in argon atmosphere for 1 hour. Nb-V added PM
microalloyed steels with different niobium ratio were analyzed
by tensile test. The microstructure of the PM steels was
characterised by optic microscope. Results indicated that 0.075
wt. % Nb added PM steel showed the highest values in yield
strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). However,
when the amount of Nb content increased from 0.075 to 5 wt.%,
yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased.
Elongation also tends to decrease with increasing Nb content.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Ferhat KAHVECİGİL
Özkan KARAOĞLU
Titanium (Ti) + Niobium (Ni) doped Interstitial Free
(IF) steel grades (Ti + Nb IF steel) are widely used in steel
industries because of their good formability properties. In this
study, the effect of cold rolling reduction rate on the
microstructure and mechanical properties of IF steel was
investigated in details. The samples subjected to cold rolling
with various reduction rates ranging from 40% to 80% at
constant annealed temperature. The changes in
microstructure were examined with optical microscope.
Mechanical properties such as cupping values, anisotropy
values (r) yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. were
examined by Erichson and tensile test. The results affects the
microstructural evolution and carbide precipitations
significantly, in turn altering the mechanical properties.
Increasing amount of cold rolling reduction rate resulted for
an increase in the cupping values, anisotropy values, yield
strength and elongation, whereas it leaded to a decrease in
tensile strength. As a result of this trial experiment it can be
said that reduction rate has a great effect on mechanical and
microstructure properties of Ti+Nb doped IF steel. clearly
demonstrated that the reduction rate of cold rolling.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali GÜNEN
M. Mustafa ERŞEN
Erdogan KANCA
Murat YILDIZ
Mehmet DEMİR
Bülent KURT
Mustafa Sabri Gök
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SiC particle size on the hardness and wear behaviour of
AA6061-SiCp composites. For this purpose, various size (8, 32 and 82 μm) with 30wt.% amount of SiC
particles have been added into AA6061 aluminum alloy powders and Ø35x10 mm cylindrical blocks were
produced by hot pressing at 525°C. Then, T6 heat treatment was applied to AA6061-SiCp composites aged
at 180 °C for 18 h after solution heat treatment at 540 °C for 1 h. In order to identify the hardness and wear
tests were performed to all samples under same conditions. Experimental results showed that with the
increase of SiC particle size in the composites, the hardness decreased and wear resistance increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mert Yakışık
Ulaş MATİK
- In this study, Cr-W steels were produced by
casting then heat treatment was applied for specimens.
After the normalization process at 1100 0C for 1 hour,
samples were heated up 660 0C and 760 0C to evaluate
the effect of tempering temperature. One group of steel
were waited at 1 hour and the other group were waited
at 2 hours in these temperatures. Hardness of
specimens was measured according to the Vickers test
method. Wear tests were performed for all specimens
under the loads of 10N, 20N and 40N in dry sliding
conditions. Microstructure analysis was carried out
using Light Optical Microscope (LOM), Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that,
tempering temperature significantly affects the wear
behaviors of samples. These effects can be seen
especially under higher loads. And also there is a direct
proportion between wear and hardness results
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatih AYDIN
Yavuz Sun
MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN
Mustafa ACARER
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
In this study; Fe-1Nb and Fe-10Nb (at.%) binary alloys
were boronized at 950 °C for 3 hours. Effect on the formation of
boride layer of increasing amount of niobium in pure iron was
experimentally investigated. Microstructural changes occurring
on the surfaces of the samples after boronizing process were
examined by optical microscope (OM), and microhardness and
boride layer thickness were measured separately for each sample.
Typical sawtooth morphologies were observed on the surface
coatings. As a result, hardnesses of boron layers obtained from the
surface of the samples were much higher than base metal. In
addition, it was found that boride layer thickness was decreased
with increasing niobium content in pure iron.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tanju TEKER
Osman YILMAZ
Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT
The interest in austempered ductile irons (ADI) is
continuously increasing due to their various advantageous
properties over conventional ductile irons and some steels. This
study aimed at finding the roles of alloying elements, namely Ni,
Cu and Mo, on the austemperability of GGG-60 ductile cast iron.
Two different sets of GGG-60 (EN-GJS-600-3) ductile iron
samples, where one set was alloyed with Ni and Cu and the other
set was alloyed with Mo, Ni and Cu, were subjected to
austempering treatments at 290-350°C. A custom design heat
treatment setup, consisting of two units where the top unit
(furnace) serving for austenitizing and the 200-liter capacity
bottom unit (stirred NaNO2-KNO3 salt bath) serving for
isothermal treatment, was used for the experiments. It has been
found that austempering treatment at 290°C increased the
hardness of the Ni-Cu alloyed GGG-60 sample by about 44%
without causing a loss in its ductility. In the case of Mo-Ni-Cu
alloyed sample, the increase in hardness due to austempering
reached to 80% at the same austempering temperature while some
ductility was lost. Here, the microstructural investigation and
mechanical testing results of the austempered samples are
presented and the role of alloying elements (Mo, Ni, and Cu) on
the austemperability of GGG-60 is discussed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Erkan Konca
Kazım Tur
Erkin KOÇ
Slag plays an important role in steelmaking process by providing an insulation of liquid metal surface, preventing heat losses and removing impurities and inclusions in liquid steel, etc. For these reasons, in order to produce “a cleaner steel” attention should be paid on controlling of chemical and also physical properties of slag in steelmaking process. Initial formation of ladle furnace slag consists of carry-over slag of converter tapping and tapping additions. In this study, effects of different tapping additions to ladle slag conditions and steel cleanliness were investigated. Additionally, Sulphur removal capacities of slags were compared by means of chemical and physical properties with using FactSage Computational Thermochemistry Software and ARL Spark-DAT inclusion analyzer.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Emre Alan
Zafer Çetin
Kağan Keler
İlker Ayçiçek
Organic rankine cycle (ORC), special fluids are used which can evaporate at relatively low temperature instead of water as the vehicle fluid. In this way it is possible to produce electricity from waste heat sources at low temperatures.
In this study, it was investigated that the required thermal energy for the ORC was achieved by burning gases in a combustion chamber (Flare) in a low-emission hot water boiler. The electricity generated at the end of the cycle is theoretically calculated. The main components of the system are the boiler, turbine, and cooling unit has been examined. Cost, feasibility and emission analyzes of the system are made; according to TURKEY and USA conditions, the repayment period and internal rate of return are calculated. As a result of the application, it is seen that electricity production can be done at 76,5 kWe power from 118 Nm3/h waste gas.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Emrecan ERCAN
Cabir KÜÇÜK
Durmuş KAYA
In recent years, Turkey’ energy consumption has
increased with the increasing rate parallel to the growth rate. For
this reason, the importance of efficient use of energy has become
more and more remarkable every day. In this study, the potential
of ability to the work by the control and automation of the
electrostatic powder coating system in a sample operation is
increased. In addition, efficiency has been ensured in terms of
natural gas consumption and electricity consumption. In terms of
the coating operation, the amount of dye consumed per unit m2
has been reduced and the operating costs have been reduced. In
this context, surface cleaning, drying, dyeing and curing steps in
the electrostatic powder coating cabinets in the dying cabinets
have been transferred to the conveyor system. For electricity and
natural gas consumption, the cost of energy consumption per m2
is calculated to produce unit work for energy efficiency. Feasibility
studies were made for the facility and the system was installed.
The simple payback period is calculated and the increase in the
total efficiency of the system and the increase in capacity are
presented.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Demet Taskan
Ahmet Serhan Hergul
Volkan Coban
Durmuş KAYA
Many industries in the world and the iron and steel sector have
focused on energy saving in order to stay in the industry and remain
competitive in competition. Energy saving is an important way to
increase predictable gains and to reduce dependence on cost and
energy resources. Economically, increase of energy productivity is
more attractive than investing for putting into use extra new energy
sources. Blast Furnace Top Pressure Recovery Turbine System (TRT)
which is taking advantage of pressure difference of Blast Furnace Gas
by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy which is tool of
energy saving and using at iron and steel industry in Brasil, China,
Germany, Italy and South Korea and also begin to used in our country
recently.
Since the industry and iron and steel sector uses 15% of the
world's energy demands, energy saving in these sectors is of great
importance. The Turkish iron and steel industry, which has recovered
faster than the developed countries in the global crisis, has become the
9
th largest producer of crude steel sector in the world and the 2nd big
producer in the Europe.
In this study, it was investigated importance of TRT system
around the world, returns to sector, the technological advantages and
numerical statistics of the countries having the TRT system. It was
carried out feasibility study during the installation time and calculated
installation and operation costs, total costs and pay-off period about
TRT system of a sample factory.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Selçuk KUŞOĞLU
Cuma KARAKUŞ
Ali GENÇOĞLU
Ali Salim AKYOL
In this study, an energy efficiency study has been carried out in a natural gas-fired rolling mill annealing furnace of an industrial establishment. In this context, temperature and flue gas measurements were realized while operating the furnace at the operating conditions and waste heat potential was calculated by using these data. In the calculations waste heat potential was determined as 3,630.31 kW. The electricity generation through an Organic Rankine Cycle system has also been determined by using the waste heat potential.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatma Çanka Kılıç
Mehmet Önder SERT
Muharrem EYİDOĞAN
Durmuş KAYA
Necmi Ozdemir
Boron nitride (BN) utilizes a wide range of industrial applications (e.g. ceramic composites, lubricants,
surface coatings, etc.) because of its low density, high thermal conductivity and superb oxidation resistance
[1-4]. For this reason, BN nanoplates were synthesized by arc discharge method. Tungsten electrodes were
used as both anode and cathode. The cathode were drilled and filled with boron nitride powder. The synthesis
was done under liquid nitrogen environment under 50A DC current and 30V. The synthesized boron nitride
nanoparticles with nanoplate morphology have a diameter ∼250 nm with thickness ∼50 nm. After BNNP
had been synthesized, it was functionalized. Firstly, BNNP which were fabricated by arc discharge oxidized
with H2SO4 solution. Subsequently, oxidized BNNP added (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)
solution and dried at 100 °C for 2 h. As a result, functional BNNP was characterized by FT-IR and SEM.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tugay ÜSTÜN
Safa POLAT
Ahmet Avcı
Machine parts must lubricate each other in order to
fulfill their performances while working with each other and to
increase their life span. The oils used can meet the expected
lubrication property for a certain period of time and then have to
be replaced. In this study, instead of 200-hour periodic
maintenance of engine oil for pickling trucks, New oil is added
instead of used oil taken from engine oil every 50 hours of use.
And it is aimed to extend the oil change period to the warning
change time. The results of this practice, which is more
advantageous in terms of economy and environmental health, are
given in detail.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
İsmail Varol Tarakçı
Ilhan Asilturk
Iron and steel sector is one of the most energy intense sector in the world, and industrial furnaces used in this sector have high importance in terms of energy efficiency. Industrial furnaces should be investigated carefully to be able to decrease the production costs. For this aim, firstly, the heat and mass flows through the furnace should be established. Then, waste heat sources should be revealed. Finally, the potential of waste heat recovery should be determined. In this study with a general point of view, waste heat recovery potential of industrial furnaces used in iron-steel sector was evaluated by setting heat and mass balances. The necessary calculations were done to introduce the waste heat recovery potential for the chimney which is one of the most important zone such equipment. In addition, effects of different process parameters (fuel consumption, yearly working hours, flue gas temperature and flue gas oxygen rate) on energy recovery potential were evaluated. Our main conclusion is that energy saving potentials are promising for the furnaces used in iron-steel sector. Furthermore, all the parameters considered in this study are significant in terms of energy efficiency potential.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şaban PUSAT
İsmail EKMEKCİ
Hasan Hüseyin ERDEM
Co-Cr and 316L are the commonly used alloys in biomedical industry. However, both 316L and mostly used
Co-Cr alloys as F-562, L-605 contain large portions of Ni as alloying element. Ni may cause allergic and
toxic impacts on human health. In recent years, N-alloyed Ni free stainless steels seemed as good candidate
for replacing Ni contained metals. However, liquid steel has a limited N solubility at atmospheric pressure.
Thus, high pressured melting techniques are required. In this study, N alloying of ferritic 430 stainless steel
sheet was performed in solid state. Nitrogen absorption of stainless steel was performed in a furnace filled
with nitrogen gas with atmospheric pressure at 1200°C. Solid state N absorption was applied in four different
time periods as 4, 8, 12, 24 hours. Microstructure after absorption process was investigated by Scanning
Electron Microscope and Light Microscope. Fully austenitic structure was observed in surface of specimens.
However, duplex microstructure of ferrite and austenite was seen in the center of specimen. Vickers hardness
was carried out to evaluate of phases. It was concluded that optimum microstructure is achieved by 4 hours
of N absorption.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oğuz Gürkan Bilir
İsmail GÜVENİR
Ersoy Erişir
This study investigates the impact of processing
parameters on the surface roughness in the process of
abrasive water jet. The sample was machined using abrasive
water jet for four different parameters of Nozzle feed rate (5,
15, 25 and 35 mm/min), abrasive flow rate (100, 150, 200 and
250 g/min), spindle speed (50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm) and nozzle
distance (2, 6, 10 and 14 mm). Pump pressure (380 MPa),
abrasive size (80 Mesh, in Garnet form), and nozzle diameter
(0.75 mm) are kept constant throughout the empirical study.
According to the results obtained from the experiment,
increasing machining parameters, namely nozzle feed rate and
nozzle approach distance, resulted in increased average surface
roughness. On the other hand, increased spindle spin and
abrasive flow rate result in enhanced average surface
roughness (Ra).
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat KARTAL
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Use of stainless steel bolts has become widespread due
to their high resistance to corrosive environment. However, the
widespread use of stainless steel bolts brought together many
unknowns in assembly conditions. In particular, there are not many
studies present in the literature that concerning the behaviour of
stainless steel fasteners under transverse vibration conditions.
Within the scope of our work, Junker vibration tests were carried out
on M12x1.75x40 A2-70 bolts with a combination of axisymmetric
nut, double nut and prevailing nuts which all have a locking
mechanism. Then, the vibration loosening rates were compared. In
addition, Torque-Clamp load tests on existing bolts were performed
to obtain friction coefficients and torque-clamp load graphics. The
result of the study shows that stainless bolts and nuts with different
mechanical locking mechanisms behave differently under
vibrational conditions
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Umut İNCE
Barış TANRIKULU
N. Emrah Kılınçdemir
Sezgin Yurtdaş
Cenk Kılıçaslan
— In our day, due to the both depletion of the reserves and
the significant environmental problems of fossil based fuels,
efforts to improve and smooth use of alternative energy sources
have gained momentum. The work on alternative energy sources
is mainly focused on the solar, wind and biogas fields and studies
have been carried out and being continued to carry out to develop
new systems and application methods in order to develop these
resources. Biogas, one of the alternative energy sources, is a gas
which is obtained by deterioration of biological wastes in a
anaerobic environment. The pollutants in the biogas can decrease
the lower heat value of the fuel and also cause corrosion and rust
in the equipment and components used. Therefore, before using
the biogas, it is necessary to remove contaminants in it. In this
performed study, biogas has been produced from animal waste by
co-fermentation method. In order to purify the pollutant gases in
the produced biogas content, the effect of granular slag (an iron
steel plant waste) in H2S removal from the biogas, has been
experimentally investigated for different flow rates. As a result of
the experiments, it was determined that the 198 ppm H2S value of
the biogas measured before entering the purification tower with
slag material was purified with a ratio of 76,8% and decreased to
46 ppm without methane loss.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Karagoz
Nuri TUNÇ
Burak Ciftci
İsmail EKMEKCİ
Emrah Deniz
In this study, silicon carbide (SiC) composite coating
layer was produced with Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) welding
methods. Microstructure, hardness, and tribological performance
were investigated on the composite coating layers. The results
showed that the silicon carbide powders are completely dissolved
during the PTA cladding process and the microstructures
consisted of dendrites and interdendritic eutectic structure. SiC
composite coatings have significantly increased the hardness due
to the eutectic structures. PTA cladding processes improved the
wear resistance 3.8-fold compared to the substrate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Koray KILIÇAY
Mustafa ULUTAN
Esad KAYA
İsmail BAYAR
In this study, effect of boron nitride particles on the mechanical properties of aluminum composites
reinforced with BN particles was investigated. Experimental procedure was started with mixturing of
powders in the turbula mixer. Hot press was applied at 550 C in argon atmosphere. For characterization of
microstructure, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done. Compression test was applied for
determination of strength. Vickers hardness was used to measure hardness of samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yasin Akgül
Yuksel Akinay
Fazil Hüsem
Hamza Simsir
Safa POLAT
The gating and riser system (feeder) design play very important role for improving casting quality. Many defects such as tensile void, porosity and segregation in products produced by casting methods may be detected. The porosity is the one of the defects most frequently encountered in casting. Porosity formation cause costly scrap loss and limits the use of cast parts in applications requiring high sealing. The amount of porosity is closely related to sand casting process parameters. A considerable reduction in porosity formation can be obtained using riser design optimization technique in the sand casting process. The design of feeder requires knowledge and experience. Therefore, hot spot formation, solidification period, feeder sprue and volume are important criteria. However, these may be not enough to produce high quality castings, and the importance of simulation techniques increases. The aim of this study is to make a feeder design optimisation for a cast part produced from Etial 160 aluminium alloy by sand mould casting method. In this study, gating and riser design, module criteria, feeder volume and size were investigated by SOLIDCast casting simulation program. The real and simulated casting values were compared with each other in the light of macro and micro-porosity results.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa ERCAN
Erdal Karadeniz
Murat ÇOLAK
In this investigation, a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used as a high energy density beam to form a coated surface over 0.15% C carbon steel with FeB, FeTi and graphite powders. The microstructure, microhardness and dry-sliding wear behavior of the composite coating were investigated by using optical micrograph (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), microhardness tester and adhesive wear tester. A lot of types of carbide and borides were formed. The shape of the graphite present in the FeBFeTi-C composite TIG welding coatings is various from sheet-like to triangle. Within the wear test conditions used in the present research, on Fe2B coated samples wear was essentially oxidative until the failure of the coating.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet YAZ
SERDAR OSMAN YILMAZ
Zülküf BALALAN
There have been several problems regarding the welding of materials with advanced and complex structure for the industry during the recent years. Solid state welding methods have been developed to eliminate these problems. One of these is friction stir spot welding (FSSW). FSSW method is derived from of the friction stir welding (FSW) process and this is a new process that has recently received considerable attention from various industry branches. In both methods, the joining mechanism is the same. However, there are several differences as to the application. The tool used for the FSSW process is similar to the that of FSW and the FSSW process consists of three phases of plunging, stirring and retraction. Studies have also indicated that the effect of tool rotation speed, tool penetration and dwell time on lap shear tensile failure load of the joint have great importance for this method. In this study, how the FSSW method works, the properties of this method, the application of the FSSW method on many different materials have been examined. The results have been reported from the current literature under separate headings.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Melike ŞAŞMAZ
Hilal Kırıkçı
Yahya Bozkurt
There is no doubt that the iron and steel sector plays an important role in the determination of the
development level for countries. Especially the production and export values of this sector has the key role
of progress for countries. According to year of 2016 data, the annual production of iron and steel in the
world is 1.6 billion tonnes. On the other hand, Turkey is a remarkable spot in the iron and steel industry in
the world with an output of 33 million tons.Raising profit margins by lowering production costs has become
the most important issue all over the world, given the progress of the industry and the decline in available
resources. For this reason, waste management will be one of the leading factors for both reducing
manufacturing costs and bringing other new profit items. In addition, the developing environmental
consciousness has brought new concepts and trends in waste management. In this context, "zero waste" is
taken seriously in many countries and many commercial or non-commercial institutions. Especially in
Europe, it is predicted that these countries and institutions will switch to zero-waste production technologies
after a certain period of time.According to the year 2016, when iron and steel sector is evaluated in terms of
waste production, it will be seen that the slag production is 0,375 tons in the integrated system and 0,075
tons in the electric arc furnaces. Attempts to restore these wastes to the economy must be made in accordance
with the waste hierarchy. This is also important in terms of sustainable development. Reducing slag
production, investigation to utilization in different application should be analysed considering to scope of
zero waste.This study is focused on especially the EAF slags. First of all, the ways of recovery metal and
then the utilization of these slags in alternative applications were investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Aslan ÜNAL
Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖKSÜZ
Prof. Dr. Onuralp YÜCEL
Esma YILMAZ
This document presents the heat transfer analysis of a
reheat furnace which locates in a steel and iron plant in
Iskenderun, Hatay. During the studies the Fourier law based
analysis is made by using many assumptions.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Adem YILDIRIM
Hüseyin YAĞLI
Yıldız KOÇ
Ali KOÇ
Furkan GÜVEN
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has gained attention to ultrafine grained (<500 nm) and nano-grained (<100 nm) bulk materials producing. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is the most common SPD process. ECAP has three critical disadvantages such as industrially discontinuity, limited small products, and non-uniform deformation such as gross distortions at the front and back of every billet. In this study, we systematically studied on an alternative approach which ECAP combined with the Conform process, developed for continuous extrusion-forming of metal wires (ECAPConform).The as-casted dilute copper alloys have been subjected to ECAP-Conform. The microstructural evaluation and hardness distribution have been investigated before and after ECAP-Conform.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Aslıhan GÖKDUMAN
Hakan YILMAZER
Ceren GÖDE
Burak Dikici
Jiri Dvorak
Vaclav SKLENICKA
Aslı GÜNAY BULUTSUZ
Adem BAKKALOĞLU
Halil GÖKER
High-performance Cu alloys are required for the female and male terminal conductors in the power transmission of automobiles. A good longevity-conductivity relation and consequently high mechanical strength and good conductivity are being sought. Recently, severe plastic deformation (SPD) has provided new opportunities in investigations of the unusual mechanical, physical and electrochemical properties by permitting grain refinement to ultrafine-grained (UFG) and/or nano grained (NG) level, especially under (<100 nm). In this study, the some dilute Cu-Sn alloys subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) processing at various rotation numbers have been studıed systematically.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hasan Köklü
Hakan YILMAZER
Ceren GÖDE
Burak Dikici
Yoshikazu Todaka
Halil GÖKER
Hydroforming has been increasingly exploited by automotive industry due to several advantages such as more homogeneous deformation of workpiece, uniform thickness distribution, better surface properties due to lack of forming tool – workpiece contact interaction, etc. Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), on the other hand, have unique properties that make them prominent near-future solution in lightweighting, and improved safety efforts for auto industry. Current study, is aimed for investigating the hydroformability of DP 600, DP 800, and TRIP 780 advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades at room temperature. To this goal, FEA of hydroforming process was modeled in which AHSS sheets were hydroformed into a closed die cavity with a non-axisymmetric geometry. 3D FE model of hydroforming process was established and validated with commercial FEA package Ls-Dyna. Process parameters (e.g. hydroforming pressure, blank holder force, etc.) were optimized using Ls-Opt, an artificial neural network (ANN) based optimization module integrated into Ls-Dyna, to compare the formability of AHSS steels. Thickness reduction (TR) of formed sheets and die cavity filling ratio (CFR) were taken as control parameters. Optimum hydroformability was obtained with the combination of 800 kN blank holder force and 25 MPa hydraulic pressure. Moreover, DP 600 has shown the highest hydroformability when TR and CFR values were compared.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Doğan ACAR
Ömer Necati CORA
In iron and steel industry, force measurements play an important role in areas such as pressing, rolling and extrusion, both in process control and in development of reproducible similar products and quality. In order to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results, it is needed to perform traceable calibrations of devices used in measurements. Calibration of devices should be performed according to ISO, ASTM, and TS standards. Using inappropriate equipment will result in production losses and cost increases that will be reflected in product quality. For this reason, calibrated devices should be used in measurements; also these devices should have acceptable range of deviation. In this study, usage area of force measurements in iron and steel industry and importance of certifying performed measurements have been examined
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Haldun DİZDAR
Bulent AYDEMIR
Cemal VATAN
This study, in order to determine the effect of plastic deformation on the wear resistance are performed. The
deformation of the 16MnCr5 steel was performed after annealing by tensile testing device with varying
amounts. The changes in hardness was measured by Vickers hardness tester and the wear behavior was
analysed by pin on disc test. Tests and measurements showed that when the amount of plastic deformation
increased, wear resistance and hardness increased. And also, it is seen that the heat treatment applied at a
temperature similar to the carburizing, significantly reduces the mechanical properties.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hüseyin DEMIRTAS
In iron and steel industry electric motor systems consume around 7% of total energy use. This rate is even
more in some special applications. Motor systems include motor driven units such as rolling mills, pumps,
conveyors, fans and material handling equipment. In many cases motors used in this industry are aged
motors of standard efficiency class that are consuming much more energy than the new generation energy
efficient motors. Solution to this problem is to retrofit the existing even healthy standard efficiency motors
by the new generation energy efficient motors. In some countries governmental regulations makes it
mandatory to retrofit the standard efficiency motors with the new generation energy efficient class motors,
where in most countries around the globe this matter remains as recommendation. Depending on the energy
cost in each country the pay-back periods varies between 2 years to 6 years. For the countries such as Turkey
where the energy prices are very high the pay-back periods for electric motor retrofits will be about 2 to 3
years or less than that. This means that a motor retrofit will cover the installation and new motor cost mostly
within approximately 2 to 3 years or less and then energy and cost saving will start for free thereafter.
Retrofit means replacing and old but operating healthy motor of standard efficiency with a new higher
efficiency motor.In this investigation several scenarios will be presented on the energy and cost saving by
motor retrofit and pay-back periods will be determined in details. Importance of the dependency on the
energy prices, benefits of motor retrofit to the iron and steel industry and environmental pollution will be
explored with several examples when using different sizes of electric motors. It will be shown that the size
of the motor plays an important role on the pay-back period and that the energy and cost saving is more
significant for retrofitting small and medium size motors up to100 kW, which are more commonly used
motor sizes in the iron and steel industry.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akbaba
Cold forging of flange welding nuts requires proper
design of forging stages to get tight dimensional tolerances of
welding bulges and high tool life. In this study, reasons of low tool
life of cold forged M10x1.25 welding flange nuts were determined
by using finite element simulations and then forging stage designs
were modified to decrease the tool stresses. Finite element
simulations of cold forging operations were prepared in
commercial finite element code Simufact.forming. Forging tests
showed that two forging tools at forging stage 5 fractured due to
fatigue failure during forging of 2,500 welding nuts. Numerical
simulations revealed that preform of the nut before fifth forging
stage was not properly formed and this led excessive increase in
forging force during flow of the material in stationary tool in
following forging stage. In fourth forging design, flat punch
geometry was replaced by stepped punch design and closed
forming case was formed on the stationary tool. It was seen that
forging force in the fifth forging stage was decreased to 64 tones
from 92 tones. Forging tests conducted with this design showed
that tool life in fifth forging stage was increased more than 200%
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sezgin Yurtdaş
Cenk Kılıçaslan
N. Emrah Kılınçdemir
Barış TANRIKULU
Buğra Karahan
Cancer is one of the most important health problems
today, due to high incidence of mortality. Approximately 7.6 million
people die from cancer every year in the world and the cancer
incidence increases over time. Beside life style-related factors,
environmental factors affect cancer development. According to the
World Health Organization, new chemical substances are
synthesized every year without adequate investigation about their
toxicity. Among industrial workers, an increase has been observed
in bladder and other organ cancers, especially lung cancer. Studies
find increased incidence of lung cancer among workers in iron
mines, steel foundries and industries in which workers are exposed
to iron oxides such as the iron and steel industry. Most studies state
the exposure to metal fumes, crystalline silica dust and pyrolysis
products emitted under heat, particularly polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) used in iron and steel industry cause cancer.
There are also some studies which state that there is no clear
relationship between the risk of cancer and the industrialism. In this
review, the relationship between industrialization and cancer risk is
discussed in the light of current literature
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Kasım Yılmaz
Işıl Işık ANDSOY
Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited
studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy
systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on
residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process.
Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show
that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the
aged samples under load of 10N.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited
studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy
systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on
residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process.
Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show
that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the
aged samples under load of 10N.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited
studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy
systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on
residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process.
Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show
that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the
aged samples under load of 10N.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
In this study, heat treatment was applied for four 1040 quality steels and then cooling process was performed
in different conditions. One of the specimens was cooled in furnace and the other specimens were cooled in
air, oil and water respectively to determine the effect of cooling conditions on fracture toughness. Fracture
and precrack surfaces were examined by Nikon Shuttlepix Digital microscope during analysis and Scanning
Electron Microscope(SEM) after fracture toughness measurement. Results show that, cooling conditions
significantly effect the fracture toughness value of specimens.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M. Dikmen
M. Emre TURAN
In this study, influence of grain size on degree of
sensitization and susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of
AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel was investigated. As-received
AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel samples were first solution
heat treated at 1050 oC for 0.5 h, 1.5 h and 3 h in order to obtain
different grain sizes and then, each of them was heat treated
for sensitization at 700 oC for 1h followed by water quenching.
Grain size measurements of the first set of samples were
performed by linear intercept method according to ASTM
E112 standard and the degree of sensitization was measured by
double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation
(DLEPR) test. The results showed that grain size increased as
the solution heat treatment time increased. A decrease in the
degree of sensitization was observed for the samples having
larger grains. That is to say, the increase in grain size improved
intergranular corrosion resistance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hüseyin Zengin
Yunus Türen
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yavuz Sun
Burak Dursun Ünsever
This study aims to investigate fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness behavior in grooved rails. R260
grade and R260 grooved grade rails were used for analysis to understand effect of rail geometry on fracture
properties of specimens. Fracture surfaces and microstructures of specimens were examined by the use of
Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Nikon Shuttlepix Digital Microscope. Results show that, fracture
toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior are effected by the geometry of specimens due to plastic
deformation mechanism on head parts.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fazil Hüsem
M. Emre TURAN
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
In this study, effect of straightening process on mechanical properties of pre-strain pearlitic steels was investigated. The material employed in this study has 0,83 % Carbon content. Tensile test, Vickers hardness test and Wear tests under load of 10N and 20N were performed for samples (straightened and non-straightened) to determine mechanical properties. Also, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used for microstructure characterization. Tensile test results revealed that yield strength and tensile strength increased with straightening process.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alper Incesu
Yasin Akgül
Muhammet Emre Turan
Ahmet GULLU
Gurmak Çelik
Evaluation of the performance of the laboratories for specific tests and monitoring laboratory performance, laboratories need to participate interlaboratory comparisons. As a means of quality assurance such an external quality control studies have an importance for laboratory accreditation. In this study, charpy impact test samples were prepared related to ISO 148-1 from S275JR quality steel and randomly sent to participant laboratories. Each samples were tested according to ISO 148-1: Charpy pendulum impact test standard in metallic materials at room temperature by each participant. Test results of laboratories were collected and performance of laboratories were determined by statistical method offered by ISO 13528:2015 standard.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Betül USTA
Alper Incesu
The accuracy and reliability of the tests and analyses applied by the laboratories are audited and recorded in accordance with ISO 17025 standard. The proficiency test stipulated by the standard are also an indication of how well the applied laboratory method has been applied by the laboratory concerned. In this study, calculations and the results of calculations related to the performance evaluations for proficiency test organized with the participation of different laboratories in accordance with ISO 6892-1: Tensile Test Standard in Metallic Materials at Room Temperature. The Zscores of the laboratories were calculated as a result of deviations from the test machine and the expert, regardless of the similar feature specimens of reinforcing steel sent to all participants.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alper Incesu
Betül USTA
The most important components of the bearings are
the inner and outer bearing rings. The raceway is the most
important feature constituting the bearing rings. Grinding and
super finishing operations are applied to attain tight tolerances
and very low surface roughness in the raceway. In this study,
the effect of the cutting parameters on the cutting forces and
surface roughness in turning of the outer bearing ring raceway,
made from hardened AISI 52100 steel, was investigated by
using cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutting tool instead of
grinding. The cutting forces occurred in hard turning of the
outer bearing rings were measured using a piezoelectric cutting
force measurement unit. It was seen that the radial cutting
forces acting on the outer ring raceway were higher than the
primary forces. The feed force at the end of the raceway form
was higher than that at the start point of the form. The lowest
surface roughness was obtained at 0.04 mm/rev feed rate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet BOY
İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ
Feridun Özhan
In order to determine the hot rolling processes, it is necessary to determine the temperature of Tnr. There
are many formulations to determine this temperature. These formulations vary according to the microalloys
found in the composition. Simulation equipments and methods are used in determination of temperature.
In this study, Tnr temperature determination of X70 quality Nb micro alloy steel material was performed by
using Gleeble 3500 thermal mechanical simulation device. Tnr temperatures found by formulations and
thermal mechanical simulation methods were compared and the closest formulation was tried to be
determined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ekrem Yaşar AKÇAY
Barış Avar
AISI 52100 is a well-known and commonly used bearing
steel in manufacturing industry, today. The wear phenomenon in
this type of steel may play a critical role in service life. Likewise a
bearing steel part running under heavily dynamic loads could be
out of service in a short time when tribological conditions
particularly turned into boundary film lubrication or even worse
into unlubricated condition etc. On the other hand, their
tribological properties can be enhanced by heat treatment
conditions. Thus the service life can be extended since they became
more wear resistant. However hardness and wear resistance are
normally increased at expense of toughness which is another key
factor in bearing steels. Therefore it is important that optimizing
heat treatment conditions in terms of not only hardness and wear
resistance but also toughness. In this study, the tribological
properties of three groups of AISI 52100 bearing steel specimens
heat treated in different conditions were compared in terms of
wear volume, wear factor, hardness and friction coefficient values.
For this purpose dry sliding tests were performed in according to
ASTM G99-05 standard using a “ball-on-disk” type equipment.
The results showed that tempered martensitic specimens heat
treated at relatively higher temperatures yielded almost same
wear characteristics with harder and less tougher specimens
under given tribological conditions.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Enbiya Türedi
Merve Yılmaz
Dynamic strain aging behaviour of hot work tool steel (H10) was investigated under as received conditions. Hot tensile testing was carried out at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to 700 ˚C at a strain rate of 10-3s-1. The microstructure of the specimens was analyzed in detail by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that mechanical properties of H10 tool steel depends on test temperature. Tensile strength and yield strength showed slight decrease with increasing testing temperature to 4000C. Above 4000C these properties become so poor. It was also observed that as the testing temperature increased to 4000C a continuous decrease in elongation was noticed. Further increase in the testing temperature of 500, 600 or 7000C has increased the elongation. It is believed that dynamic strain ageing and high temperature mechanical properties are affected by interaction between dislocation and precipitate particles such as MC (VC), M6C (Mo6C) and M23C6 (Cr23C6) or solute atoms.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Demet TASTEMÜR
Süleyman GÜNDÜZ
In this study, the effects of different gas pressures on the shape and size of Al-12Si alloy powder produced by gas atomization method are investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at the Gas Atomization Unit, which was redesigned at Karabuk University Faculty of Technology Department of Manufacturing Engineering. Experiments were carried out at a stable temperature of 770 °C, at a nozzle diameter of 2 mm and by applying 6 different gas pressures (5-10-15-2030-35 bar). Argon gas was used to atomize the melt. In order to determine the size and shape of Al12Si powders produced, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and powder size analysis were performed by screen analysis method. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the increase of the gas pressure caused the powder size to decrease and the powder shape to change from the ligament and the dripping structure to the spheroidal. It has been observed that the thinnest powders produced are in the gas pressure of 35 bar and the usually of the powders is complex.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akkaş
Tayfun Çetin
Atakan Oğuz Ocak
Kamal Mohamed Em Akra
Mustafa Boz
Blast furnaces are essential departments that consuming the largest energy amount in integrated iron and steel factories. Blast furnaces consist of many vital subsections for survival of iron and steel production. Hot stoves are fundamental auxiliary subsections of blast furnaces consuming fuel and providing hot air into blast furnaces. In this study heat recovery and energy saving potential of hot stoves were investigated and new heat recovery possibilities were recommended. For this purpose, energy production costs per unit energy, specifications of hot stoves construction and fuel components were received from Kardemir A. Ş. blast furnace management. Three heat recovery options were considered in order to determine optimum heat recovery device in terms of energy recovery, saving and investment cost.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Erhan Kayabasi
Fikret Furtun
Mehmet Ozkaymak
The mechanical and microstructural
properties of hot rolled AISI 4140 steels subject to large
strains were investigated in this study. The steels
heated at 1200oC were hot rolled. The initial thickness
of the steel plate, 160 mm, was reduced to 15 mm, 10
mm and 6 mm after multiple-pass. After hot rolling,
normalization and hardening heat treatments were
applied to one group of the steels. Mechanical and
microstructural properties of as-hot rolled and heat
treated steels were determined experimentally. Tensile
properties, hardness values and wear properties of the
steels were determined with room temperature tensile
tests, Brinell hardness measurements and wear tests,
respectively. In addition, scaning electron microscope
(SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology of
the steels. It was seen that yield and tensile strength,
hardness and wear resistance of the steel increased, but
ductility and toughness decreased significantly after
hardening.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sedef Şişmanoğlu
Ali Gungor
Fe – 18Cr – 8Ni (at.%) stainless steels from elemental powders were synthesized by high energy mechanical alloying in a Spex™ 8000D Mixer/Mill. In order to investigate the alloying and transformation kinetics, milling time was ranged up to 30 hours at room temperature. The resultant powders were investigated as a function of milling time by x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The primary results have shown that the high energy milling induced martensitic transformation due to the severe plastic deformation as the martensite-to-austenite phase ratio was observed to increase with increasing milling time. The dependence of hardness on the microstructure was utilized to investigate the mechanical properties of synthesized powders. The research reported in this work was supported by TUBITAK under grant number 114M214.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet Burçin BATIBAY
Hasan Kotan
These ores are primarily enriched in order to make low-grade iron ores (> 50% Fe content) available at the blast furnace, which can be fed directly to the blast furnace. The most widely used method of agglomeration after enrichment is pelleting. In this study, the characteristic features of three different pellet types, one domestic and two imported (Ferroexpo and east); chemical, physical and metallurgical properties have been determined. The element and compound analysis were performed with XRF and XRD devices. By using different size of sieves, grain size analysis and moisture were determined before entering the blast furnace. By the Rul (R40) test at 1050 °C, with the mix gas (%40 CO+ 2% H2 + 58% N2), the reduction rate of the furnace was measured by difference in height and pressure inside the furnace. The volume increase during reduction was determined by swelling test on 18 pellets at 900 C. The degredation index of the iron ores reduced by mix gas at 500 °C was determined by the LTD test. The crumbling and dusting indexies of pellets during transport in the plant was measured by the drum test. At the end of the research, it was found out that 3 different pellets provided by KARDEMİR A.Ş. were advantageous, and the changes in mineral ratios changed the technological test results and this effect on the blast furnace reactions.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
Neslihan ATALAY
Most of vehicle chassis components are produced by
forming process in conventional method. Die design and
production of robust tooling demand comprehensive knowledge
and experience for sheet metal forming. Nowadays, simulation
technology and software tools support sheet metal forming,
tooling design, and process design. This study showed that the
finite element simulation help to die designer to predict failure
which is excessive thinning, wrinkling, shear fracture etc. for
tooling and process design. In this study, sheet metal wishbone
analysed with forming simulations software. Simulations showed
that excessive thinning zone occurred. Also, undesired tearing was
observed rubber bush assembly section. According to simulation
result, tool design modified at an early stage before prototype
sheet metal wishbone had been produced. The final die design was
created more die step and wishbone shape has changed. With
simulations result, defects have been identified and prevented
earlier. Development time and costs are reduced whereby finite
element simulations. Also, all of these operations help enhance
product quality. Finite element methods will gradually replace
manual trial-and-error design iteration.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alimurtaza RUTCİ
Fatih KACMAZ
AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel have almost same mechanical and microstructural properties and corrosion
resistance as austenitic stainless steels. In addition, these steels are as cheap as austenitic stainless steel. On
the other hand, they lose their strength and toughness at high temperatures. Nowadays, demand to those
steels has been increasing due to their convenient properties. AISI 430 ferritic steels are widely used in
construction sector, automotive industry and food industry.
The aim of usage of strain aging is driving a strengthening mechanism to increase mechanical properties of
AISI 430 stainless steels. This mechanism is based on the principle of increasing dislocations are locked by
themselves or carbon and nitrogen atoms after cold deformation. After strain aging, tensile strength and
yield strength increase but ductility decreases. Strength and elongation of samples change by altering heat
treatment temperature and amount of deformation. The influence of quantity of pre-strain and aging
temperature to yield strength, tensile strength and tensile elongation, on AISI 430 stainless steels samples
was studied. Identical samples first are pre-strained in tension to a uniform elongation of 5%, 10% and 15%
and then aged at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 15 minutes, separately. After pre-strained aging process the
mechanical properties of final products are compared with untreated AISI 430 steel. It was observed that
yield and tensile strength of samples increased with increasing quantity of pre-strain for the same aging
temperatures. Also, all heat-treated samples have higher strength than untreated samples. For %5 prestrained conditions, yield and tensile strength slightly decreased and after then increased by increasing
temperature from 150 °C to 200 °C and from 200 °C to 250 °C, respectively. Breaking strength increased
by increasing aging temperature for %5 pre-strained. For %10 pre-strained condition, specimens have
maximum tensile, yield and breaking strength values for aged temperature of 200 °C. For %15 pre-strained
conditions, yield, tensile and breaking strength values are highest at 200 °C. Breaking elongation of samples
decreased by increasing pre-strain rates for all temperatures. Breaking elongation of samples is minimum
for %10 pre-strain rate at constant aging temperatures.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Gökhan Arıcı
Mustafa ACARER
Mesut Uyaner
Aim of this study is to investigate effect of titanium carbide nanoparticle contents on the mechanical
properties of the Aluminum/TiC composites. Aluminum and titanium carbide nanoparticles were mixtured
in the turbula mixer. After mixture process, samples were produced using Hot Press in argon atmosphere.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used for characterization. Compression
test was performed for determination of strength and also vickers hardness tests were carried out to
understand mechanical effects of TiC particles on pure aluminum.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yasin Akgül
MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN
Yuksel Akinay
Train wheels are manufactured by forging and casting method. Cast iron wheels have advantages in terms
of cost. When vanadium element is added to the steel, it has mechanical properties enhancing properties.
Repetitive heat treatment contributes to the breakdown of the carbides in the grain boundaries and an
increase in strength can be observed at this point. In this study, microstructure, mechanical properties and
wear behaviors of train wheel steel produced by casting method under laboratory conditions with a train
wheel obtained by forging method were investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Harun ÇUĞ
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Ercan CANDAN
In present study, wetting behaviours of molten Sn-3Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) ternary Pb-free solder alloy were investigated at predetermined temperatures (230, 250 and 280 oC) on Cu substrate. The Contact angles of alloys were measured by using of the sessile drop method. The lowest value of contact angle for SAC405 was 41.05° at 280 oC. Microstructures, inter-metallic phases (IMC) of alloys were examined by optic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM+EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The amount of Ag in the molten Pb-free solder alloy reacts with Sn to occur intermetallic compounds (IMCs) on the interface.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hasan ABUT
Ahmet Mustafa Erer
Ziyaddin RECEBLİ
In this study, cryogenic treatments (-160C)
were applied to medium carbon Vanadium content
38MnVS6 steel. The mechanical, and tribological
behaviours of steel were investigated. The effects of
cryogenic treatment soaking time on the specimens were
evaluated in terms of mechanical and tribological
performance including impact toughness, hardness, and
wear resistance, and microstructural analyses. The results
showed that the longer soaking times of cryogenic
treatment improved the wear resistance and hardness. But
besides the increase of these properties, cryogenic
treatment also reduced the impact toughness compared to
that of the conventional method, due to the increased in the
distribution of martensitic transformation.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Esad KAYA
Mustafa ULUTAN
Koray KILIÇAY
İsmail BAYAR
Damascus steels are produced by traditional methods and mostly used in the construction of decorative tools.
This study aims to investigate wear and mechanical behaviors of damuscus steels which are exposed
different forging type. Wear tests were applied for two different category of samples under the loads of 30N
and 40N. In addition to wear tests, tensile test was carried out to understand the influence of forging type on
mechanical behavior in this quality steel. Results show that, wear performances are changed with forging
process and best wear resistance could be seen under loads of 30N for all samples.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Eren SALIS
Umit YAVUZ
Nurdan KUCUK
Fazil Hüsem
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Memis ISIK
Pınar UYAN
In this study, weldability of DP 1000-DP 1000 steel with
electron beam welding method was investigated. Consisted of
microstructure after welding was investigated with microscopy
and SEM. Microstructure properties was investigated such as
tensile strength and microhardness. Average of fusion zone
microhardness was found as 284 HV. Average tensile strength was
found as 656 MPa and elongation was found 3%.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Cihangir Tevfik SEZGİN
Fatih HAYAT
Environmental susceptibility, increasing energy costs,
and competitive conditions in the market require the saving and
recovery of energy and energy related facts. In this respect, red
mud which is discharged from an industrial facility production
waste water treatment plant was studied due to the rate of
recoverability of magnetic materials. The mud sample was
experimentally studied by wet high intensity magnetic separation
method. Magnetic field intensity was chosen 17,000 Gauss to
maximize the separated iron powder level. Results presented that,
unit mass of red mud sample includes about 70% of magnetized
materials and 45% of the magnetized material composition is
elemental iron (Fe). This rates are seeing satisfactory to get profit
from the recovery process. The size of the gaining by the recovery
of iron dust is about 22,075,200/years.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Ozkaymak
Selcuk Selimli
Cagil Koymatcik
In this study, GR2 and GR5 alloys among Ti alloys which have increasingly more usage areas in the metalmaterial industry were joined by diffusion welding method using a copper interlayer. The diffusion temperature was selected as a variable parameter during the diffusion welding process and the effects of the welding temperature on the joint quality were examined. Diffusion welds were made by applying a pressure of 5 MPa at 950 and 980 °C to the samples prepared in Ø12 x 12 mm dimensions in specially prepared diffusion welding apparatus and sending argon gas with a purity of 99.9% at a flow rate of 5 lt/min into a furnace with silicon carbide rod. Welding process was carried out to the experimental samples for 55 minutes. The samples were kept in the furnace until the furnace’s temperature decreased to 250 oC and then they were kept to cool down at room temperature. Microstructure analyses were then performed by using an optical microscope and microhardness analysis was performed on each sample. As a result of the study, it was found that as the temperature of diffusion welding increased, the better welded joints were obtained in the samples and their microhardness values also increased.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Haluk KEJANLI
Nida KATI
Uğur Çalıgülü
Inconel 718 is commonly sought after for its
resistance to high temperature and corrosion, however, these
characteristics reduce the machinability of this material which
brings forth the AWJ machining, a non-conventional material
removal process, as the ideal option. The use of Abrasive
Waterjet (AWJ) machining for Inconel 718 offers desired
machining characteristics, therefore, has a commercial
significance. The objective of this study is to optimize input
parameters of AWJ machining involved in AWJ machining of
Inconel 718 using the Taguchi technique. Optimization of AWJ
machining parameters was conducted based on the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio analysis in
order to obtain effective Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate. AWJ machining parameters such as abrasive
flow rate, focusing tube size, traverse speed and water pressure
were calculated for optimized Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate. It was concluded that the optimal AWJ
machining parameters found in this study are satisfactory for
the actual/commercial machining of Inconel 718.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat KARTAL
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Refik POLAT
Commercial material producers should accurately
know their products performances in service conditions. Test and
analyze techniques are very important instruments to understand
mechanical, chemical, physical etc. properties of the products.
However during the application of these test and analyses some
parameters affect the accuracy of results. Calculation of
measurement uncertainty is important to put a tolerance value to
the results of test and analyses related to these parameters. During
the calculation of measurement uncertainty man (personal),
machine, material etc. parameters should be clearly and
objectively defined and uncertainty that comes from these
parameters should be put on to the total uncertainty calculation.
In this study, measurement uncertainty for Charpy impact test at
room temperature related to EN ISO 148-1 of commercial S275JR
quality steel is used at building applications as plate like flat
materials was calculated. Parameters that effects the uncertainty
calculations were clearly defined and results were reported related
to these parameters.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alper Incesu
Betül USTA
Suspension system is an important part of vehicles that manages the motion of the wheels in relation to body. The motion between wheel and chassis is provided with control arms. Control arm is one of the most crucial components which is usually made of either steel or aluminium. Various processes are used in the manufacturing of steel control arms. Due to its costeffectiveness in mass production, sheet metal forming process is preferred for the manufacturing of control arm. Sheet metal control arms have considerable advantages in terms of weight and cost to their forged counterparts. The aim of study is to characterize thin sheet metals which are used in control arm manufacturing. For sheet material, the ability of sheet metal to be formed into a desired shape without failure such as necking and wrinkling is often called as its formability. To investigate the formability, it is crucial to describe the behaviour of the sheet metal in a precise way and express properties in a mathematical form. Moreover, it is also important to be able to select appropriate tests to define materials behaviour. In the current study, most suitable mechanical, metallurgical and chemical properties are examined for suspension system forming design.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Alimurtaza RUTCİ
Tuğba ALBAY
Mehmet Okan GÖRTAN
The successful implementation of advanced high
strength steels (AHSS) requires improving fundamental
understanding regarding metallurgical response and failure
behaviour of these materials during resistance spot welding, the
key crucial joining process in automotive industry. The present
paper briefly reviews the fundamental challenges regarding
microstructure/failure behavior relationship in AHSS steels
resistance spot welds. Finally, the unresolved scientific challenges
are highlighted.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Majid Pouranvari
A number of studies have been conducted to reduce the use of fossil fuels and gas emissions in power
generation industry. In recent years new material technology has emerged depending on this quest. CrMo
steels are widely used at power plant constructions as piping and tubing. They are known as heat resistant
materials due to high creep strength, as well as their low thermal expansion and high conductivity. During
the few decades, high chromium steels have been developed by alloying with elements such as W, Ni, Nb,
V, Ti as a result of extensive studies carried out in some countries with the participation of various project
partners. In Europe E911 steel was developed which includes 9% Cr, 1% Mo and 1-2% W. E911 steel has
martensitic microstructure under air cooling after normalizing. Therefore it is used as tempered condition
following normalizing. This paper presents microstructural and mechanical characterization of E911 weld
metal. The types and transformations of phase and microstructures of all-weld metal have been investigated
through scanning electron microscopy, optical microscope, x-ray diffraction analysis. The elemental
analysis of weld metal was determined by x-ray fluorescence and mechanical tests of the weld metal were
carried out. In this study it was observed that the microstructure of E-911 steel consisted of tempered
martensite, and in some regions δ-ferrite phases were present. According to examined of thermal analysis,
in the heating A1, A3, Tcurie temperatures are 850, 890, 750 oC respectively and in the cooling Mf
temperature is 650 oC, Ms temperature is 690 oC. When X-ray analysis was examined, carbides (Cr7C3,
Cr23C6) in the microstructure were detected. In SEM examinations, in addition to these carbides, Mo2C,
W2C and VC were observed inside grain and grain boundary. The Brinell hardness test was carried out at
room temperature and under a load of 187,5 kgf. The average Brinell hardness is 230 HB. The micro
hardness tests were applied for 20 seconds under 50 gram load. The average micro hardness of δ-ferrite zone
in microstructure was determined as 165 HV (~ 164 HB). Yield strength, tensile strength and elongation
were determined as 550 MPa, 712 MPa, % 18 respectively according to tensile test results at room
temperature.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Emin Salur
Mustafa ACARER
Fikret KABAKCI
Selcuk KESKINKILIC
Filiz KUMDALI ACAR
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a method which refines
microstructure of metals by localized plastic deformation. This
microstructural evaluation brought a remarkable increase in
mechanical properties with an acceptable loss of ductility. In the
literature there are several publications on the microstructural
and mechanical evolution of FSPed steels. However, there limited
number of studies on the effect of FSP on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of Transformation-Induced Plasticity
(TRIP) steel as a widely used material with unique properties like
excellent formability and strain hardenability. In order to close
this gap, current study is mainly concentrated on the effect of FSP
on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties TRIP
780 steel. The microstructural evaluation was analysed scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Mechanical properties
were investigated by microhardness test and tensile test. Results
indicated that a two-fold increase in the hardness was achieved
after FSP. Also, yield strength and UTS of the TRIP-780 steel
reached to 1280 MPa and 1475 MPa respectively. This strength
increase was also obtained with an acceptable uniform elongation
of % 9, which is concluded that a good balance of strength,
ductility and strain hardenability.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Imren OZTURK YILMAZ
Mümün YILMAZ
Onur SARAY
High CrMo (W) steel is widely used in ultra-super critical (USC)
power plant applications operation temperature up to 620 oC. The
steels and their weld metal are used for tempered condition.
Tempering temperature must be below Ac1 temperature of the
weld metal. Welding of the steel is generally applied by shielded
metal arc welding (SMAW) with multi-pass process. In this study,
stick electrodes were fabricated for high chromium tungsten steel
in Gedik Welding Company. Microstructure and mechanical
properties of the all weld metal produced by the stick electrodes
were investigated following tempering at 760 oC for 4h.
Microstructure was characterized by optical microscope (OM)
and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC) analyze was used to determine transformation temperature
of the weld metal. Hardness measurement, tensile test and charpy
impact test were carried out. Fracture surfaces of the samples
were also investigated via SEM.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fikret KABAKCI
Mustafa ACARER
Selcuk KESKINKILIC
Filiz KUMDALI ACAR
İsmail Hakkı Kara
In this study, three dimensional crack propagation
analyses are performed for a low carbon alloyed steel 16MnR,
which has very common usage in the industry especially in
pressurized structures. Fatigue crack initiation and crack growth
are among widely seen damages in pressure vessels. To avoid
damage caused by these types of defects, fracture mechanics
analysis is the most common approach. A specified method,
enriched finite element method, is used for fracture analysis. The
steps of crack growth analysis by using Fracture and Crack
Propagation Analysis System (FCPAS) are explained. Material
properties are obtained from literature and results are compared
with references. The obtained results are in agreement with the
literature.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M.F. Yaren
A.O. Ayhan*
Machining parameters for manufacturing methods can
be optimized based on the finite element method using numerical
simulation software. In this study, the simulation of the hot rolling
process was performed for plain round bar producing. Rolling
simulations were done in DEFORM-3D software and the hot
rolling process was analyzed with three different rolling
temperatures and rotation speed of rolls. In the results of
numerical analysis, diameter and circularity tolerances have been
measured for the product. The outputs of the finite element
simulation were evaluated to determine the effects of rolling
parameters on size quality of round bar product. The analysis of
variance (ANOVA) with %95 confidence level was performed in
order to determine the effect level of rolling parameters. It was
determined that the rounded product geometry is out of diameter
and circularity tolerances by increasing the rolling temperature
and the rotational speed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Emre EROL
Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ
Mustafa GÜNAY
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been reported to be widely used in many biological applications such as
magnetic resonance imaging, anticancer agents, contrast enhancement, tissue repair, and detoxification of
biological fluids. The nanoscale size of the iron oxide particles synthesized for use in such applications gives
them super magnetic properties. Arc discharge method is one of the simplest methods to be used in
nanoparticle production in terms of both feasibility and efficient results. Therefore, arc discharge method
has been used in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for use in such applications. In this method, which
simply consists of an anode, cathode and a power source, tungsten electrodes were used to obtain iron oxide
nanoparticles. The cathode was drilled and filled with iron powder. The synthesis was carried out in deionize
water under 50A DC current and 30V. The synthesized powders were characterized by fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope
(SEM) electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Safa POLAT
Tugay ÜSTÜN
Ahmet Avcı
In this paper, Taguchi technique is selected in order
to explore ideal process parameters for abrasive water jet
machining (AWJM). The goal of this exploratory research is to
explore the effects of machining parameters on MRR and SR of a
work piece made of aluminum a356 alloy. Our approach is based
on Taguchi's technique, ANOVA and the SN ratio in order to
optimize AWJ machining process parameters for successful
machining and to establish optimal values of each AWJM
parameter, namely, abrasive stream rate, traverse speed, standoff
distance and abrasive grit size. L9 orthogonal array is utilized for
varying values of A, B, C, D and three tests were conducted for
each combination. Using the SN ratio, it was possible to find the
optimal parameter values for AWJM. It was concluded that, in
actual practice, the ideal combination of AWJM process
parameters fulfill the requirements for machining of cast A 356
aluminum alloy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat KARTAL
Hasan GÖKKAYA
Refik POLAT
Changes in operating conditions (ESP chemicals
and changes in the physical properties of the gas in) the ESP
field strength, the emission current and the corona current in
order to determine the relationship on the number of spark, an
understanding of the effect it would cause both the operational
variability.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ahmet BALIK
Hüseyin DEMİREL
Muhammed Esad ÇAYIR
In this work we measure and estimate,
experimentally and numerically, approximate fatigue strengths
of steel filaments of 0.25 mm diameter with 80% C by the pure
bending test method. All fatigue tests have been realized at
room temperature and at a frequency of 10 Hz via a custom
manufactured pure bending tester of which the fully reserved
strain value, R = εmin/εmax, is −1. The applied value of cyclic
deformation, ε, has been chosen from the range 0.46-1.07. The
plots of S-N (Strain–Cycle) curves are based on high fatigue
cycle (HFC) lives that are greater than or equal to 106 cycles.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hüseyin Koymatcık
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Yavuz Sun
SAİT ÖZÇELİK
Iron and steel is one of the important tools for the economy of countries. Iron and steel industry uses energy
and high quantity of raw material. Iron and steel production has a number of impacts on the environment,
including air emissions, wastewater contaminants, hazardous wastes, and solid wastes. Sources of solid
wastes for steel industries may be identified as coke oven by product plant, sinter plant, refractory materials
plant, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, steel melting shop and rolling mill.In steel industry, solid waste
management is aimed to provide maximum benefits from waste products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste. To achieve this goal “4Rs” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restoring the materials are being
considered as strategies of solid waste management.For minimizing the sources of solid wastes and
maximizing the recycle of collected wastes can be opted in the following ways: Identification of sources,
quantities and types of solid wastes generated from different sub-processes of steel manufacturing
process.To find out the reasons of generation of solid wastes. To use advanced technology for minimizing
waste.In efforts to prevent environmental pollution, the priority is to evaluate waste materials for recycle
and reuse. Thus waste and damage to the environment are minimized and also provides economic benefits.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sakine UGURLU KARAAĞAÇ
UNSM (Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification) refines the surface structure into nano grains, induces
big and deep compressive residual stress, increase surface hardness, improves surface roughness and creates
micro dimple textures on surface. So service life of UNSM treated trimming knives, shear pins and
remanufactured bearings were extended more than 100% comparing to untreated ones. So not only the
operation cost is reduced, but production time is increased. UNSM mechanism and its effect on mechanical
properties and performance are explained. The changes of hardness, surface roughness and residual stress
change of D2 and H13 tool steel and how much the performance of wear & friction and rotary bending
fatigue are improved is explained with real field test results of trimming knives in steel mill industry. In
same way, test for test specimens of AISI1045 steel and shear pins and remanufactured bearings in steel mill
industry are explained. Cost reduction and increased production time in case of shear pins was explained as
a case.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Young Pyun
Auezhan Amanov
Inho Cho
In this study, Hardox 450 reinforced and FeW based
metal matrix composites (MMC) were combined on AISI 1020
steel substrate by using plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW)
process. The new created coated surfaces were examined by using
optic microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS)
and microhardness tests. The microstructure studies of the
superficial layers of the coating revealed presence of a mixture of
the dendritic phase structure of ferrit (α). The results show that;
the change of hardness and the size of dendrites formed on the
coated surfaces changed by the variation of the processing
parameters. Hardox 450 + 10 wt.%FeW composite coating was
the most appropriate combination in terms of hardness
performance.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tanju TEKER
Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT
Air stripping process for removal of ammonia is a
commonly used process for the pretreatment of wastewater. In this
study, removal and absorption of ammonia from coke wastewater by
an air stripping reactor was investigated. Air stripping of ammonia
from wastewater was performed a water-spraying aero-column
reactor. Scaling and fouling on the packing surface in paced towers
are not two major problem in this process. During the experiments,
ammonia was stripped with air in a semi-batch system and absorbed
in sulphuric acid solution. Effects of various operating parameters
such as initial pH, stripping time, air flow and liquid flow on ammonia
removal with air stripping process were examined. The mass transfer
coefficient for air stripping process was calculated for different
operation condition. Increment in the mass transfer coefficient was
observed with increasing pH level and air flow rate. The highest value
of mass transfer coefficient was 0.452 h-1
, obtained at initial pH 12, air
flow 12 L/min and liquid flow 2.5 mL/min. In these condition, removal
efficiency of ammonia (at 10 h stripping time) was obtained as 100%.
Approximately 92-95% of ammonia in the absorption unit was
recovered as ammonia sulphate
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fuat Ozyonar
Bunyamin Karagozoglu
Mehmet Kobya
The iron and steel ındustry has a big role which is related to development level for countries. Therefore, all over the world, big companies are
interested in this industry. Not only production values but also export data is as a key role for countries. Hence, especially in recent years, the
concept of innovation has gained importance due to increasing globalization, developments in raw material markets, increasing social
consciousness towards the environment and changing competition conditions depending on these developments. For this reason, research and
development (R&D) became more important and critic topic especially in developing countries. Turkey has also a significant capacity in this
sector thus R&D and innovation should become more important issue for us. According to these facts, major iron and steel production factories,
research centres and universities which are focused on steel research are brought together in a big platform which is called European Steel
Technology Platform. This platform has developed various policies which are related safer, eco-friendly and more efficient steel production.
This review, what has Turkey made up to this time in the scope of R&D studies and discuss the position of turkey in the world when focusing
about the concept of innovation. In addition, in this review discuss the importance of R&D for especially in the iron and steel industry according
to not only world but also Turkey. This study has also look for answers to a number of questions such as what can be done on the basis of
innovative concept for iron and steel industry and which roles the private sector and universities should be in these Research and Development
studies. As well as Research and Development itself, a bridge from R&D to innovation and efficient utilizations to approach solution is also
reviewed.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Oguz ISIK
Aslan ÜNAL
Huseyin SOYKAN
This study aims to determine residual stress distribution in head, web and foot parts of two different quality
grooved rails and also to understand effect of carbon content on residual stress in rails. Strain gauges were
glued on three regions of specimens and cutting method was applied for residual stress measurement
according to the TS EN 13674-1 railway rail standard. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optic
Microscope (OM) were used for microstructure analysis of regions where the residual stress measurements
were performed. Results show that, compressive residual stress is an effective stress type compared to the
R260 grade rails. However, R260 grade grooved rails have higher residual stress value than R220 grade
grooved rails especially in head parts of specimens.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M. Emre TURAN
Yavuz Sun
Fazil Hüsem
Generally, 4-row cylindrical roller bearings are used as roll neck bearing in rolling mills. The inner ring of these bearings must be fitted as a tight fit to the roll neck according to the structure of the bearing. This concomitantly requires a great deal of labor, time and equipment. In addition to this hardship, roller bearing damages and time lost are in question because of difficulties encountered when mounting the chock to the roll. It was provided an improvement in bearing life and an increase in production speed and quantity by being eliminated these problems with the use of tapered roller bearings instead of cylindrical roller bearings.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bilal ÇOLAK
Ahmet EREN
Naci KURGAN
A key factor in ensuring sustainable occupational health
and safety culture is an established occupational health and safety
culture. Occupational health and safety culture is the whole set of
behaviours feeling all over the organization in terms of approach,
perception, behaviour, commitment.
Proactive, that is to say, "the accident without seeing the missing and
healing" approach. In order to establish a proactive environment
approach, the concept should be supported by national /
internationally accepted practices and specific methods. Various
materials can be used at this stage. For example; trying to make
determinations about unsafe behaviors and / or situations with
(more) eyes at a certain point in the organization. In this way, many
employees wearing OHS glasses are provided and serious
improvements can be made.
Another case study is the study of the reports of the insufficiently
cheap unsafe conditions and behaviors, which are termed "near
miss”.
It is the last point where employees are warning each other about
insecure approaches and work, that safety behavior is not a "natural
drive", but that every employee wakes up each other. In this regard,
the bradley curve suggests that a proactive and sustainable OHS
approach can achieve the "0" accident target, stimulating each
other as a living organism composed of cells. It has been observed
that the OHS culture was placed in the organization by various
applications mentioned above
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ali GÜNEN
Cumhur KOCAMAN
Ulus Kürşat ŞERİFOĞLU
Erdogan KANCA
In automotive applications, especially in exhaust
systems, cast ferrous materials (cast iron, stainless steels, mild or
carbon steels etc.) are preferably used due to their excellent
mechanical properties, creep, oxidation and corrosion resistance
at high temperatures. In diesel and gasoline engines, the manifold
materials are subjected to 950°C, at which cast austenitic stainless
steels (CASSs) are preferred due to their superior physical and
chemical properties. The desirable properties of CASSs are
basically determined by their as cast microstructures, hence it is
important to identify the solidification path revealing out the
microstructural features, stability of the phases and elemental
partitioning during all phase transformations. In this study, a Nbstabilized Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel was selected as an
candidate alloy for exhaust manifold material. Both its
solidification behavior and microsegregation were investigated
using thermodynamic calculations by Thermo-Calc. The studied
composition was also cast and thermal analysis studies were
carried out in order to reveal the sequence of phase formation and
the phase transformations during solidification. The present study
not only consists of thermal modeling and analysis but also
determination of matrix phases by using microscopy. The data
obtained will be useful to understand the high temperature
behavior of the studied alloy.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
G. Aktaş Çelik
M. I. T. Tzini
Ş. H. Atapek
Ş. Polat
G. N. Haidemenopoulos
Graphene materials have attracted enormous academics and industries to explore due to its outstanding
thermal and mechanical properties. In this work, the solution-casted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film reinforced
with shear exfoliated graphene and its properties such as hardness and mechanical behaviour were studied.
The compatibility between graphene and PVA was enhanced by the functionalization of graphene with gum
Arabic. The decoration of OH groups on graphene allowed better interfacial interactions with PVA through
H-bonding chains. As been observed during morphological study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
and x-ray diffraction (XRD), agglomeration of graphene sheets was detected at highest graphene loading
(0.15 wt.%). Improvement of mechanical properties was observed by nanoindentation for sample with
lowest graphene contents (0.05 wt.%). The enhancement of nanoindentation modulus sample was
contributed by homogenously distributed graphene in the matrix of PVA.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Kamal Bin Yusoh
Zulhelmi Ismail
Abu Hannifa Abdullah
Anis Sakinah Zainal Abidin
As long as Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 strategy map targeted iron and steel industry to be among the top
10 countries in the World at all stages of production and defense industry as a blockbuster industry, the
connection between this two industries gained importance. Steel which is produced in many forms, including
flat-rolled and long products, carbon pipe and tube products, wire and other fabricated products are all
segments of the domestic steel industry contribute directly or indirectly to the defense industrial base. In this
study, domestic and international iron and steel sources has compared with one of the system archetypes of
system thinking theory which is success to the successful archetype and simulated by Insight maker – a
general purpose tool for web-based modeling and simulation – and as a result found that increasing domestic
production capacity and technology increases the success of defense industry and in total increases the
defence capacity of homeland security. To make this simulation real, Turkey must pursue economic policies
that encourage continued investment in both manufacturing and technology and give importance to local
resources for defence industries’ needs.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bahar AŞCI
This study aims to determine the optimum parameters for production of zirconia block from dental zirconia
waste powders. For this purpose, zirconia blocks obtained by uniaxial pressing of waste powders under
different pressures (200, 300, 400, 550 and 600 MPa) were pre-sintered at different temperatures (950, 1050,
1150 and 1250 °C) for 2 h. Pre-sintered zirconia blocks were characterized density and hardness tests. The
phase structure and chemical composition of zirconia blocks were determined by SEM-EDX and XRD
analysis. The density and hardness of zirconia blocks increased depending on increasing pressing pressure
and pre-sintering temperature. Also, it has been found that high pressing pressures cause cracks in the blocks.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Handan Turan Matİk
Mustafa Boz
Ulaş MATİK
Nano composite coatings are a new forms of materials
containing hard phase particles to enhance the hardness and wear
resistance, among which diamond in terms of feasibility and cost,
is the best combination for chromium. In this study, electrolytic
coating of pure chromium and Cr-ND (nano diamond) composite
coatings were applied on pre-alloy metal powder metallurgy
specimens. The effects of the ND particles on tribological behavior
of the chromium coatings were investigated. Characterization
tests were carried out using an optical microscope, SEM, EDS,
XRD and AFM. The dry sliding wear behavior of the specimens
was carried out using pin on plate configuration. The hardness
and wear resistance of the Cr-ND coated samples were compared
with pure chromium coated and non-coated specimens. The
results demonstrated that the embedding of the ND particles in the
chromium matrix led to a significant improvement on the
hardness and wear behavior of the Cr-ND coatings than pure
chromium coatings and non-coated specimens.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
N. Zoghipour
E. Salamci
Rahmi Ünal
N. Gidikova*
R. Valov
V. Petkov
Today, as the current standard tensile test for metallic materials ISO 6892-1 standard are used. The English version of the standard in 2009 and the Turkish version in 2011 were published. The English version was renewed in 2016. In this study, we aimed to summarize the major changes made in this standard. In this way, it is aimed to be transmitted detailed and accurate information for related person.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Bulent AYDEMIR
Since ancient times Iron and Steel Industry has great importance in the community development and in
the development of various industries. Especially in developing countries, iron and steel sector has pioneered to
continuing other sectors. Iron and steel sector which is an important sector for Turkey and the World has an
important place in the industrialization in the global economy and the country’s economy. This study is performed
to develop a decision support system for the iron and steel industry for the managers of the iron and steel sector
business, associations and institutions. Solving the problems arising from supply-demand imbalance of iron and
steel products, Closing directions of uncovering the balance of payments deficit, Uncertainty in the imports and
exports estimates, Developing a database for the institutions and organizations for the needs, profiles and
projections, Creating long term strategies and the idea of development of close cooperation between industry and
university are the major driving forces of this study.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Turgut ÖZSEVEN
Muharrem DÜGENCİ
Filiz ERSÖZ
Halil İbrahim DEMİR
Finer martensitic and ferritic microstructures are demanded to obtain high strength and toughness for dual
phase steels. In this study, reducing of prior austenite grain size selected as an effective method to reduce
the size of dual phase microstructure. The effect of prior austenite grain size on microstructure of medium
carbon dual phase steel produced by intercritical annealing were investigated for different austenitizing
conditions. Annealing experiments were performed to fully austenitizate the steel at different austenitizing
temperatures (900, 950, 1000ᵒC) and times (5, 10, 15 min) and followed by quenching. Finally, as-quenched
martensitic microstructures were intercritical annealed at 760ᵒC for 15 min to attain martensitic and ferritic
dual phase steel. The microstructures were analyzed using light microscopy and image analysis methods. It
is concluded that grain size of dual phase steel is reducing by decreasing of the austenitizing temperature
and the holding time.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ersoy Erişir
Özge Ararat
Oğuz Gürkan Bilir
Al based Sb - 42.4% Mg - 57.6% Al ternary eutectic alloy was melted by vacuum melting furnace, and was
casted into kokil mould. Then, in order to observe the effect of heat treatment, samples were investigated
as-cast and under heat-treated conditions. Designed samples were homogenized at 573 K for 1.5 h. The
values of enthalpy of fusion (H) and the specific heat capacity (Cp) of the solid phase for Al based the
ternary eutectic alloy were measured with DSC. The crystal structure parameters and the grain sizes for the
alloys were investigated by XRD diffraction. Mechanical properties of the ternary eutectic alloy were
studied with compression test. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructures and the microscopic
fracture surface morphology of the aged samples were examined by FESEM. The microhardness for the
alloys was measured from 5 different points with Vickers microhardness device. The compositions of the
ternary alloys were determined by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
Yunus GENCTURK
Ugur VELİ
Mustafa Mert KULAK
Orcun OLCAY
Eren UZUN
Surface roughness is one of the important factors affecting the quality of the material. In this study, speed control with a fuzzy logic (FL) controller was applied to cutting speed which is a cutting parameter to improve surface roughness of 2xxx series aluminium alloy material during machining. The effect of the automatic usage and FL speed control method on the surface roughness of the work piece is compared. For this purpose, experimental works realized at three different cutting speeds (200, 320 and 440 m /min), at three different feed rates (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mm/rev) and constant cutting depth (0.5 mm). As a result of experimental study, it has been observed that results obtained with the FL speed control is better than results obtained with the automatic usage. Due to the positive contribution of the surface roughness values, the FL speed control method has shown to can be used successfully in machining operations..
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Kürşat Mustafa KARAOĞLAN
Metin ZEYVELİ
The Alsace Lorraine region, which was taken from
Germany and given to France after World War I, is rich in ironcoal mines; and The Saar Region, which has the coal, iron and
steel industry controlled by the League of Nations until 1935, are
important geographical regions in the economic and political
conflict between Germany and France. Moreover, when Germany
had a difficulty to pay their debt for reparations to France after
World War I, the Ruhr region of Germany, which is a coal-rich
basin developed by the iron and steel industry, was occupied by
France from 1923 to 1925. When the Second World War began,
these regions, which were strategic for the German heavy
industry, were seized again by Germany. History shows that the
struggle to have coal and iron ore, important raw materials in the
development of the economies of the states, is also an important
reason for the emergence of wars between states. For this reason
with the end of World War II, there was a need to go to an
international organization that would provide and develop
cooperation in the states so that a war originating from these raw
materials would not come out again in European geography.
European leaders, who came together after the war including
France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg,
agreed not to develop strategic raw materials like iron and steel in
the war industry to use against each other in the battlefield.
Uniting the coal and steel industries is proposed with a declaration
historically known as the Schuman Declaration, to end the historic
rivalry over the mines between France and West Germany. As a
result of these initiatives, the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) was established with Paris Treaty on 18 April 1951. The
aim of this study is to demonstrate how the ECSC served a
function in reconstruction of peace in Europe, which has been
developed with the cooperation of the member states in extraction,
operation and marketing of important raw materials such as coal
and iron. In this study, the organization phase, organizational
structure and organs of ECSC and their activities will be
examined by emphasizing its battle preventive effect on the
development of economic integration of the European states.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Umut Kedikli
in the first stage of this study, the process parameters that affect the springback which occurs after DP600 sheet metal is bent with V die were investigated experimentally. For the second stage of the study, the results from the first stage were transferred to a fuzzy logic system and the springback was estimated according to the experiment parameters that were not determined with the fuzzy logic method. Die angle, holding time and punch radius were determined as the experiment parameters. It was observed that a 15 degree increase in die’s angle raised the springback by average 0.61 degree, a 2 mm increase in punch’s radius raised the springback by average 0.13 degree, and a 10 second increase in holding time decreased the springback by average 0.12 degree. A 98.5% similarity was found when the results from the actual experiment and the estimations made with the fuzzy logic method were compared. It is determined that the fuzzy logic method can be used successfully for springback estimations in V bending operations.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tahsin ÖNEL
İbrahim KARAAĞAÇ
Welding is made up of many scientific and technical works. In industrial applications, it is applied to increase
work efficiency and safety, reduce size and weight, and reduce production cost. Welding in the railway is
usually done at the joints of the rails. Rail junctions have caused serious problems since the early days of
railroads. As a solution, durable algebras have been developed but not sufficient in this application. As a
result, the request for removal of the rail joints has emerged. Accordingly, different welding techniques have
been developed. Among these techniques, aluminothermite and combustion head are widely used today. In
this study, ultrasonic inspection results of the incinerator application applied to the rails in Karabük train
station are examined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa DURSUNLAR
Harun ÇUĞ
In this study, effects of heat treatment on microstructure and structural properties of NiTi alloy were
investigated. In this sence, the depence of shape memory behavior of NiTi alloy was examined by changes
of heat treatment temperature and cooling conditions. Two group of specimens were used. One group was
deformed by 50% and the other group was deformed 75%. Heat treatment temperatures were chosen 5000C
and 600 0C. All specimens were cooled both in air and water to investigate the influence of cooling
conditions. Microstructures were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also DSC and
XRD analysis were carried out for thermal and structural characterization.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yuksel Akinay
Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL
Yasin Akgül
In this study, an analysis has been performed to increase the energy efficiency of existing natural gas boilers
which have been adapted to a heating system. For this analysis, it has been investigated to what extent the
plate heat exchangers can be used to reduce the adverse effects of water in the system and to make the
working regime more uniform than the existing conditions. The system consists of 3 natural gas boilers,
circulation pumps and other boiler equipment in the old case and it is necessary to heat 500 tons of water in
a single cycle. Because of the use of well water, limestone formation is observed in the boiler and other
equipment, and the capacity of the reverse osmosis system that meets the reduced water is not enough to
reduce the water hardness. In order to overcome these problems in the system, it has been considered to
separate the suction and discharge lines and create a new cycle with 2 plate exchangers and additional
pumps. Therefore, this new system which has a lower mass ratio is fed with soft and purified water coming
from the treatment system to prevent the formation of limestone and consequently the decrease of the
lifecycle. As a result of the cost analysis of the new system formed by the plate heat exchangers, the payback
period of 6 months has been determined with some acceptances.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Murat Demirhan
Mehmet Ozalp
Mutlucan Bayat
—In this study, mechanical properties of resistance spot
welded cross shaped DP 600 galvanized automotive sheets is
investigated. The specimens are joined by resistance spot welding
at different weld currents and times. Welded specimens are
examined for their mechanical properties. In addition, the
hardness change of the heat effected zone is examined. Stressstrain graphs are drawn for different welding currents and for
welding times of 10, 20, 40 cycles. As a result of this study,
optimum welding parameters are determined for DP 600 steel.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
İbrahim Sevim
Burak Emre YAPANMIS
Süleyman Çınar Çağan
Mustafa UGURLU
Burhan BAYHAN
Fatih HAYAT
In this study, AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel material
welded using E2209T1-1 / 4 wire with flux cored arc welding
(FCAW) welding method. The austenite and ferrite phase contents
of the duplex stainless steel structure was characterized. The
image of the weld metal and inclusions was taken with
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its characterization
was obtained with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS).
Characterization processes were supported with elemental
mapping and selected field diffractions. In particular, the effect of
ferrite and austenite former elements in grain structure is
investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M. Tümer
R. Yılmaz
- In hot rolling which is one of the plastic forming, the operation called “Tempcore Process” provides to obtain different
microstructures from the surface to the core by quenching before the cooling platform where the conventional cooling is performed
in steel profiles come out of the finish workbench which is the last stage of rolling. The purpose of this process is to obtain a
martensitic structure up to a certain thickness from the surface of the profiles to the center and tempering the martensite with the
effect of high temperature in the core. Thus, a hard and tough product is manufactured. However, it is ensured that the linearity
of the product is maintained at the platform exit. In this study, the Tempcore Process was carried out NPU and Equal Angle type
profiles of S275JR quality steel produced in Kar-demir Rolling Industry Trade Ltd. Co. and the effects of this process on the
structural form and mechanical properties of the profiles were investigated. In this context, pre- and post-Tempcore Process,
hardness measurements, tensile and impact tests were applied and the results were assessed comparatively.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Tuna Tok
Aytac Bulut
Gamze Ay
Engin Tan
In this work, thermal cycles were applied to samples of CuAl10Fe aluminum bronze alloy which are commonly used in marine hardware, shipping and journal bearings. The samples were maintained in heat treatment furnace at 950 oC (for 30 minutes) and cooled after than subjected to aging process by storing in heat treatment furnace (at 100 oC and 150 oC) for different times (8, 10 and 12 hours). Therefore, aged samples of the data on microhardness and wear resistance values were compared to non-aged base sample depending on the microstructural transformation. As a consequence of this, there is an important increasing at aged samples of microhardness and wear resistance values when comparing with non-aged base sample.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Zülküf BALALAN
Furkan SARSILMAZ
Anıl İMAK
Niyazi ÖZDEMİR
Ömer Ekinci
Plane-strain fracture toughness test method enables the determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness
(Kıc) of metallic materials by tests using a variety of pre-cracked specimens, bend, compact tension, arcshaped, disk-shaped specimen, etc. Compact tension (CT) specimen is one of the most common type used
in the literature and a standard specimen in accordance with ASTM standard test method for linear-elastic
plane-strain fracture toughness, Kıc, of metallic materials (E399-12). In this study, experimental fatigue precracking and fracture toughness tests are performed for CT specimens made of AISI 1040 carbon steel and
machined from rolled plates in the L-T rolling direction (crack plane is perpendicular to the rolling
direction). Test conditions are determined as indicated in the ASTM standard and details of the experimental
setup are described. Having performed experimental analyses, applicability of plane-strain fracture
toughness tests to compact tension specimen of AISI 1040 steel is investigated.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Sedat İRİÇ
Oğuzhan DEMİR
Ali Osman AYHAN
In this work, the relatıon sheep between
microstructure and mechanical properties of carburizing steel
steel produced by powder metallurgy method were
investigated. The samples pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at
1400 °C temperature in the sintering argon atmosphere for 1 h
were produced. Steels which have carburized and
uncarburized were analyzed in terms of tensile and hardness
test. The microstructure of the PM steels was characterized by
optic microscope. Results indicated that carburizing steel can
be produced.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Akif Erden
Özcan TOPÇU
In this study, fatigue analyses of rails UIC60 and 49E1
were carried out numerically using a special program written in
the MATLAB environment, considering the maximum dynamic
stresses for two different rail systems under the effect of highspeed trains. Each sleeper region of the railway rail system is
modelled as a simple supported Euler-Bernoulli beam. The highspeed train system is defined as a moving oscillator with fixed
distances between them. For motion equations, the Lagrange
function is determined by using kinetic and potential energies of
the system and then Hamilton principle is applied. These
differential equations are solved by using the fourth order RungeKutta method in time domain to determine the value of the
maximum stresses generated, and its position on the rail. For a 40
tons of vehicle load the fatigue behaviour of UIC60 rail is found
greater than the 49E1 rail. Using these data, the life
determinations of these two different rails could then be
numerically determined without the need for laborious, time
consuming and costly experimental methods.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
İsmail Esen
Mehmet Akif Koç
Mustafa Eroğlu
Yusuf Cay
The aim of the study is searching for the best parameters for St-37 steel surface by Electro Spark Deposition (ESD) method with using Inconel
718 alloy electrode. ESD process was carried out in different voltages (30-62 volt), different frequents (75-130 Hz) and different atmosphere
(in air and in silicon oil pool). For varying electrical and ambient conditions, samples were prepared and their coating thickness (9,30 µm -
14,39 µm) and surface roughness (2,043 µm - 5,891 µm) values were measured. The coating thickness was determined higher in the air
experiments. Also, thickness and roughness values were increased with the increased voltage, but there were not certain effect of the frequent
on thickness and roughness. In addition, SEM images, linear and local EDX analysis, cross-sectional hardness test and XRD analysis were also
obtained. It was detected that all coatings have iron-nickel based alloys and CrFe alloy were found in silicon oil pool experiments. Moreover,
the cross-sectional hardness tests presented that the coating is two times harder than the steel substrate. By the SEM experiments, it was
determine that coating layer had micro pores and good bonding with substrate.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mustafa Safa YILMAZ
Kemal Korkmaz
ALİ ÇAKIR
Cengiz DOGRU
The effects of phosphorus content of electroless Ni-P (EN) coatings on the tribological and morphological
properties of AISI1020 carbon steel were investigated. For this purpose, AISI1020 carbon steel substrates
were coated with low, medium and high phosphorus EN coatings. Coated samples were characterized using
surface roughness and micro hardness measurements, pin-on-disc wear tests, optical microscopy and
scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The hardness and
wear resistance of the EN coatings increased depending on decreasing phosphorus content of the coatings.
Also, it has been found that the increase in the phosphorus content of the coating improves its friction
properties
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Ulaş MATİK
Ramazan Çıtak
In this study, TiAlN coating obtained by using the magnetron sputtering method was deposited on M2 tool steel samples using selected parameters(0, -100V and -200V bias voltages and 0.3 mtorr, 0.6 mtorr, 1.2 mtorr pressures). The characterization was done and wear properties of the coatings were investigated. The distance between the target and the coating was kept constant during the operation. Hardening and nitriding processes were applied to the base material. The coating characteristics of hardened and hardened + nitrided samples, surface properties and wear behaviors were compared. The best results for the coating characteristics were determined. It was found that the hardened + nitrided of AISI M2 samples with high nitrogen pressure (0.3 mtorr) gave the best wear resistance which resulted in a decreased coefficient of friction and a reduction in wear rates.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Şengül Danışman
Oğuzhan Bendeş
S. Savas
Nanocrystalline stainless steels with solute additions are synthesized using high energy mechanical alloying. Microstructural evolutions as a function of alloy compositions and annealing temperatures are investigated using focused ion beam microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and in-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction techniques. The dependence of hardness on the microstructure is utilized to study the mechanical changes. The relative importance of composition and solute additions in various temperature ranges are discussed with respect to grain growth and phase stability. The research reported in this work was supported by TUBITAK under Grant number 114M214. The authors wish to thank TUBITAK for the support.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Hasan Kotan
Ahmet Burçin BATIBAY
In this study, used materials in the
automobile industry and steel trend has been
discussed. In addition, contributions to the country's
economy and statistical information are presented.
The material and engineering requirements used in
the production of motor vehicles and automobiles are
very different. The most important elements of
security needs, CO2 emissions and fuel savings need
to be met in the best way. Other factors are comfort,
manufacturability, cost, driving performance, fuel
efficiency and weight. When all these factors are
considered, the difficulties in automobile production
and the diversity of materials attract attention. In
recent years, it has been observed that the types of
steel used in the production of vehicles in the world
have changed, the demands of automotive
manufacturers and the weight reduction efforts have
accelerated. For this purpose, it might be an
important objective to produce steel for the
automotive industry that has come into prominence
in our country with a high level of added value and
income. Production of light and advanced highstrength steel for Turkish and World industries is a
very critical technology.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Fatih HAYAT
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitration and nitrox process on wear performances of tool
steels. For this purpose, samples were seperated as two categories. One group was exposed to nitration
process in salt bath at 530 0C during 6 hours. For other group, nitrox process was applied at 4900C during
2 hours after nitration. Reciprocating wear test was performed for all specimens under the loads of 10N,
20N and 40N according to the ASTM G99 standard. Microstructures and worn surfaces of specimens were
analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that, wear performances of specimens
exhibit difference when they are exposed nitration and oxidation process. And also they show better
performance under the lower loads.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
M. Emre TURAN
Mustafa ACARER
M.Karakus
Hayrettin Ahlatçı
Yunus Türen
Yavuz Sun
This study investigates the some tribological
behaviour of the steel tip surface of armor projectiles after
ballistic impact.For this purpose many ballistic tests were
performed with steel projectile tip on Metal Matrix
Composites(MMCs) such as 5083, 6063 and 7075 aluminum
alloys as matrix reinforced with SiC and Al2O3 particles.
Terminal ballistic tests with AP 7.62 and 9 mm projectiles were
performed on these composites. The mean velocities of AP 7.62
and 9 mm projectiles are 710-800 and 400 m/s, respectively.
The distances between the armor and running position of the
projectiles were 5 and 15 m for the 9 mm and AP 7.62 mm
projectiles, respectively.
It is observed that The projectile nose is broken or deformed
plastically when it impacts the composite target. If the
composite has hard reinforcement particles such as Al2O3, the
friction between projectile tip and hole surface becomes
greater and the projectile surface is scratched by ploughing.
Plastic damage or breaking of the tip nose leads to increasing
the resistance to the projectile movement through the target
hole. The predominant wear mechanism of the tip surface is
abrasion. Microcutting and plastic yielding as bulging are also
observed on the tip surface as wear mechanisms. Deep valleys
on the tip nose and deep grooves on the main surface of the
projectile tip are also observed. This shows that a the composite
manufactured from Al and Al2O3 has good ballistic
performance against AK-47 (7.62mm×39mm Armour
Piercing) and G3 (7.62mm×51mm Armour Piercing)
projectiles.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Baki KARAMIŞ
Magnesite (MgCO3) is natural source for production of
caustic calcined, dead burned and fused magnesia. Turkey’s
magnesite sources have a well-known reputation internationally
with high purity, cryptocrystalline structure and suitability for
refractory applications.
For high temperature processes, there is a great need for
refractory raw materials that can withstand oxidative
environment at elevated temperatures. Fused magnesia (FM) is
the most important material for these purposes with melting point
2800 °C and one of the key element of the refractory heat resistant
materials especially for steelmaking refractory bricks. Fused
magnesia is considered to be one of the best thermal and electrical
insulators with high density, high purity and large crystals.
Fused magnesia (FM) is produced by electric arc melting of
magnesite or CCM in a traditional Higgins furnace or in tilt-type
furnace at >2800°C. Quality of the electrically fused magnesia is
determined by choosing magnesite source, beneficiation processes,
arc furnace electrical parameters and sorting. Final product were
characterized by using chemical analysis, scanning electron
microscope and EDX. Samples from different process parameters
were investigated according to their crystal size, bulk density and
impurity formation.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Asım Bilge
Cemalettin YAMAN
Nuri Sarıoğlu
Casting, one of the oldest manufacturing techniques,
is based on the basis of phase changing. Even if there are
different types, sand casting is most preferred one. Casting
processes have many parameters and due to that for obtaining
the products which have the best quality, those parameters
should be adjusted as optimal. Simulation is a useful way for
determining the optimum values, estimating the risks and
avoiding the defect possibilities before the production. Each
part is unique and gating systems have to be designed
according to part geometry to get better results. In this study,
unpressurized gating system design is investigated for ductile
iron. Dimensions of the critical areas as the cross-section of the
runner and gates which are very important for determining
pouring time and liquid metal velocity, are calculated precisely.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Atahan Erbul
Ali Serdar Vanlı
The slag from the steel industry has been utilized for a
variety of purposes ranging from road construction, cement
production and fill material. The usability of steel slag is
economically important since vast amount of steel slag is produced
as a by-product of steel industry. For each usage type of steel slag,
proper tests and analyses must be performed in order to ensure
that the material exhibits the necessary performance and
reconciles with environmental codes of practice. In this study, the
steel slag from Erdemir and İsdemir (two major steel production
facilities in Turkey) has been tested by means of physical
modelling in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Istanbul Technical
University for determination of their suitability to be used in
rubble-mound marine structures. Results indicated that steel slag
can be a viable alternative as a core material in marine structures;
given it is high grain density and shear strength. With these
positive results, it turns out the use of steel slag in core of rubblemound structure is likely to contribute the effective usage of the
material and constitutes an innegligible recycling opportunity.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
V.Ş. Özgür Kırca
Baran Çağlar
Taylan Bağcı
Evren Kılcı
M. Sedat Kabdaşlı
— In this study, submerged arc welding (SAW) method is
applied for coating. Experimental results showed that Stellite-6
coating material was suitable for shafts and bearings. Stellite-6
materials can lead to improving the surface features of the shafts
used in iron and steel plants. Also Stellite-6 coating materials have
good resistance to impact. After coating of the shafts by using
Stellite-6 materials, it was observed that the hardness of the shafts
increases nearly 250 pct. Coating and machining operations of the
used shafts is more economical in iron and steel plants.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Fatih Kahraman
Sabri ÖZTÜRK
In continuous casting process, avoiding crack
formation is very important for the producers. This paper
examines the effect of nickel-coated mold wall upon the cracks
during casting of steel. Casting products are analyzed in this study
and the test reveals nickel coating is the best possible output on the
basis of slab quality. Moreover, molds coated by nickel have more
service life than copper based molds.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Mehmet Fatih Kahraman
Habibullah Bilge
Sabri ÖZTÜRK
In this study, a low carbon steel surfaces were coated with vanadium borides using plasma transfered arc (PTA) method. In the plasma arc surface coating method, very high heat occurring by plasma melts the powder on the surface. In the study, ferroboron and ferrovanadium powders were used as a source of boron and vanadium, separately. For vanadium boride, five different amounts of powders were used to obtain coatings having different amounts of VB. After the coating studies, microstructrural examination, elemental and X-ray analyses, hardness measurements and abrasive wear tests were performed. From the results, it was seen that hardness and wear resistance of the coatings increased with the increase of VB contents.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Yusuf DONAT
Mehmet Eroğlu
H13 (DIN-X40CrMoV) is one of the well-known steels for utilization at elevated temperatures owing to its good resistance to softening at high
temperatures and thermal shock resistance along with a relatively low cost. In the present study, sliding wear performance of H13 hot work tool
steel at room and elevated temperatures has been examined against Al2O3 ceramic counter-material. Based on the observations and analyses of
the contact surfaces, wear track profiles, and friction curves, the role of varying temperatures on the operative wear mechanism has been
examined.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Zafer Can TEOMAN
Faiz Muhaffel
Huseyin Cimenoglu
In this study, the results of joining of P460 steel combined with a submerged arc welding (SAW) weld by X-Ray radiographic test were investigated. P460 material pairs were welded at different welding speed and ampere values using the submerged arc welding method. These welded samples are; Notch impact test, microhardness measurement, X-ray diffraction method and radiography tests were examined. Microstructural changes occurring in the weld zone of weld parameters after welding; by optical microscopy and EDS analysis were investigated. As a result of the experiments, it has been found that the P460 steel show the ability to weld sufficiently strong by the submerged welding method.
International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS
Uğur Çalıgülü
Mustafa Turkmen
Ebru Tufanoglu
Sermin Ozan