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2019 A Case Study: Investigation of the Contribution of Accredited Laboratories on the Iron & Steel Sector in Turkey

The iron and steel (I&S) sector plays an active role in the world economy with a market share of an estimated $1,715 billion. As in other sectors, qualified production is a crucial step for international trade for I&S sector. For example; between the years 2013-2015, two major steel-producing countries of Turkey and Germany have reacted differently against the low quality steel sale from China. While the poor quality steel produced by China has no place in the German market, it has played an active role in the Turkish market. From this point of view, the effects of the accredited laboratories on the sectors they serve were examined by means of the iron and steel industry. The trend of the accredited laboratories in Turkey serving the iron and steel industry has been investigated in detail. In addition, the results were compared with Germany.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Betul ERCAN Yasin Akgül Alper Incesu Muzeyyen ABUNAZ Bulent AYDEMIR Murat KAVRUK

174 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 A Composite Surface Layer Produced with Semicentrifugal Casting

A composite surface layer of wear plate was manufactured by using centrifugal casting and M7C3 carbide particles as reinforcement. Spherical cast iron was chosen as matrix material. During casting, the machine was operated at 50-500 rpm. The samples were microstructurally characterized by optical microscopy. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to determine chemical compositions of carbides and the microstructure of the composite structure. The carbide reinforcement powders were arranged in the thick composite layer of 300-1600 µm thickness on the sample surfaces by centrifugal casting. The increase of the reinforcement size, amount and revolution of the casting increased the thickness of the composite texture.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

S. Osman YILMAZ Tanju TEKER

160 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 A Mathematical Method for the Consumption Optimization of Cold Rolling Mill Rolls

In this study, the work hardening amount of the work roll surface was determined via nondestructive methods. An experimental work designed to find the parameters effected to work hardening. Furthermore, a mathematical formula generated in terms of that parameters to calculate the work hardening and amount of grinding thickness.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Aykut BASKAYA Levent KABA

128 92
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 A Theoretical Study on the Total Cross Sections of the Natural Iron Isotopes

Nuclear fusion energy, as the world's primary energy source, may be among the strongest sustainable ways to replace fossil fuels. Nuclear fusion is able to supply considerable amounts of energy over millions of years. The high temperature and intensive radiation in a nuclear fusion reactor can cause damage to the structural materials. Thus, the design and structural material selection of fusion reactors are very important. Nuclear materials can be broadly categorized into nuclear fuels and structural materials. Structural materials play vital role in the economics of the nuclear power plant. Iron is obviously one of the most common elements in the structural materials in nuclear technology applications. Iron also is one of the most important materials in experimental accelerator facilities, many evaluations go beyond 20 MeV. Natural iron (natFe) and 56Fe are among the best measured materials. Many measurements exist for the natural element, as well as for the major isotopic constituent Fe-56 (91.8% of natural iron), which is the main element for steel alloys. Steel is a commonly used structural material for many nuclear applications such as reactor pressure vessels that serves as the primary containment for the nuclear fuel. We have considered minor iron isotopes Fe-54 (5.8%), Fe-57 (2.1%), and Fe-58 (0.3%). The cross sections of nuclear reactions induced by nucleons are required for the design calculations in fusion reactors and other related investigations, such as fusion, fission, accelerator-driven applications, dosimetry, and nuclear medical applications. In this study, the total cross sections values for natFe(n,tot) and 54,56-58Fe(n,tot) nuclear reactions were calculated with TALYS code and were later compared with the available experimental cross section data reported in the literature.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Necla Çakmak Rıdvan Baldık

144 148
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSSs): Production and Applications

The aim of this paper is to present the main concepts of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) using in the automobile industry, containing chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties development during production and heat treatment processing. The AHSS microstructures are obtained either appropriate cooling condition after hot rolling or by setting proper temperature cycle in the continuous annealing process of cold rolled sheets. The AHSS family can be divided into three generations. First generation of AHSS contains dual phase (DP), complex-phase (CP), ferritic-bainitic (FB), martensitic (MS), transformationinduced plasticity (TRIP) and hot-formed (HF) steels. Second generation of AHSS mainly includes twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. These 1st and 2nd generation AHSS grades are qualified to meet the performance demands of certain automobile parts. Recently there has been increased research for the development of the “3rd generation” of AHSS. 3rd generation of AHSS includes carbide-free bainitic steels, medium Mn steels and Q&P processed steels. It is aimed with the 3rd generation of AHSS to achieve improved strength-ductility combinations compared to present grades.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Eroğlu

144 498
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 An Application Example for Absorption Cooling System From Waste Heat of Basic Oxygen Furnace

— Nowadays, the demand for energy has increased in parallel with the increasing world population and the necessity to provide diversity in energy supply has emerged. It is of great importance to ensure energy efficiency and to improve waste heat recovery applications in sectors where energy is used intensively in supplying this energy demand and supply diversity. How much more energy if the benefit is reduced to that amount of production costs and emissions, emission caused environmental problems by reducing wastes, imply avoided. In this study, the evaluation of waste heat generated by steel production with basic oxygen furnace by absorption cooling system is investigated. In this study, theoretical analysis and inference method was used. The obtained results showed that the energy thrown into the atmosphere as a waste heat is evaluated with the right methods and it contributed positively to the environment, production costs and yield.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Aytaç AYDIN Mustafa Karagoz Emrah Deniz

122 139
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 An Experimental Study of Taguchi Analysis on Output Parameters in EDM process

Electro-discharge process (EDM) is an important manufacturing technique for the manufacture of the hard and conductive materials. The goal of this work is to investigate the (EDM) processes using low carbon steel The work involves cutting holes by Electro discharge machine using copper electrode and using Taguchi analysis to obtain the best cut-off parameters. The impact of various parameters such as (current, pulsation on time and pulsation off time) are studied on the surface roughness, material removal rate and macro hardness. Nine samples were run by using CNC-EDM machine which used for mild carbon steel by supplied DC current values (10, 30, 50A), pulse on time (100, 150, 200µs) and pulse off time (4, 12, 25µs) uses to cut 3mm thickness of the steel utilizing the copper electrode.The result from this work is useful to be implemented in industry to reduce the time and cost. It is observed that the applied current has the most influence parameters of surface roughness, material removal rate and macro hardness while pulse on time and plus off time have less influence parameter on it. The maximum Ra, MMR and HV which are achieved was (1.813 µm, 23.523 mm3/min, 173.1), respectively. The qualitative assessment reveals that the MRR, Ra, HV were increases as the applied current increases.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Shukry H. Aghdeab Marwa Qasim Ibraheem Nareen Hafidh Obaeed Ali Abdul Munim Alhattab

183 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 An Investigation on the Weldability and Mechanical Tests of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel

In this study, 316L stainless steel with austenitic microstructure and low carbon S235JR quality steel material were welded. The materials were welded by cored wire-MAG welding method. In the welding process, EloxcorS309L quality rutile cored wire is used. In our study; a “Welding Method Specification (PQR)” has been followed and its standard requirements are reported. As a requirement of PQR, tensile and bending tests were carried out according to the standards. Macro images are taken from the weld region to track macro transitions that occur in the weld region. Based on mechanical values, comparisons were made with academic studies.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bünyamin ÇİÇEK

161 155
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Perception In Terms Of Demographic Values: A Sample Of Steel Sector

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be as the fullfilling obligations of the individuals and areas responsible for the internal and external environment while the organizations perform their economic activities. CSR has a long history, it has changed with dynamics of society, religion and culture. This study aims to examine the perception of employees about corporate social responsibility in terms of demographic variables. Data collection method which has been chosen for this study is survey method. The data obtained through research are analyzed by using statistics hardware programme and the data is evaluated by reliability test, frequency analysis, ANOVA test, t test. The results indicate that there are significant differences in employees‟ perception of CSR according to education, occupational position and occupational experience.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Buket Acar

133 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Analysis of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties as a Result of Cooling Process Alternative to Microalloying in Profile Production by Hot Rolling Process

Today, parallel to the rapid development of the industry, mechanical and metallurgical properties of the steel profiles that used as structural elements for constructions need to be improved. The constructions where steel profiles are used scaling up over time, require higher strength values for the materials or larger cross-sectional areas. Larger cross-sectional area has significant disadvantages in terms of product cost due to the weight increase, and the addition of strength-enhancing microalloys has significant disadvantages in terms of raw material cost. In this study, low-carbon and non-microalloyed base quality steel profiles that neither the hard nor the very soft material structure of undesirable were subjected to quenching of the profile surface to a certain depth with the quenching method, and then tempered the cooled surface by the region which was hot in the profile center. The changes in mechanical and metallurgical properties of the materials tested as a result of the process application designed according to the steel profile quality and cross-section. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the mechanical properties of the material increased and this increment was observed by the change in the material microstructure which was caused by the applied process. As a result of the study, it has been determined that more economical solutions can be revealed with the quenching process instead of using microalloying by using rare elements in a working environment where competition is gradually increasing.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akkaş Ezgi SEVGİ Burak ÖNDER Aytaç BAŞSÜLLÜ Osman Çulha

121 85
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Analysis of Turkey's Iron-Steel Industry In The World Trade

Industry sector is a locomotive sector that provides the development of countries. Iron-steel sector is the most important part of the industrial sector. World trade has been developing due to the developments in the iron and steel industry. The demand that is affected and affected by the iron and steel sector increases the importance of the iron and steel sector with every passing day in the world conjuncture. Turkey always wants to have a say in the iron and steel industry. The idea of wanting to meet the Growing demand for the world is that Turkey is more important to the iron and steel industry. In this study, analysis of Turkey's iron and steel industry of world trade is carried out with comparative advantages in the method. As a result of the Analysis, the RCA index in the iron-steel chapters is superior to the RCA index of the iron and steel sector in Turkey's 72 and 73 chapters, in 2 parts of the foreign trade. According to RSCA index, iron and steel sector has competitive power. According to the TDI index, Turkey 72. The net importer in foreign trade in the chapter, 73 is the net exporter in the chapters. Turkey should always increase its investments in this area if it wants to take place in the world trade and continue its continuity in the iron and steel sector. Towards high technological products should feed the chapters in the industry sector sufficiently.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hayrettin KESGİNGÖZ Muharrem YELDAN

137 155
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Applicability of Computer Aided Maintenance Management System at Kardemir Rail & Section Mill

In recent years, the use of Modern Maintenance Management Systems (MOBAYS) has an important place to optimize maintenance costs and increase efficiency in enterprises, factories, hospitals etc. In this study, applicability and usage performance of WEB-based MOBAYS to rail profile rolling plant was investigated. As a short brief; at the end of the usage of the MOBAYS Modern maintenance management system at the rail profile rolling plant; the rate of periodic maintenance %78.26 and the network rate %8.71 increases and in addition to this the unit stoppages %24.06 decreases, were detected.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Semih DOĞAN Hasan GÖKKAYA Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ

178 134
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Assessment of Weldability by Friction Welding Process of AISI1040 and High Chromium White Cast Iron

Friction welding is one of the most economical and highly productive methods in joining similar and dissimilar metals. It is widely used in the automotive and aerospace industrial applications. In the present study, the continuous drive rotary friction welding was conducted on AISI1040 and high chromium white cast iron rods under different rotational speeds (1600, 1700 and 2000 rpm). Microstructural studies were carried out by Optical Microscopy (OM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The microhardness variation across the joint zone was determined. The characteristics such as hardness and microstructural changes showed by friction processed welds were compared to base materials.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tanju TEKER Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT Mustafa ÖZASLAN

134 110
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Automation Controlled Production in Rolling Mill (UDCS)

The Iron&Steel sector is developing day by day. In order to increase the demand for hot rolling steels, there is a need for production potential to supply this demand. For this reason, concepts such as speed, cost reduction, efficiency and quality are gaining importance in production each passing day. As in many sectors, the iron and steel sector has increased the need for advanced technology for production processes and has started the transition to automation systems. Since the systems and facilities previously operated in a manual manner do not allow for standard quality production, mass production is transited to automation systems and worked at high efficiency in production. In this study, the transition studies, parameters, measurement and recording-control phases to the automation system for the full controlled production of the products in Kardemir Haddecilik are examined and the gains of the system are explained.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Didem Kılıç Orhan Akyol Metehan Bacaksız

127 105
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Blast Furnace Top Imaging System

There are 4 Blast Furnaces in Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) and there is no system to display these furnaces during operation. Similar applications around the world were searched and samples of blast furnace imaging systems were examined. Since the types of raw materials and flammable materials used in the furnaces are unique. It has been decided to use the Infrared Camera as a suitable system. In accordance with the operating parameters of the furnace, air and water-cooling hulls were designed and it was investigated how efficient monitoring could be made in the furnace. As a result of the necessary preliminary preparation of water and nitrogen-cooled body is manufactured and assembled. In test applications, contamination was continuously detected on the camera glass, different types of nitrogen blow nozzles were manufactured to prevent contamination and different types of glass were tested. Research, development and manufacturing were carried out together with TMT Company. The benefits of the top imaging system for the Blast Furnace Process are as follows: 1. Providing operators with the opportunity to see the inside of the furnace, contributing to the improvement of the process and also reducing the maintenance costs through real-time monitoring, 2. Examining the temperature distribution diagram, 3. Operators will be able to quickly detect any abnormal condition or equipment failure in the furnace equipments. With this imaging system • Whether the flow of material is regular or irregular, • Whether there is any wear and damage in the rotary gutter, • From which area the furnace works as a result of gas permeability, • Amount of raw material powder, • How open the oven's center is, etc. provides information on issues.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sertaç Kaya Cemil Bayramoğlu Ümit Gebenli

145 110
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Çelik ile Farklı Malzeme Çiftlerinin Laser Kaynağı

Laser ışını, malzemenin yüzeyinden daha derin noktayaa, oluşan buhar kanalı aracılığı ile ulaşır. Malzeme içine çok yoğun bir enerji taşınımı gerçekleştirildiğinden, ısı yanımı için ısıl iletkenliğinin bu aşamadaki rolü ihmal edilecek kadar az olur. Ne var ki; türbülans olayları ile ergiyik banyonun geometrisinin oluşumu ve buna bağlı olarak da elde edilen kaynak dikişinin genişliğine, ısı iletiminin etkisi büyüktür. Kaynaklı birleşmeler, oluşturulmuş ergiyik fazın katılaşması ile elde edilir. Laser ile yüksek kaynak hızlarına ulaşıldığından, katılaşma hızı da görece yüksek olmaktadır, örneğin; çelik için 103-104 K/s katılaşma hızlarına ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle özellikle alaşımsız ve düşük alaşımlı çeliklerin laser kaynağında mikroyapıya ve malzemenin son özelliklerine, soğumanın etkisi büyüktür. Bu çalışmada yapı çeliğinde laser ile kaynak edilebilirlik değerlerinin deneysel sonuçları verilmiş, yapı çeliği/ soğuk iş takım çeliği, sementasyon çeliği/küresel grafitli dökme demir, krom çeliği/sıcağa dayanıklı çelik, yapı çeliği/sert metal ve yapı çeliği/alüminyum çiftlerinin laser kaynak kabiliyetleri hakkında genel değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Karaaslan

135 88
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Çeliklerin Vickers Mikro-Sertlik Değerlerine Uygulanan Yükün Etkisi

Vickers microhardness values depended on the load applied. Therefore, it would be beneficial to establish a relationship between the results of the study made for the same material. This relationship between the microhardness value and the applied load is expressed as the track size effect (ISE), and it is examined with ISE models and curve fitting equations. In this study, AISI 1040 steels are investigated which have been the quenched and different temperatures tempered. Load values selected for experimental studies are total 7 values from 50 gram to 2000 gram. The experimental results were compared with HaysKendall and MPSR models. The results showed that both ISE models were compatible with similar sensitivity with the experimental results. However, a correlation was found between the Hays-Kendall model coefficients and the Vickers hardness values. From this relationship, equations were obtained which may be useful in comparing a hardness value measured using any microhardness load with the results of different microhardness loads.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Erdal Karadeniz

137 229
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Characterization of Earing Behaviour in Tin Plates by EBSD Method

In the packaging industry, double-reduced (DR) tin plate materials are produced by the deep drawing process and are mostly used in the production of twist-off cap. However, one of the most common problems in the deep drawing process is the earing. This problem increases the cost of scrap cutting and therefore decreases the production efficiency. In this study, texture analysis were carried out by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique to clarify formation of earing. The earing test, optic microscope (OM) examination and EBSD technique were performed to material, which has same chemical composition but three different thicknesses (0.14 mm, 0.17 mm and 0.19 mm) in order to characterize the earing behavior. It was determined that the earing value decreased with the increase in thickness. In addition, it was confirmed that the earing were related to <111> // ND fiber intensity, gamma (γ) fiber distribution and grain size.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ramazan UZUN Umran BASKAYA Yasemin KILIC Kemal DAVUT

134 195
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Characterization of Nano Aluminium Oxide Reinforced Iron Composites Produced by Powder Metallurgy

Material scientists have developed a variety of synthesizing approaches and methods for synthesizing new families of materials called advanced or “high-tech” materials that exhibit exceptional and superior chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Metal matrix composites reinforced with nano particles are very promising materials, suitable for a wide range of applications. In this study, nano Al2O3 was reinforced in micro sized iron powders. Al2O3 nano powder was added to iron powder at rates of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt%. The samples were prepared by mechanical alloying, pellet pressing and sintering processes. Grinding and polishing processes were applied on the sample surfaces at various levels for metallographic investigations. The densities of the samples decreased with increasing in additives amount, but it was an important result of reaching 77% ratio of the theoretical density of the measured density in dry pressing. The hardness values increased linear with the increase in the amount of additives. The highest hardness value of 121,33 HV1 was reached with at the rate of 5 wt%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Açıkgöz A Aktaş B Demircan G Amasyalı F Akdemir F

138 99
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Characterization of Oily Sludge From Pipe Production Line

Production lines in factories are producing not only the products but by products and wastes. Steel machining plants are producing steel parts with steel chips and oxidized metal scale. Pipe production lines uses steel strips to produce steel pipes. In pipe producing process, pipes are machined to cut welding bent, welded pipes are shot blasted with steel granulates and oxidized metal scale is broken in shaping processes. All these production steps are producing oily sludge of pipe production lines. Machining operation cooling and greasing oils causes sludge to be oily. This oily sludge is considered to be a hazardous waste and sent to be treated in waste treatment centers. In this study oily sludge is characterized in order to understand characteristics of oily sludge and develop possible recycle technologies.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Samet Ballı Yeşiltepe Yeşiltepe Mustafa Kelami Şeşen

119 108
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Chip Formation in Orthogonal Cutting of Corrax PH Steel

Corrax steel belong to the PH martensitic stainlesssteel family and it’s mechanical specifications and chemical composition are similar with PH 13-8 Mo. PH steels offer to the users high strength and hardness through precipitation hardening. The high specifications and high ductility of this steel make it hard to machine. Especially high ductility causes lamellar and continuous chip formation in machining. This type of chips coils up to the workpiece and cause surface defections on the workpiece surface. This study investigated the different chip formations in orthogonal machining of Corrax Steel. Results shows the high cutting speeds and high feed rates breakes the chips instead of low cutting speeds and low feed rates.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Serdar Güldibi Halil DEMİR

167 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Çinko Kaplanmış Ç 1113 (Otomat) Çeliğinin Sulu Ortamdaki Korozyon Davranışı

In the automobile and steel industry, zinc-based electrogalvanized coatings have an increasing interest as they have excellent resistance to corrosion and mechanical properties. In the literature, however, there is insufficient research into the application of conversion coating to electrolytic zinc-coated steels and corrosion behavior. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of free cutting (Ç-1113) steel in different thickness of electrolytic zinc plating was investigated using electrochemical methods. In these methods, potential ve time change, AC impedance and current – potential curves were taken into account respectively. Corrosion potential (Ecor), corrosion current (icor) and other corrosion parameters were determined from current-potential curves. Steel samples coated in cyanide baths were obtained in thicknesses of 10 µ and 20 µ. Two different processing times were used for this. The basic cyanide zinc coating bath was prepared by adding (1 gram per liter of zinc (Zn (CN)2) zinc cyanide, 85 grams (NaOH) sodium hydroxide, 40 grams (NaCN) sodium cyanide and 5 grams zinc brightener (patent)). After this coating, samples were passivated by immersion solution in % 20 CrO3 +% 3 H2S04 +% 3 HNO3 for 60 seconds. After the current-potential curves of the coated steel samples were taken in aqueous medium, the change in the composition of the surface was investigated by SEM / EDS and XRD analyzes. The corrosion behaviour and corrosion rates of coated steel samples in aqueous medium were determined by three different methods. As a result, it was shown that the corrosion of 20 µ zinc coated steel samples in neutral environment decreased by 91% after the passivation process.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şengül Danışman Mustafa Maşlak

133 209
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Çinko Kaplanmış Yay (SH) Çeliğinin Korozyon Davranışı

Corrosion is an important problem encountered in metals and alloys.One of the effective solutions to protect against atmospheric corrosion is the electrolytic zinc coating. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of free cutting (Ç-1080) steel in different thickness of electrolytic zinc plating was investigated using electrochemical methods. In these methods, potential ve time change, AC impedance and current – potential curves were taken into account respectively. Corrosion potential (Ecor), corrosion current (icor) and other corrosion parameters were determined from current-potential curves. Steel samples coated in cyanide baths were obtained in thicknesses of 10 µ and 20 µ. Two different processing times were used for this. The basic cyanide zinc coating bath was prepared by adding (1 gram per liter of zinc (Zn (CN)2) zinc cyanide, 85 grams (NaOH) sodium hydroxide, 40 grams (NaCN) sodium cyanide and 5 grams zinc brightener (patent)). After this coating, samples were passivated by immersion in solution % 20 CrO3 +% 3 H2S04 +% 3 HNO3 for 60 seconds. After the current-potential curves of the coated steel samples were taken in aqueous medium, the change in the composition of the surface was investigated by SEM / EDS and XRD analyzes. The corrosion behaviour and corrosion rates of coated steel samples in aqueous medium were determined by three different methods. As a result, it was shown that the corrosion of 20 µ zinc coated steel samples in neutral environment decreased by 93% after the passivation process.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şengül Danışman Mustafa Maşlak

136 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Coke Oven End Flue Repair By Using Fused Silica Bricks

During the life of a coke oven many types of damage can appear which affect the productivity of the process and production. To keep coke oven batteries in service for many years, various methods of repair (gunning, ceramic welding etc.) applies in different periods. Erdemir Coke Oven Plant Batteries has repaired via fused silica modular bricks since 2009. Each step of hot repair has been improved in cooperation with repair company. The Fused silica modular brick method using less than 10% of conventional shapes, has enabled rapid push to charge down times. By using zero expansion brick after repair work it doesn’t needed complex heating regime and long heating time. During repair time, less production loss, less manpower needed are biggest advantages of this method. At last repair, before charging of repaired oven, oven sole repair has done first time by using self-leveling material. Self-leveling repair method is rapid, smooth and easy way of the oven sole repair.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bülent ÖZTÜRK Adnan NEHROZOĞLU Murat YAMAN Ozan TURHAN

175 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Comparative Analysis of The Competitiveness of Turkey’s Iron-Steel Industry

The values of the Grubel-Lloyd, Vollrath and CEP indices are important indices used to show the countries' competitiveness levels. Turkey wants to prove and maintain its presence in the iron and steel sector, which has been the locomotive sector of industrialization for years. Turkey's iron and steel industry competitiveness, to a comparative analysis with countries Grubel-Lloyd, Vollrath and CEP indices were calculated for the years 2001-2017. As a result of analysis, Turkey; It operates in-industry trade against the USA. In Addition, it has a comparative advantage in the field of iron and steel and its competitiveness is quite high. The country where we have the highest competitive power and export share is USA, considering the intra-industry trade values. In industrial trade, which is the feature of Industrialised Country, Turkey sells significant amounts of iron-steel out and also buys it from outside. Considering these analyses; In the iron and steel sector, which is a capital-intensive sector, iron-steel sector investments should be encouraged in order to maintain the increase continue in competitiveness observed against the USA and increase its competitiveness. For This, financial arrangements such as the necessary infrastructure investments and tax incentives appear to be a viable policy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hayrettin KESGİNGÖZ Muharrem YELDAN

134 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Comparison of Amplitude Dependent Fatigue Lives of Resistance Spot Welded Dual Phase Steels

Bending fatigue lives of resistance spot welded (RSW) joints using commercial DP600 and DP1000 advanced high strength automotive sheets were compared in this study. Advanced high strength steels, especially DP600 and DP1000 steels which are used in this study, are the most important metal materials in which today's automotive body and attachment parts are produced. The materials used for the manufacture of the vehicle under dynamic conditions need to be identified of their all features are vey important. The literature has mainly focused on axial fatigue. Fatigue lives of base material and resistance spot welded joints obtained from different welding parameters were investigated by using two different high strength dual phase steel. It was seen that as the welding current increased and the electrode pressure increased up to a certain value as in the axial fatigue, the bending fatigue life was increased from the results of this study. Direct proportional relationship was obtained between the weld nugget size and fatigue life. 7 kA-4 bar (DP600) and 7 kA-3 bar (DP1000) welding parameters yielded better fatigue life. DP1000 and DP600 steel sheet samples have similar fatigue life values in low cycle fatigue. It was also seen that DP600 steel had better fatigue life than DP1000 in high cycle fatigue.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Muhammed Elitaş Bilge Demir

147 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Controlling of Pearlite Volume Fraction by Air Cooling From Intercritical Austenitizing Temperatures in GGG70 Ductile Cast Iron

In this study, effect of air cooling from intercritical austenitizing temperatures on microstructure and hardness in GGG70 grade ductile cast irons. For this aim, ductile cast iron specimens air cooled from intercritical austenitizing temperatures at 780°C, 790°C, 800 °C, 810 °C, 820 °C, and 830 °C for 30 minutes. Experimental results showed that, pearlite volume fraction and hardness increased with increasing intercritical austenitizing temperatures. It can be produced ductile cast irons which has different pearlite volume fraction by controlling intercritically austenitizating in same chemical composition GGG70 grade ductile cast iron.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Uğur Söğüt Serdar Uğurlu Volkan Kılıçlı

133 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Corrosion Resistance of Electroless NiP/NiB Duplex Coating

— In present study, the morphology, structure and corrosion properties of electroless NiP/NiB duplex composite coatings on ferrous powder metal (PM) compacts were investigated. Some of the coated samples were heat treated at 400 °C for 1 hour. The morphology, structure and chemical composition of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD and EDX. The corrosion resistance of PM compact and the coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution was assessed by polarization studies. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (icorr) were determined using the Tafel extrapolation method. The NiP/NiB duplex coating results in a significant increase in the corrosion resistance of the PM compacts. However, the applied heat treatment affects corrosion resistance of the coatings negatively.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ulaş MATİK

155 108
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 CrMnFeCoNiAl Yüksek Entropili Alaşımın Vakum Arc Melting Yöntemi ile Üretimi

-In this study, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Al elements using vacuum arc Melting production method with high entropy (CrMnFeCoNiAl) alloy (YEA) was produced. Valence Electron Concentration (VEC Value) of the high entropy alloy produced was calculated as 7.67. The dendritic and interdentritic structures of high entropy alloy microstructures were observed. In the SEM mapping studies, it was observed that the distribution of the elements was homogeneous. The hardness value was measured as 46.95 HRA. The results are discussed by comparing.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yusuf Karaca Cemal ÇARBOĞA Bülent KURT

167 341
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Design and Manufacturing of a Cost-effective Inhouse Charpy Impact Tester Implemented with Arduino

The Charpy impact test is a well-known material testing method used to determine the amount of the energy absorbed by the material during fracture and to investigate the material behavior at high strain-rate during impact. Nowadays, it is widely used in many industries to determine appropriate material and design in engineering applications such as pressure vessels, bolts, and bridges. Although it consists of straightforward components, in order to obtain accurate results, it is crucial to perform the tests under standardized conditions and a user-friendly environment. Thus, the aim of this work is to design and manufacture a cost-effective, user-friendly, in-house Charpy impact tester using Arduino. A Charpy tester with a maximum capacity of 48 J was designed in a CAD environment and its each component were manufactured and assembled into a solid body. In addition, to prevent plastic deformation during the fracture, the hammer was heat-treated. For a user-friendly control panel, a LCD screen was mounted to display all experimental data including the impact energy for each sample. The data acquisition was realised using an Arduino UNO microcontroller board equipped with a SD card module. The system enables the saving of measurement sets in separate .csv files (comma separated files), an open and widely accessible format. The system can be used in two different modes: display only mode (when no SD card inserted) or display and save mode (when an SD card is detected). Another advantage of the system is the possibility to simulate the integration of the different modules thanks to the Arduino platform. The calibration of the device was realized according to international standards. The obtained Charpy impact tester, thus can be used confidently for future planned investigations and the described procedure can be implemented for different material testing equipment to achieve cost-effective and user-friendly designs.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Necati Uçak Görkem Ünlü Mustafa Yediparmak Serife Akkoyun Anıl Kurt Mehmet O. Şahin Ömer T. Dolanbay Adem Çiçek

148 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Design and Manufacturing of Bending Rotating Fatig Test Device of Small Section Solid Round Wires

This study includes device design and design for determining the performance of rigid round thin wires under a bending rotating fatig load over a given lifetime. Small diameter wires are thin wires with a diameter equal to or greater than 1.60 mm (0.63 inch). Bending rotating fatig tester ensures that the wire is rotated at constant speed and subjected to constant amplitude bending deformation. For this purpose, the wire retaining pliers are parallel to each other and the wire between the pliers is 180° paralel. After the speed is entered to the driver, the AC motor power is started by means of the belt-pulley and then transferred to the gears with the help of the cardan shaft. The number of cycles is transmitted to the counter by the encoder and recorded. The number of cycles can be generated in response to the bending deformation applied. The test device was reproducible and healthy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Emre Demirci Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yavuz Sun Yunus Türen Hüseyin Koymatcık

158 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Detection of Defects of Rolling Rolls by Deep Learning Method

By rolling the materials between two rollers with a cylindrical shape rotating around their axes, the forming process is called rolling.Rolling systems in the rolling mill sizes are much higher than the weight of the produced part.The rollers are subject to sudden cooling and wetting conditions in hot environment during operation.In such cases, the life of the rollers should monitor and the roller must be re-heat treated without any errors.In our study, it was aim to remove the microstructure map of the roller by taking image replica with non-destructive examination method on the roller.With this process, an instant check will make without disassembling and damaging the roller.The images obtained by the replica method will be determined using the Deep Learning method in computer systems.The images will be compare to the actual images by this modelling and the crack tendency will be estimate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Selim Özdem İlhami Muharrem ORAK Bünyamin ÇİÇEK

130 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Determination and Modelling of the Most Suitable Parameters That Effect Springback in U-Bending Operations

The use of advanced high strength steels in industrial applications has been gradually increasing. In bending operations, it is extremely important to obtain parts at accurate dimensions. Depending on the properties of the material and operation used, bending process results with springback. In this study, the effects of punch radius, sheet material thickness, and material type on springback in U-bending operations were investigated. Springback values of the materials were determined by analyzes using Deform software. DP600, DP1000 and JAC270 sheet materials were used for bending analyzes. In addition, the effects of bending parameters on springback were identified using the Taguchi method. Studies have been carried out based on the Taguchi L27 vertical index. The effects of bending parameters on springback were evaluated by using variance analysis (ANOVA) and the main effect graph with the 95% reliability. Finally, a regression analysis was performed to estimate springback values and a model was created.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Selin Yıldırım Hakan Gürün Hakan Dilipak

138 98
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Determination of Life of Steel Pipes Used in Thermal Power Plants

—In the aim of this study; the determination of life in steel materials used in different temperature conditions in thermal power plants has been conducted. In these systems, basic steels with low C levels are use at low temperatures and Cr-Mo added special series steels are use at high temperatures. In cases where the creep resistance is of great importance, the choice of material according to the level of creep resistance comes to the fore. In the industry, non-destructive testing methods have been develop in order to conduct investigations in the actively working systems. There are many volumetric and superficial tests in welded joints. In the non-destructive tests carried out on the material, with replica microstructure copying and mobile measurements come to the fore. In this study, the determination of life of ASTM SA192 quality steel materials, which a reactive at low temperatures, has been studied. Replica microstructure was replicate through a working system and the images were compare according to the first material. Because of this comparison, changes in material microstructure were determined as grain growth. Hardness and thickness values obtained by mobile devices were also exam according to the first material. As a result, 338C temperature and 39 bar internal pressure in the working material, because of 140000 hours, a 17% reduction in thickness and hardness (HB) was seen a decrease of 21%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bünyamin ÇİÇEK Yavuz Sun Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen

164 152
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Determination of Mechanical Properties of CO2 Laser Welded Dual Phase Steels

The modern automotive industry is increasingly reducing the weight of vehicles by applying new technologies to materials processing and lightweight materials, thus reducing the fuel consumption. Advanced High-Strength Steels are good potential for this purpose. In this context, Dual Phase steels of grade 600 and 800 were investigated in this study. A tailor-welded blank was produced by CO2 welding of DP600 and DP800 steels in 1,8 mm and 1,5 mm thickness, respectively. The effects of laser power and welding speed on mechanical properties of tailorwelded blanks were examined. It was found that laser power of 3 kW and welding speed of 4 m/s are the best combinations in terms of yield and tensile strength, strain hardening exponent and strength coefficients of the laser welded blanks.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ekrem Öztürk Hüseyin Arıkan Serkan Toros Mehmet Kayrıcı

147 244
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Development of Reference Material for Tensile Test Method in Metallic Materials

Reference materials (RMs) are one of the basic materials used by the laboratories to prove the reliability of their test results. In this research, preliminary studies have been carried out to develop reference materials (RMs) according to ISO 6892-1 tensile testing standard. For this purpose, EN 10130:2006 quality 1 mm thin sheet steel was prepared as appropriate to standard. Homogeneity tests and inter-laboratory comparison tests were performed. Results of these tests and reproducibility criteria that specified in ISO 6892-1 were evaluated to understand the qualification of the produced RMs. It was considered that samples can be accepted as RMs with the application to IAF member organizations.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Betul ERCAN Alper Incesu Engin ÇEVİK Yasin Akgül

177 197
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Difficulties in The KIC Analysis of Materials With High Fracture Toughness

One of The main purpose of fracture mechanics is materials selection compatible with the fracture toughness. The higher stress at crack tip and lower zone of fracture area provides less dimensions and crack length of specimens. According to ASTM E 399, evaluated KIC, measured plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) related to parallel direction of crack propagation which is lower than cross sectional area, occurrence of pre-crack, selection of COD gauge, type of cracks, and drawbacks during the measurements are clarified.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem

152 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Distribution of Products in Isdemir According to the Usage Areas and Customer Expectations

Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) is an integrated iron and steel facility, which produces both long and flat products from production of iron ore. Wire rod, billet, coil with mill edge, slitted or trimmed coil and cut length plate can be stated Isdemir’s product mix. Each of these products have different usage areas and customer expectations. ISDEMIR has a wide range of application areas with the hot rolled flat products or long products, which are expressed as wire rods-billets in order to respond to the customers', who operated in the industrial area and have different demands and expectations, requests. Some of the usage areas in long products are carbon steels for thin wire drawing, carbon steels for wire drawing, high carbon steels, steels for mesh quality steel production, micro alloyed and non-alloyed high strength carbon steels for wire-spring-rope production, steels for electrode and welding wire production, steels for bolt production, carbon steels for nail, angle iron and profile production, steels for ship profile production, structure steels for angle iron and profile production and sulphur alloyed high carbon steels etc. Micro-alloy high-strength steel grades with excellent results in high-strength applications for flat products are used in the production of wheel rim and chassis parts, which requires high strength and superior formability in the basic input of automotive. Boiler steels suitable for use under high temperature and pressure are used in the production of boiler and pressure vessels. Due to high formability, excellent weldability and toughness properties, tube steels are used production of LPG tubes, which are exposed to high temperature and pressure. Medium and high strength shipbuilding steels, which provide superior weldability and desired toughness values, are used in shipbuilding (ship parts, keel etc.). General structural steels, which can be welded by conventional methods, provided ductility and toughness optimization with guaranteed their mechanical properties, are mainly used in manufacturing of construction and construction equipment, general construction plates, road and railway vehicles, storage tanks and containers.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Muhammet Bilen Nalan Gül Uğur

120 114
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect Of Alloying Elements On The Wear Properties Of Cryogenically Treated Medium Carbon Spring Steels

The cryogenic process is a complementary process that has been used for the development of mechanical and physical properties for a variety of materials. It has been accepted commercially as an effective procedure for achieving complete martensitic transformation in alloyed steel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic process (- 196°C) on the wear properties of spring steels with different alloying elements. For this purpose, conventional heat treatment (CHT) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) procedures were applied to spring steels which alloyed with different elements in order to reveal the effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment. Consequently, by examining the hardness and wear resistance of the cryogenic-treated steels, it is aimed to reveal the effect of alloying elements on the cryogenic processing of steels.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Reşat Can ÖZDEN Mustafa ANIK

143 98
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Different Welding Parameters on Weld Bead Geometry and Mechanical Properties of Synergic Controlled MIG/MAG Welding

In today's industry, synergistic controlled MIG/MAG welding machines are widely used. These machines are used in automotive, construction, white goods, almost all sectors. In order to increase efficiency in production and the desired quality standards, it is great importance to increase the speed, penetration and quality of the welded seam especially during welded production. In order to achieve high wire feed rate, metal transfer in high amperes is required. This situation creates a restrictive factor for certain materials below certain thicknesses, as this leads to high heat input. To understand the metal transfer methods and to determine which parameters provide optimum mechanical properties are important in synergistic controlled welding machines. The comparison of the geometry and mechanical properties of the weld beads obtained by changing in the parameters of synergistic controlled MIG/MAG welding machines is the subject of this study. The samples which were welded using constant welding speeds and voltage values were investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yavuz Selim Ceran Mustafa ACARER Necati Ataberk

148 115
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Isothermal Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High Carbon Steel

In this study, isothermal annealing was performed to C70 quality steel sheet in a salt bath at 250 °C and 350 °C for 10 s, 1 min, 10 min, and 60 min after austenitizing performed at 850 °C for 150 s and the samples were then tempered at 415 °C for 150 s. Effect of these heat treatments on microstructure, hardness and bending properties was then investigated. Results showed that the initial ferrite and pearlite microstructure generally transformed into martensite. Tempered martensitic microstructure was obtained after tempering heat treatment. Hardness of the samples has a decreasing tendency with increasing annealing times at a given annealing temperature. Tempering heat treatment decreases the hardness values obtained after isothermal annealing, as expected. However, hardness values after tempering did not exhibit a significant variation with respect to isothermal annealing time. As compared to original sample, the application of tempering after isothermal annealing increases bending strength, and bending strain also increases getting closer to values exhibited by the original sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Serdar Kuzkaya Yakup Yurekturk Faiz Muhaffel Murat Baydogan

148 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Laser Surface Hardening on the Microstructure and Hardness of AISI 8620 Steel

In this study, laser surface hardening process was applied to the 8620 steel which is used in the parts, for the machines and automobiles, gear wheels, pins and shaft enamel. Laser power and laser feed rate were determined as laser surface hardening parameters. It has been studied between 1050 and 1400 W as laser power. 4 and 6 mm velocities were preferred as the feed rate. The hardness of the samples was measured under 500 g (HV0,5) load for 15 seconds. Nikon brand optical microscope is used for microstructure studies. According to the hardness results, the hardness of hardness of 8620 steel was obtained with 1400 W laser force and 6 mm feed speed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Mehmet Akif Erden İsmet Faruk AYDIN

182 238
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Nitriding on Surface Characteristics and High Temperature Wear Behaviour of Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloy was nitrided for 10 h in a fluidized bed reactor containing Al2O3 particles as the carrier of the ammonia + nitrogen gas mixture in between 375 and 450°C. The structural characteristics of the nitride layers and the effect of nitriding on high temperature wear properties of Inconel 718 superalloy were investigated. A significant increment in surface hardness (from 495 to 1735 HV) was achieved after nitriding treatment carried out at 400 °C. The applied nitriding treatment led to formation of a nitrogen enriched surface layer exhibiting superior wear resistance at 600 °C when compared to untreated state of the Inconel 718 superalloy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tuncay Turan Hasan Guleryuz Huseyin Cimenoglu

130 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Pulse Frequency on Mechanical Properties of Nd:YAG Laser Welded Dissimilar DP Steels

In this study, the DP600 and DP1000 steel sheets were joined with the pulsed Nd: YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Y3Al5O12)) laser welding and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated. Performing dissimilar weld of DP steel sheets is an inevitable demand in the modern automotive industry. In the laser welding process the selection of the welding parameters affects the final properties of the welds substantially. So, the main objective of this study was determining the influence of pulse frequency on the mechanical properties of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded DP600-DP1000 steel sheet joints. So, dissimilar (DP600-DP1000) steel sheets were welded in the flat position with the butt joint. In order to evaluate the welding performance, macrostructural studies and mechanical tests were performed and experiments carried out in this context including optical microscope examinations, tensile tests and Vickers microhardness measurements.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oguz Tuncel Hakan Aydin Sukriye Cetin

142 84
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) on Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Performance of Iron Matrix Composite

This study aims to investigate the effect of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on microstructure, hardness and electrochemical corrosion performance of pure iron. The microstructure investigations were carried by optical and SEM microscopes. The electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted by potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results showed that rGO-reinforced sample showed slightly higher hardness value. On the other hand, the corrosion performance of pure iron was significantly improved by the addition of rGO due to the reduced reduction kinetics.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hüseyin Zengin MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN

157 226
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Section Thickness on Austemperability of GGG-70 Nodular Cast Iron Crankshafts

In the present study, the effect of section thickness on the austemperability of Cu alloyed GGG-70 (EN-GJS-700-3) nodular cast iron automotive crankshafts have been investigated. Crankshafts were austenized at 950 °C for 2 h and austempered at 350 for 90 and 120 min. Optical microcope equipped with image analyse software was used to perform microstructural investigation and hardness tests were done to determine mechanical properties. It was shown that section thickness had important influence on austemperability. In the thin sections, ausferrite microstructure has been observed, whereas, in the thick sections, pearlite was formed to due to insufficient cooling rate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Keleş Gönül Coşkun Mehmet Yıldırım

156 332
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of SiC Amount on the Hardness Properties of Fe Matrix SiC Reinforced Composites

In this study, Fe-based composites containing 1, 2 and 4% (by weight) SiC were produced by conventional powder metallurgy method. The powders were weighed in the sensitive balance and pressed under pressure of 750 MPa after 1 hour of blending. After pressing, the composite materials were sintered at 1100 °C for 1 hour. With the increasing the amount of SiC, the decrease in density amounts, the increase hardness and porosity values were determined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Hasan Karabulut

160 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Ta Addition on Microstructure and Hardness of Low Alloy Cr-W Steels

In this study, low alloy Cr-W steels containing 3% and 5% Cr and 3% W as main alloying element were produced via casting in ceramic mold and then hot rolled. Steels were produced both without Ta and with 0.1% by weight Ta. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of addition of Ta as alloying element to the microstructure and hardness of low alloy Cr-W steels. Before microstructure characterization and hardness test all samples were heat treated. Heat treatments were performed as (annealing, air quenching) and (annealing, air quenching and tempering). Annealing were performed at 1100 ℃ for 1 hour and tempering were performed at 710 ℃ for 2 hours. Microstructures were analyzed by optical microscope and the Brinell hardness test was used to determine the hardness of steels. 3 Cr steel has a microstructure of ferrite and bainite. 3 Cr steels containing 0.1% Ta has a microstructure of ferrite and bainite, too. But Ta-containing 3 Cr steel has less ferrite than Tafree 3 Cr steel. 5 Cr steel has a microstructure of bainite and martensite. 5 Cr steels containing 0.1% Ta has a microstructure of bainite and martensite, too. But Ta-containing 5 Cr steel has less bainite than Ta-free 5 Cr steel. 5 Cr steels which annealed and air quenched have highest hardness and 5 Cr steel which annealed, air quenched and tempered has lowest hardness.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gökhan Arıcı Mesut Uyaner Mustafa ACARER

157 166
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Termite Welding Process on Residual Stress, and Wear Behaviour of R260 Quality Rail

-In this study, termite welding process was applied to R260 quality railway rails. Residual stress of original and termite welded rails was measured according to the DIN EN 13674-1 standard. Strain gauges were attached in the middle of the rail foot (also welded part of rail). Cutting was performed than strain values were obtained. Wear test was also performed under 50N. Results show that, residual stress was increased after the welding process and wear rate value was lower than original rails in head part of termite welded rail.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ M. Emre TURAN Mustafa DURSUNLAR

155 166
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Ti-B Addition In GX300CrMo27 and Heat Treatment on Wear Behavior of GX300CrMo27

GX300CrMo27 samples which were reinforced by Ti-B as 1-2.5 wt% have been produced. The first three samples for each samples were heat treated at 1000 oC. The specimens’ heat treatment time have been changing between 1, 3 and 6 h. The last sample was not heat treated for comparison. The abrasive wear tests which have loads of 10, 20 and 30 N was performed to the samples to determine the abrasive wear characteristic. In addition, SEM images of all samples were taken to examine the effect of reinforcement and heat treatment on the carbide morphology

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

SERDAR OSMAN YILMAZ Nurdoğan AKSOY Alper KARAKOCA

138 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Ultrafine-Grained Formation on Tribological Properties of Low Carbon Shipbuilding Steel

Low carbon steels have been used in a wide range of shipbuilding applications due to their low cost, high workability and good weldability. However, they have relatively low hardness which lead to low wear resistance. As well known, wear of engineering materials is an important phenomena and needs to be improved by any means. It is also well known that harder materials provide relatively high wear resistance and low friction coefficient. There are various ways to enhance the hardness of steels. Grain refinement by sever plastic deformation (SPD) is one of them. Among SPD methods, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most commonly used one due to its capacity for achieving bulk fine-grained (FG) materials. According to the available literature, no study has been performed on tribological properties of FG low carbon shipbuilding steels via ECAP. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to enhance the wear resistance of a low carbon ship building steel (ASTM 131A) by formation of FG via ECAP. The tribological behavior of the steel before and after ECAP was investigated by a reciprocating-type tribometer (UTS Tribometer T30M-HT). According to the experimental results, FG formation by ECAP resulted in a considerable increase in hardness from 130 Hv0.5 to about 283 Hv0.5. FG formation affected the wear resistance of the steel. After ECAP, the wear rate of the steel samples slightly decreased due to the improved hardness values.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Dursun Murat Sekban

160 114
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effect of Welding Current on Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Steels Joined Triple by Electrical Resistance Spot Welding

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of welding current on tensile shear load, elongation, nugget diameter and indentation in triple welded FEP05 and FE 600 DP steel sheets by electrical resistance spot welding. In the triple welding process, FE 600 DP sheet was in the middle and FEP05 sheets were on the edges. Electric resistance spot welding operations were carried out successfully. When the welding current values were increased from 7 kA to 10 kA, the tensile shear load increased while the overall elongation decreased. With the increase of the welding current, the percentage of indentation showed an increase close to the linear. The nugget diameter increased with the welding current up to 9 kA, but the welding current decreased over 9 kA.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oguz Tuncel Hakan Aydin Levent Selova

118 221
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effects of Antioxidant Addition on the Materials Properties of Magnezya Carbon Bricks

Reactions between refractory-slag and refractory-liquid steel adversely affect the chemical and mechanical stability of refractories. Therefore, the development of slag corrosion and wear resistance, chemical stability and mechanical properties of refractories are important for the enterprises. In this study, the effects of metal antioxidants on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of MgO-C bricks were investigated. Al, Mg and Al + Mg (1:1 ratio) metal antioxidants were added in 1-2-3 wt.% to MgO-C refractories containing different amounts of C (8 and 12 wt.%). Slags obtained from Kardemir A.ġ. was placed inside the refractory crucibles produced from MgO-C. Refractory crucibles containing slag were gradually heated up to 1555 ˚C and refractory-slag corrosion tests were carried out by holding for 2 hours and then cooling in the furnace. Also, carbon oxidation index, porosity, cold compressive strength and density of the refractories were determined. Increasing the amount of antioxidants in refractory materials have positive effects on the porosity and oxidation index. According to the results, the lowest porosity and oxidation index were observed at the refractory material containing 12 %C and 3 %Mg. However, the best cold compression strength and mass loss values were observed at the refractory material with 8 %C that contains Al+Mg antioxidants. According to the density measurements, the refractory material with 8 % C and 3 % Mg antioxidant have the highest density. The addition of antioxidants positively influenced the porosity, density, cold compression strength and oxidation resistance of refractory materials. Among the antioxidants, Mg antioxidant was found to be more effective.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

S. ZENCİ A. GÜNGÖR

137 101
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effects of Blast Furnace Sludge (BFS) and Tar Decanter Sludge (TDS) on Coal Coking Process

Integrated iron and steel industries have many plants that generate more than one industrial waste, especially in the iron production unit. Whereas some of these industrial wastes are used in the iron-making process, some of them are stored in open areas. Blast Furnace Sludge (BFS) and Tar Decanter Sludge (TDS) are good examples as a waste material which are stored in the open areas. These materials cannot be used in iron and steel production due to some restrictive reasons. Within the scope of the evaluation of these two wastes at the same time, a serial of tests was carried out in the Moving Wall Coking Test Oven at Erdemir and Isdemir Coal and Coke Laboratories. In these tests, single seam coking coals (low, medium and high volatile) were milled to be 85% below 3, 15 mm and the BFS was fixed at 0.5% and the TDS was added in certain percentages. The results obtained from the coke produced in the Moving Wall Coking Test Oven were interpreted by considering Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR), Coke Reactivity Index (CRI), stability and hardness values.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Kenan Akgün Tayfun Pamuksuz Barış Avar Ferhat Parlak Can Erarslan Safi Ahmet Çal

132 197
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effects of Boron Addition on Microstructure and Tribocorrosion Behavior of 4140 Steel

In this study, up to 38ppm of boron was added to 4140 steel and the effects of this addition on microstructure and tribocorrosion were investigated. Tribocorrosion behavior was investigated in a 3.5% NaCl solution with a pin on disc method. As a result of the studies, it was found that the hardness and tribocorrosion behavior increased with the addition of boron but these values decreased with the increase in boron amount after 17ppm.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tayfun AKSOY Engin ÇEVİK Hüseyin DEMIRTAS Yavuz Sun Cemal ÇARBOĞA

165 162
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Effects of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on The Mechanical Properties of 52CrMoV4 Steel

The cryogenic process, which triggers the hardening mechanisms, such as the transformation of the retained austenite to martensite and the precipitation of secondary carbides, is generally used in the development of wear properties. A number of publications available in the literature reported that as well as improving the wear properties, various mechanical properties can also be improved by cryogenic processing. In this experimental study, the effects of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 52CrMoV4 medium carbon spring steel were investigated. For this purpose, conventional heat treatment (CHT) and deep (-196°C) cryogenic treatment (DCT) procedures were applied. Hardness, tensile and impact toughness tests were performed for determination of mechanical properties. The cryogenic process brings about a more homogeneous and finegrained structure in the matrix, and mechanical properties can be improved without loss of toughness. As a result, by evaluating the performed tests, it is aimed to determine the usability of the cryogenic process in improving the mechanical properties of medium carbon spring steels.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Reşat Can ÖZDEN Mustafa ANIK

142 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Solution Treated UNS32205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Duplex stainless steels have equal amount of ferrite and austenite phases. Ferrite and austenite phase balance have been provided with solution treatment process. Solution treatment is applied between 1000 ˚C - 1200 ˚C and phase balance occurs due to applied solution treatment temperature and time. Microstructure properties such as ferrite and austenite phase proportions, ferrite grain size and grain boundary affect directly the corrosion behavior of the duplex stainless steels after the solution treatment. In this study, UNS32205 was solution treated between at 1100 ˚C and 1150 ˚C for 2 hours and 8 hours. Microstructure properties of the solution treated samples were characterized by light optical microscopy and image analysis. Moreover, electrochemical corrosion behavior of the samples was determined in 3.5% wt. NaCl solution.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alptekin Kısasöz Ahmet Karaaslan

132 142
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Energy Efficiency Study for Industrial Steel Works and Iron Rolling Mills

Accelerated rising for energy needs, energy cost,our dependency on foreign energy sources and also competition conditions as well as in the world also makes it obligatory for the efficient use of existing energy resources in Turkey, therefore the energy saving work stands out in the industry. Iron and Steel Industry is one of the most energy consuming sectors in the world. Energy intensive use of iron and steel sector, its share in total energy consumption in Turkey, 7.5% and the share of industrial consumption is around 22.9%. In iron industry areas where energy consumption is very high, coke plants, blast furnace, coke, electric arc furnaces, annealing furnace, energy plants that supply the furnace, and cooling water and dust holding facilities are carried out to reduce energy expenditures. In the Iron and Steel sector, the share of energy input costs is second after raw material and has a high amount of 15-25%. The share of energy use in production costs is sufficient to show how energy has a priority in the iron and steel industry. Energy management and saving in rolling mills holds an important place in Iron and Steel Industry. In this study, the effect of energy efficiency and efficiency in iron and steel industry has been investigated by making an industrial energy study. In many industries and Iron-Steel sectors keep hold in sector and the effort for keeping the position at enough level with production capacity at competition race, efforts for achieving standards and besides high quality, low cost strategies because of variable energy prices and high energy costs entailed energy saving. Energy saving is an important way to increase predictable winnings and decreases dependence on costs and energy supply.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yaşar YETİŞKEN İsmail EKMEKCİ Nevzat ŞADOĞLU

133 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Estimation of Sulfur Content of Pig Iron via Basicity Elements in Blast Furnace Slag

Blast furnace is a kind of vertical fusion furnace producing pig iron using raw materials; fine or lumped iron ore/pellet/coke/flux materials, has a variable capacity and the height of between 30 m and 90 m. Basicity of the BF slag is calculated according the formula of (CaO+MgO)/(Al2O3 +SiO2). In the furnace, iron ores and pellets are used to produce liquid pig iron, limestone and dolomite are used to obtain slag with a desirable basicity level and coal or coke are used to get heat and supply an atmosphere to reduce iron ore oxides to metallic phase. Blast furnace is running according to the counter current principle in which charging materials (iron ore, pellet, coke, limestone etc) charged from top to bottom and blowing hetaed air and reducing gas flow from bottom to top in the furnace. Producing hot metal in blast furnace has two goals; the former is producing pig iron and the latter is producing metallic iron that will be processed and become a value added product in different steel production lines (steel workshop, continous casting and hot/cold rolling) One of the basic parameter screened in the process is sulphur emmision by the care of environmental consideration. For that scope, the sulphur content in Raw Materials, in BF Slag and in Pig Iron shall be known exactly to maintain sulphur emmision to atmosphere within a specified limit. Besides, sulphur content in pig iron is important for down stream processes for steel production. Since sulphur is one of the main elements affects the mechanical properties of steel, it should be under control. In this work, adjusting the basicity of the BF slag using limestone, dolomite or quartz, estimation of sulphur in the pig iron has been studied. Data used in the study is driven from the production of BF-1 and BF-2. Composed models for both furnaces gives the correlation of data around 70 % in consistency. That means, it is possible to estimate of desired pig iron sulphur content before production via adjusting the propotion of fluxing agents.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Orhan ORUÇ Hulya KAHYA Caner KORKMAZ

126 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Evaluation of High Strength Steel Fatigue

Reviewed the possibility of high strength construction steel fatigue evaluation based on analysis of dislocation steel martensite structure tempering after quenching in water and tempering at 650 0С (1 hour). The degree of influence of the dislocation mechanism of destruction depending on the number of test cycles, expressed in terms of the sensitivity of cyclic stress to the fractal dimension of dislocations, is established. Experimentally established, that sensitivity of dislocation to fractal dimension is decreases with increasing number of test cycles, leading to an increase in the number of dislocations to a critical value after which the sample is destroyed. A model of predicting steel fatigue indices 14Х2ГМР was obtained, which allows the use of the fractal approach in assessing the fatigue of high-strength steels with a higher dislocation density.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

V. I. Bolshakov V. M. Volchuk O. F. Parhomenko

137 110
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Evaluation of Proficiency Test Results of Tensile Testing for Metallic Material

Testing laboratories need to verify their test procedures and testing capability for reliable results. In this study, equivalent samples are prepared by steel rod material. Randomly selected test samples having specified dimensions are sent to the participant laboratories. Then, they are tested and results are analyzed according to previously defined parameters. Each laboratory applied tensile test on the samples according to procedures given in ISO 6892-1 standard. Test results are evaluated according to same procedures explained in related standards by the participant laboratories. TUBITAK UME Force Laboratory being the pilot laboratory collected to the all evaluated results including associated measurement uncertainties. Then the collected results evaluated according to ISO 17043:2010 are reported by each laboratory as a part of the proficiency test report. Z scores of the participant laboratories are presented.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemal VATAN Bulent AYDEMIR Ufuk KURU Haldun DİZDAR

170 134
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Evaluation of Residual Stress Formation for ST37 Steels After Hot Rolling Process

Resiudal stress has a vital importance for evaluation of mechanical properties of steel products. It can be formed during cooling stage and hot rolling processes which are indispensable for iron&steel industry. In this study, heat treatment was applied to st 37 steel, which is widely used for construction applications, at 1100 ℃. Then, st 37 was hot rolled with using 14 pass at 1000 ℃. Microstructure of samples were characterized before and after rolling process using Optical Microscope. Residual stress was measured by cutting method. Also, hardness values of samples were compared.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Neslihan Akgül Yasin Akgül Muhammet Emre Turan

167 153
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Evaluation of the Cost and Profitability Performance by Topsis Method: A Case of Iron Steel Company

Under the conditions of global competition, to sustain economic activities, enterprises must choose the most appropriate alternative option in any decision. Multi-Criteria DecisionMaking Methods can be used to express the decisions to be taken with reliable and objective values on behalf of the enterprises. The aim of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of a company traded on the Borsa Istanbul Metal Main Index by using TOPSIS method which is one of the Multi-Criteria DecisionMaking methods. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the most successful year was 2008 and 2015 was the least successful year. In addition, it was observed that the success ranking in the analysis using cost and profitability ratios did not show a linear improvement over the years.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Murat YILDIRIM Ömer Karakaya

132 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Different Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness Values in Laser Cutting Processes of AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Laser cutting is a technology that has added innovation to the industry with its precise and fast processing capabilities. The parameters used in laser cutting processes have effects on material cutting quality and thickness. In this study, AISI 304 stainless steel sheet metals were cut in different focus, nozzle, cutting speed, sheet thickness and gas pressures, and their effects on surface roughness and cutting thickness were investigated. According to the results, changes in the surface roughness values were obtained by changing the parameters. It was observed that the increased cutting speed improved the surface roughness, but the thick materials could not be cut at high speeds.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Serdar Güldibi Halil DEMİR Hasan Basri UlaĢ

137 145
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Experimental Studies on the Microstructure and Hardness of Laser Surface Hardening of Low Alloy Steel

In this study, laser surface hardening process was applied to the low carbon steel which is used in the parts, for the machines and automobiles, gear wheels, pins and shaft enamel. Laser power and laser feed rate were determined as laser surface hardening parameters. It has been studied between 1050 and 1300 W as laser power. 4 and 6 mm velocities were preferred as the feed rate. The hardness of the samples was measured under 500 g (HV0,5) load for 15 seconds. Nikon brand optical microscope is used for microstructure studies. As a result of the hardening, the expected hardness on the surface could not be obtained due to the low carbon content. Due to the effect of the laser, carbon is deposited on certain areas and formed non-uniform regions. As a result, it was found that it was difficult to achieve the desired effect from laser hardening process without carburizing the low carbon steels.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Mehmet Akif Erden

145 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Extracting REE (Rare Earth Elements) from the ferric fraction of processed WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment)

The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of chemically similar elements consisting of scandium, yttrium and the lanthanides. They are essential to most new and “green” technologies, but their production is anything but green. Today, China produces more of these elements than the rest of the world together, and dominates the market. Demand is rapidly exceeding supply, yet only about 1% of rare earths are recycled. Because the main use for rare earths is in electrical applications, efficient recycling of electrical waste will soon be vital to the continued use of these elements. Rare earths occur naturally as oxides, and good methods have been established for their extraction. During the recycling shredding process of WEEE. Scrap is broken into very small pieces or even turning to dust and REE will stick largely to ferrous fractions due to the magnetic nature. These ferrous fractions are generally sold to steel recyclers, where they are melted in electric arc furnace (EAF) treatment and the rare earth elements will be lost due to dilution. This paper presents the separation of rare earth elements and the base metals which contains Co, Cu, Mn etc in Fe, using pyrometallurgical methods.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mertol Gökelma Gabriella Tranell

143 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 FCG Analysis According to ASTM E647 and BS ISO 12108

Crack occurrence and its effect on materials are one of the crucial problems in defence, aircraft and railway industry. Related to the phenomena, the evaluation of the methods and analysis on the materials selection gains inmportance. In this study, ASTM E647 and BS ISO 12108 standards are investigated used in the calculation of FCGR ( fatigue crack growth rate).

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem

157 124
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Finite Element Modelling of Cutting Forces in Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Steel

AISI 52100 steel is considerably attracted in making bearings and shafts due to its greater strength and better corrosion immunity. However, high power consumption is encountered in machining operations due to their hard machinability. The consumption should be eliminated for cleaner production in terms of sustainable machining. Therefore, this study aims modelling of cutting forces in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel based on finite element method. The cutting parameters are chosen as cutting speed and depth of cut with three levels and constant feed rate. The average of 6.6% difference is achieved between experimental and simulated feed forces while 7.5% difference for main cutting forces. The finite element modelling of cutting forces is quite compatible with the experimental results and it can be performed by high accuracy without excessive machining experiments of difficult-to-cut materials.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ

146 134
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Friction Welding of High Chromium White Cast Iron and AISI1030 Steel Couple with Nickel Interlayer

In this study, high chromium white cast iron and AISI1030 steel with nickel interlayer were combined by friction welding method, using different friction times (8, 10 and 12 s). Welding morphologies were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and microhardness analysis. Accordingly, as indicated in the literature, weld joints were divided into four zones as extremely deformed zone, deformed zone, partially deformed zone and base metal. Consequently, depending on increasing friction time, atom transitions occurred in the weld zones. Moreover, the highest microhardness values were obtained in the weld joint with 10 s.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tanju TEKER Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT

171 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Greenhouse Gas Effects of the Energy Efficiency Projects

The integrated iron and steel plants produce a large part of their electrical needs (50-80%) with natural gas as well as process gases from the coke factory, blast furnace and steel mill processes. Electricity generation takes place in both steam boilers and gas turbines. A portion of the 45 bar steam produced in the steam boilers is reduced to 15 bar and charged to the units at the rate of the process. There are 5 projects for 15 bar steam production from waste heat boiler, two investment projects for reduction of electricity consumption, and one project of electricity production from top pressure recovery turbine (TRT), which are realized between the years of 2012 and 2017. In this study, the effects of these projects on greenhouse gas emissions of energy production processes were investigated. In 2017, CO2 emissions were reduced by 15.41% due to 15 bar steam production from 4 waste heat boilers. With the TRT project, the CO2 emissions from the total electricity consumed decreased by 3.43% in 2017. The emission gains from electricity reduction projects have been realized as 22.5% for sintering plant and 31% for the rolling plant.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

İrem Gürsoy Didem İnceoğlu Okşan Tartanoğlu Mehmet Beyazçiçek

136 114
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Hardness Distribution in P91 Steels after Welding Process and PWHT

Material conditions are very important in systems operating at high vapor pressure and temperatures. Cr-Mo series special steels used in the thermal power plants of such structures have high creep resistance and long lasting materials. The time from the first production phase to the usage area and subsequent welded joint processes should be carefully monitor. The P91 and P92 series are the highest-grade creep resistance of the steels mentioned in different standards. All stages of these steels should be keep under control. Otherwise, they cannot meet the desired efficiency after welding. In our study, the whole process for the P91 steels from the beginning of the weld to the end is summary as a technical report. For P91 materials, the requirements for pre-welding, welding and post-welding are explain together with the academic data. Many studies on materials P91 have been compile and tried to form a technical guide.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bünyamin ÇİÇEK Yavuz Sun Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen

142 455
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Heat Treatment Application of Spring Steel

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the material hardness and microstructural characterization of the spring steels having the qualities of 51CrV4, 54SiCr6, 55Cr3 and 60SiCr7 produced according to the heat treatment application conditions. Fragments cut to appropriate sizes from spring steels were subjected to hardening process for 1 hour and tempering temperature for 1.50 hour at austenitization temperature determined from Fe-C balance diagram. When the applied heat treatments were evaluated generally, no differences were observed in the structure of the spring steel as a result of the cooling of the oil and the cooling of the austenitization zone in different cooling environments resulted in differences depending on the internal structure of the mechanical properties. As a result of the cooling process, internal stresses occurred and the microstructure turned into a mantle, resulting in rigidity and brittleness. This martensite structure tempering process reduced the internal stresses of the metallic material, the hardness fell a little and softened.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Esma KESKİN Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Yasin SUBAŞI

165 353
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Heat Treatment Application of Spring Steel

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the material hardness and microstructural characterization of the spring steels having the qualities of 51CrV4, 54SiCr6, 55Cr3 and 60SiCr7 produced according to the heat treatment application conditions. Fragments cut to appropriate sizes from spring steels were subjected to hardening process for 1 hour and tempering temperature for 1.50 hour at austenitization temperature determined from Fe-C balance diagram. When the applied heat treatments were evaluated generally, no differences were observed in the structure of the spring steel as a result of the cooling of the oil and the cooling of the austenitization zone in different cooling environments resulted in differences depending on the internal structure of the mechanical properties. As a result of the cooling process, internal stresses occurred and the microstructure turned into a mantle, resulting in rigidity and brittleness. This martensite structure tempering process reduced the internal stresses of the metallic material, the hardness fell a little and softened.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Esma KESKİN Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Yasin SUBAŞI

128 147
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Hot Dip Aluminum Coating Process in Steel and Cast Iron

Hot-dip aluminizing (HDA) process is an effective coating technique to protect the surface of steel and cast irons from corrosion, oxidation, decarburization and wear at high temperatures. Because of these advantages, HDA is used to protect the surface of steels used in the hot stamping process in automotive industry against oxidation and decarburization. Also, HDA can provide additional oxidation resistance to high silicon ductile irons used in high-temperature applications such as furnace parts and exhaust manifolds. HDA is generally performed by dipping the substrates into molten Al or Al–Si alloys. This process results in the formation of various Fe–Al intermetallics along the coating. For example, immersing the substrate into pure Al produces Fe2Al5 phase close to the substrate, and FeAl3 phase close to the surface. A high-temperature diffusion annealing after HDA provides interdiffusion within the coating and thus can change the type and order of the intermetallics. In this study, the effect of HDA on structural, morphological and mechanical properties of the coating formed on a low carbon steel, a stainless steel and a high silicon ductile iron were addressed. In addition, effect of successive application of HDA and austempering on wear and corrosion properties of the ductile iron was also discussed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Murat Baydogan

151 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Hot Shortness Mechanism and Mill Scale Characterization in Low Carbon Steels

Hot shortness mechanism is related to tramp elements in steel. Copper is the most effective and the most common tramp element in steel. Generally related with recycled steel production hot shortness is a problem that causes failure of steel material in processing. In this study hot shortness is investigated in low carbon steel. Smelting and casting is done in induction furnace, SEM and optical microscopy is used for metallographic investigation. Micro hardness tests are done. XRD technique is used for understanding oxidation behaviour of low carbon steel and its relation with copper content via mill scale phase analysis.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Selçuk Yeşiltepe Mustafa Kelami Şeşen

121 91
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Image Analysis of Size and Distribution of Particles in Tempered Martensite

— Image analysis in many fields of science requires a certain level of automation, especially when analyzing a thousands of features on a large amount of images, where manual analysis would be extremely time consuming, if not impossible. The automation level depends mainly on the contrast between the pixels of the features to be analyzed and the background, e.g., carbo-nitrides in a steel matrix. The aim of the present work is to improve the accuracy and shorten the time of automatic image analysis of a large number of precipitates in two grades of steels, X20 and P91. SEM images at different magnifications (3k to 20k) were acquired, depending on the optimal accuracy both in the size and shape of particles analyzed (pixels per particle), and their number density (particles per surface area analyzed). On SE images, precipitates usually appear brighter on a darker background, however a non-uniform gray value intensity in many areas of micrograph is equal for both precipitates and background, which makes it impossible to perform a simple thresholding segmentation. Thus advanced segmentation techniques employing sophisticated algorithms along with image preprocessing in order to improve the segmentation performance itself were applied. It was found that there is no general image processing and segmentation technique, no matter how sophisticated it is, which can cover a wide spectra of different images, even if they might have been acquired from the same material. Thus different combinations of image processing and segmentation algorithms should be applied for each image in particular, in order to achieve acceptable levels of characterization accuracy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fevzi Kafexhiu

123 79
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Impact Sliding Wear Performances of Quenched and Tempered Hot Work Tool Steels

Hot work tool steels are generally used in plastic forming processes of metals as extrusion dies and punches. Service life of these parts are related to their surface defects and dimension changes arising from exposure to high pressure and wear at high temperatures during plastic forming. Therefore, it is important to enhance the surface properties of these parts to extend their lifespan and mitigate the consequences of surface defects and wear damage. Simulating damages on the dies occurring during their service period is critical to estimate their lifetime. A homemade impact-sliding wear testing machine was designed and used for accelerated simulation for observing performance of quenched and tempered hot work tool steels in laboratory. Impact sliding wear tester can be used for simulating extrusion process to evaluate wear performances of different kind of die materials used for metallic component production. In the scope of this study, two different kinds of hot work tool steel A and B were quenched and tempered with the carbon equivalent of 1.91 and 1.66 respectively. Structural features of hot work tool steels were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffractometer and hardness measurements. Furthermore, sliding and impact sliding wear tests were conducted at room temperature (RT) to evaluate their wear performances. Wear tracks were examined by profilometer to compare wear damages of the steels. Results of characterization analyses showed that steel A with the carbon equivalent of 1.91 sample exhibited better resistance against impact sliding wear compared to steel B with the carbon equivalent of 1.66.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ezgi Akyıldız Faiz Muhaffel Mert Altay Seçkin Özkurt Erdem Atar Huseyin Cimenoglu

119 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Impact Test Applications in Steel Industry, Testing and Uncertainty Calculation

In this paper, some information about impact testing method and its applications in steel industry are presented, in additionally, it has been given knowledge related to uncertainty analysis of Charpy impact test, also application of sample uncertainty calculation according to ISO 148-1:2016 standard intended for laboratories that implement this test and review the measurement results.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Haldun DİZDAR Bulent AYDEMIR Cemal VATAN

145 152
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Importance of Flue Gas Oxygen Measurement in Combustion Optimization

Combustion processes ensure that the energy produced by the combustion of air and fuel mixture can be directly or indirectly used. In order to ensure that these processes are carried out under suitable conditions, the air/fuel ratio needs to be well adjusted. Inefficient combustion processes occur when the air/fuel ratio is not well adjusted. For the determination of the air/fuel ratio, the oxygen content in the flue gas must be measured. Zirconium Dioxide oxygen measurement sensors are used for the measurement of oxygen content in the flue gas. These sensors can be used to measure oxygen directly at high temperatures. In this study, the importance of oxygen ratio measurement in flue gases and air/fuel ratio optimization occurring in combustion processes are explained.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şaban PUSAT

133 135
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Importance of Flue Gas Waste Heat Recovery

Combustion process is one of the main processes for industry. Due to the direct fuel use in combustion process, efficiency is very important for optimum fuel consumption. The most significant points to be considered in terms of energy efficiency are the places where energy is being thrown away. When the flue gases from the combustion process are examined, it is seen that the waste heat recovery potential is very high. In this study, importance of the waste heat recovery potential in the flue gases will be determined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şaban PUSAT

133 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Improvement of Mechanical Properties by Means of Titanium Alloying to Steel Teeth Used in the

This steel teeth and coupons were produced by the casting process. Steel having MC chemical content was alloyed with 0.15 (MC15) and 0.20 (MC20) % wt. Ti. Respectively, normalizing, quenching and tempering heat-treatment were carried out for improved mechanical properties. The typical lath martensite structure in martensitic steels was observed when microstructure of specimens investigated via an optical microscope. Mechanical properties of heat-treated specimens were determined to use of tensile and hardness test. Wear behaviors of MC, MC15, and MC20 specimens were found out with the pin-on-disk test device. The field test was done for teeth. Working life, volume changes of teeth were calculated as a result of this field test.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Keleş Mehmet Yıldırım Gönül Coşkun

124 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 İndüksiyonla Yüzey Sertleştirilmiş Çeliklerde Mikrosertlik-Uygulanan Yük İlişkisinin Araştırılması

In this study, Vickers hardness values change of the 100Cr6 steel as a result of the induction surface hardening and tempering were investigated. Load values selected for experimental studies are total 7 values from 50 grams to 2000 grams. The experimental result curves were compared with Meyer’s law, PSR, MPSR and Hays-Kendall models. Furthermore, the most appropriate mathematical equation for experimental curve was investigated. The comparison results showed that the Matlab curve fitting model was the most concordant of the equation obtained from the Power 2 Lar Trust-Region analysis.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Erdal Karadeniz Aykut Argıncıklıgil

120 237
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Influence Bias Voltage and Working Pressure on the Microstructure, Scratch and Wear Properties of TiAlZrN Films Prepared by CFUBMS Technique

In this paper, TiAlZrN coatings were deposited on AISI H13 steels with various bias voltage and working pressure ranging between -50 V to -90 V and 2 x10-3 to 3x10-3 Torr respectively. Closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering technique which is a kind of PVD was used for the deposition process. Among the different PVD methods, closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering method is one of the most successful and sophisticated technology for the metal, alloy and ceramic coatings to control microstructure, surface morphology and phase composition. After the deposition process, the effects of bias voltage and working pressure on the microstructure, hardness, scracth and wear properties were investigated by SEM, EDS, nanoindentation, scratch and wear volume measurements. All produced films exhibited classic surface of granular structure and the cross-sectional morphology showed that all films have columnar structure which was altered from massive columnar to denser columnar structure due to increase the bias voltage and working pressure. TiAlZrN films deposited at -90 V and 3x10-3 Torr exhibited dentest structure, besides possessed the best nano hardness, scratch and wear properties. The highest nano hardness of 42 GPa is obtained under highest bias and working pressure. Also compared untreated AISI H13 steel which is the substrate, the produced TiAlZrN with aforementioned coating parameters considerably enhance the wear resistance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yaşar Sert Levent KARA Tevfik Küçükömeroğlu

124 86
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Influence of Additions of Titanium and Boron on the Structural Evolution of the As-Cast State of 27Cr High Chromium White Cast Iron

FeTi and FeB particulates having 150 µm were inoculated to molten 27Cr high chromium white cast iron as 0.5 wt.% and over 50 °C above the melting temperature. Samples were analyzed using optical microscopy and XRD to examine the influence of the addition of titanium and boron. The effect of inoculant on the size and carbide volume fraction were determined. The microstructures of the samples were examined by matrixstructure of austenitic and M7C3 carbides with austenite layer surrounding the carbides. From the heat treatment results, it can be say that the size of the austenite reduced, and the decomposition of the austenite resolved M7C3 carbides.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

S. Osman YILMAZ Tanju TEKER

113 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Influence of Nitriding on Impact Sliding Wear Behaviour of AISI H13 Tool Steel

In metal forming process, improving mechanical and surface properties of tool steels has been significant issue, since the productivity is mainly related with the service life of tools. In order to enhance service life of tools, wear is the most challenging problem to tackle due to its detrimental effects on surface and dimensional characteristics of components especially produced by hot forming process. In the present study, influence of nitriding on the wear resistance of famous AISI H13 tool steel was investigated by homemade impact-sliding wear tester to simulate forces which affects tool steels during extrusion process. Structural characterization of nitrided and bare samples via using X-ray diffractometer, optical and scanning electron microscopes was conducted along with hardness measurements. Wear tracks of samples subjected to impact-sliding wear test at room and elevated temperature were examined under scanning electron microscope in order to determine their wear mechanism. 2-D profilometer was also used to measure the wear loss. Results of these examinations revealed that nitriding leads to increment in impact-sliding wear resistance of H13 tool steels at room and elevated temperature.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Belda Aydın Birsen Baş Mertcan Kaba Mert Altay Faiz Muhaffel Utku İnan Seçkin Özkurt Erdem Atar Huseyin Cimenoglu

150 190
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Influence of Treatment Time on Microstructure of Intercritical Austempered GGG40 Cast Iron

Having combine mechanical properties (e.g. strength, toughness and ductility makes the austempered ductile iron (ADI) finding wide range of application areas. In recent years, to obtain greater ductility than that by the conventional austempering process, intercritical austempering process has been focus of researches on ADI. This study deals with intercritical austempering of GGG40 ductile cast iron by isothermally treatment at 350 °C for a range of 25-150 minutes following partly austenizing it at 800 °C and microstructural examination of as-threated cast irons. Digital image processing method was used to determine graphite nodularity having responsibility of ductility and matrix phases influencing other mechanical properties in the cast iron. Results showed that while number of graphite particles decreases, their size and circularity increases with increasing treatment time and a useful austempering range can be defined as 100-150 min.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Erol Kilic Cengiz Bagci Kubilay Karacif

133 99
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Innovations in the New TS-648 Steel Structures Design Regulations

Studies are carried out to minimize earthquake damages during rapid and irregular construction process since our country is on an active earthquake zone. Especially in recent years, steel structure systems find out a large application area due to their high construction speed and the fact that a significant part of their production is done in factories. Therefore, these are also, as in other building types, the importance of earthquake resistant designs increases. On the other hand, depending on technological developments, the methods used in the design and elaboration vary. For these reasons, the regulations used in their design are updated from time to time. In this study, the changes in the new TS 648 design regulation, which came into force in January 2018, which replaced the TS 648 dated 1980 which was used in steel structures design, will be emphasized. For this purpose, some design principles of the TS648 steel structures regulation which has newly entered into force with the old steel structures regulation are presented comparatively. The findings obtained at the end of the study reveal that there are significant differences between the design regulations considered.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ayşegül YILMAZ Şenol GÜRSOY

133 215
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 International Market Selection for Turkish Steel Sector Based on MCDM

Accessing to global markets and gaining a larger share from global trade is one of the most important factors that will accelerate the economic development of countries, and this is becoming more difficult under increasing competition conditions. On the other hand, due to the fact that the steel sector is the main input of many sectors such as automotive, construction, white goods and machinery production and is a strategically important sector, international competition has become more difficult especially with the increasing protectionism and tariffs which have increased in recent years. As a consequence of the high customs tariffs implemented by the US as a result of section 232 investigations, exports to the US have ceased to be attractive and countries searching for new markets. As a result of this, the EU has taken a safeguard measures in order to protect the steel sector and has started to implement quota on a country basis. In case of a country exceeds the quota, EU will start to implement a tariff of 25% and in this circumstance international competition for the Turkish steel sector has become more difficult. With this study, it is expected to have a scientific contribution to Turkish steel sector. Thus, in order to increase exports in the steel sector, this study determines international target markets among twenty alternatives based on AHP considering three main criteria and twenty sub-criteria. Computational analysis shows that USA, China and India are the first three international target markets for Turkish steel sector.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Merve Bayata Mehmet KABAK Fulya Altıparmak

144 139
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Axial Tensile Force Effect on Bending Fatigue Lives of Resistance Spot Welded Dual Phase Steels

In this study, a dual phase steel DP600 which is frequently used for automotive industry because of lightness, durability performance and economical attainability, was joined by resistance spot welding (RSW) method that are used frequently in automobile industry, and then exposed to cyclic bending load with different amplitude values. In addition, fatigue test was repeated with additional tensile force that is applied with bending forces and results that obtained from bending fatigue tests and bending-tensile fatigue tests are evaluated and compared with each other. As a result of the fatigue tests that performed to the samples, it was observed that the axial tensile force decreased the fatigue life. In literature frequently axial forces were applied to resistance spot welded specimens for fatigue tests in most research. In real condition, fusion zone can be exposed to different axial forces. It is necessary to know and investigate the fatigue life due to tensile and bending resultant force as well as axial force, which is very important for vehicle stiffness and reliability.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Göktaş Muhammed Elitaş Bilge Demir

141 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Boron nitride (BN) on Tribological Behaviour of Iron Matrix Composite Produced by Semi Powder Method

This study aims to fabricate nano boron nitride (BN) reinforced with 1 wt. % fraction iron matrix composite using semi powder technique. Powders were mixed using mechanical agitator in ethanol and drying process was completed in vacuum distillation system. Powders were pressed and the obtained bulk materials were sintered in atmosphere controlled furnace. Microstructure was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Wear test was conducted under 20N, 40N and 60N during 500 m. sliding distance. Results indicated that BN reinforced composite showed lowest wear rate under 20N load. In general, BN exhibited good lubricant effect.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Muhammet Emre Turan

145 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel against Dimethylformamide

Carbon steels have a wide range of applications such as construction, machine components (shafts, bolts etc.) and transportation. Corrosion is one of the important reason for the failure of these materials. In this study, the corrosion behavior of hot-rolled carbon steel against dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. Also, the corrosion resistance of the sample was compared to untreated carbon steel and heat treated carbon steel. Stress relieving heat treatment was applied at 550 ℃ for 90 minutes. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed for all samples. In addition, while the chemical composition of the sample was determined by spectral analysis, microstructure studies were carried out by an optical microscope.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yasin Akgül Hamza Simsir Hayrettin Ahlatçı

333 227
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Drillability for Ferritic Stainless Steel with Uncoated Carbide Drill

Investigations on cutting force, surface quality and dimension accuracy etc. are ongoing considering the feed rate and cutting speed despite the development of new drill qualities in terms of the material and geometry in drilling. In this study, the drillability of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel used in many industrial environments such as automobile chassis parts, hot water tanks, kitchen utensils and decorative applications was investigated. The effects on thrust force, torque and surface quality of cutting speed and feed rate was evaluated in the drilling of workpiece prepared in sheet form. Experiments were performed with three different cutting speeds and feed rate with the uncoated carbide drill bit. Variance analysis was applied to determine the effect levels of the drilling parameters on the machining outputs. According to the experimental results, it was determined that as the feed rate increases, thrust force, torque and surface roughness increases. On the other hand, it has been observed that as the cutting speed increases, the machining outputs tends to decrease.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tolga MERAL Mustafa GÜNAY

153 130
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Hot Forged and Cooled Material Properties by Numerical Simulation Method

In recent years, analysis of product and production processes with the help of numerical simulation methods; the effects of production processes on mechanical and microstructural properties of products, efficiency studies in the processes, material flow, determination of cooling regime, distortion, folding, etc., provides a significant contribution to the determination of the relationship between production-structure-propertyperformance in R & D / Design studies. Hot and cold forging, rolling and extrusion can be solved under finite elements and finite volume method with the help of computer aided analysis. In this study, the solution of the phase transformations in the material microstructure, due to the heat transfer coefficient in different cooling environments as a result of the production with hot forging, is investigated by the numerical simulation method. Critical phase conversion temperatures of 1.7035 and 1.1191 code steels, nonrecrystallization temperature, critical forging temperatures were calculated according to alloy composition. Hot forging operation was carried out by finite volume method and cooling process was solved by finite element method. Simufact.Forming software was used in numerical simulation supported solutions. As a result of hot forging and cooling process; phase ratios, strength, distortion in the product, residual stress values were revealed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Osman Çulha Fulya Eyçin Serhat Bardakçı

135 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Material Properties of Cardan Shaft Fixed Joint Forked Flange Produced by Hot Forging and Cooling in Different Enviroments

Chemical composition and steel alloy structure are the most important process inputs affecting the material properties in production with hot forging. Different mechanical properties can be obtained in the product due to the cooling regime applied at the end of the forging operation. Especially, as a result of the cooling process, the alloy phase structure is transformed into different phases at room temperature. The microstructure of micro alloyed steels at room temperature, which is obtained by thermomechanical forging at high temperatures, differs from one another depending on cooling atmosphere. According to the literature review; microstructure of forged material shows that the finer grain structure has higher toughness and fatigue strength. In this study, 1.1141 coded cardan shaft fixed forked flange produced by hot forging at 1200 oC and 5 different operations, used as sample. Microstructural; grain size, type, distribution and rate of phase and mechanical properties; hardness and strength variations of hot forged samples under four different cooling media such as; controlled, air, oil and water cooling, were investigated in simulation. Phase transformation and distribution were calculated according to the cooling rate and TTT-CCT diagram of sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Osman Çulha Fulya Eyçin Serhat Bardakçı

152 136
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hydrothermal Carbon-Iron Composites

This work can be located to two parts. In the first part, hydrothermal carbon (HTC) was synthesized from cellulose at 180 ℃ for 20 hours. In the second part, HTCs reinforced iron matrix composites were fabricated via powder metallurgy. For this fabrication process, HTCs and iron powders were mixed by turbula mixer for one hour. Then, obtained mixtures of powders were compacted by press machine at 700 Mpa. After that, green billets were sintered at 1100 ℃ for one hour. Microstructures of samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Density measurement was applied according to Archimedes method. Hardness and compression tests were conducted to determine mechanical properties of samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hamza Simsir Yasin Akgül Mehmet Akif Erden

172 98
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Microstructure and Hardness of Cocontaining and Co-free Cr-W alloy

In this study, Fe-5Cr-3W steels containing without Co and 1.5 wt% Co were produced via casting and following that they were hot rolled. The effect of Co addition on microstructure and hardness of steels after heat treatment ((annealing, air cooling) and (annealing, air cooling and tempering)) was investigated. Co-free and Co-contained steels have bainitic and martensitic microstructure. However, martensite volume fraction of Co-free steel is higher than Co-containing steel. Hardness of air quenched samples was decreased after tempering. Co increased hardness slightly both air quenched and tempered samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gökhan Arıcı Mustafa ACARER Mesut Uyaner

135 108
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Post-weld Mechanical Properties of P91 and P22 Steels with High Creep Resistance

— Cr-Mo steels with high creep resistance used in power generation plants vary according to the region where they are used. As the temperature and pressure increase, the amount of CrMo increases in the alloy. The welding of these dissimilar steels is obligatory in the regions that make up the temperature difference. For example, when P91 quality steels are use at high temperatures, P22 quality steels are use at lower temperatures. In the transition from the walls of the boiler to the outside, these two dissimilar steel are weld together. In such processes, all stages before and after the welding should be keep under control. In this welding process, relevant standards should be follow and witnessed sample (PQR) must be perform prior to welding. After that, the weld are valid, which meet the desired values from the mechanical tests (when the values of the standards are meet). A PQR study was follow in our study. In this weld, P91-P22 coupling was make by TIG method. Afterwards, tensile, bending, charpy and hardness tests were apply according to the relevant standards and it was observe that they met the standard requirements.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bünyamin ÇİÇEK Yavuz Sun Mehmet Ünal

148 448
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the Adhesion of Different Al2O3 Powders Coated with EN 10130 steel by CMT Technique

In this study, the surface of EN 10130 steel used in deep drawing processes in industry is coated with CMT technique. Al2O3 powder with different ratios of Al, Zn, Sn and Ni metal powders were used as coating material. Nano-sized metal powders and ceramic powders were used. This coating has been made to improve wear and corrosion resistance after deep drawing of EN 10130 steel. However, due to the lack of sufficient time for the operation and the failure of the wear device, only SEM and EDX studies were applied. In SEM studies, it was observed that the Al2O3 + Ni composition and the coating interface were not smooth. Other coating surfaces are in good condition. Although the average coating thickness varies regionally, it is 20-60 µm thick.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Erkan Koç Hüseyin DEMIRTAS

166 118
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the corrosion properties of hybrid composite coatings produced on AISI 316L stainless steel using TIG method

Hybrid composites are materials that have a combination of two or more reinforcements. These materials have extensive engineering applications that have a low strength/density ratio, low cost and ease of manufacturing. Hybrid composites provide a combination of properties such as tensile modulus, compressive strength and impact resistance, which cannot be realized in composite materials. The surface properties of the materials must be improved against corrosion and wear. It is therefore essential and important that the coating layer has both wear and corrosion resistant phases. In this study, the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel is coated with metal powder having different composition by tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding surface coating method. Ti, B4C and SiC metal powders of different ratios were used as coating powder. The corrosion properties of coated samples were characterized by potentiostatic polarization test. Corrosion test results showed that corrosion properties vary depending on the coating components.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Serkan Islak Mehmet Akkaş Cihan Özorak Aytekin Ulutaş

129 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of The Effect of Ball Diameter on Tensile Strength of Nonalloyed Powder Metallurgy Steels in Mechanical Alloying

In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 4, 5 and 6 mm ball in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was mixed with powder and ball ratio 1/10 for 1 hour. Powders obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at 1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as tensile specimens. The particle size of the produced steels and the distribution of the phases were determined by optical microscope. After microstructure analysis, tensile test was applied to steel samples prepared in tensile specimen dimensions. The elongation, yield-tensile strength of the samples are explained depending on the ball diameter. As a result, steel samples with a ball diameter of 5 mm exhibited the highest yield and tensile strength.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Selim Erman Harun ÇUĞ

145 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the Effect of Sintering Temperature on Hardness in Fe Based SiC Reinforced Composites

In this study, Fe based SiC reinforced composites were produced by powder metallurgy method. Fe-Graphite and SiC powders were weighed with a scale of 0.0001 g and then blended for 1 hour. It was then pressed under pressure of 750 MPa. After the pressing process, the composite materials were sintered at 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 1 hour in argon atmosphere. With increasing sintering temperatures, an increase in density values and a decrease in porosity were determined. The ideal hardness results for the composites were obtained by sintering at 1100 ° C.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hasan Karabulut Mehmet Akif Erden

175 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the Formability of DP600 Dual Phase Sheet Material by Fluid Pressure Assisted Single Point Incremental Forming Method

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a method which allows better formability properties compared to forming processes using a sheet metal die. However, the production time is considerably higher compared to using a die. Therefore, this method is generally used in low production quantities or in prototype manufacturing. In the present work, DP600 Dual Phase sheet material are selected for SPIF. Two material thicknesses were took (1mm, 1,5mm) and a truncated cone form was designed with three different wall angles. The finite element (FE) modeling of SPIF was generated with and without applying a pressure force from lower side of the sheet material. The FE analyzes have been done by using Abaqus software. It was determined that fluid assisted SPIF application caused to homogenously distribute the wall thickness of the sheet material while forming and increased the forming properties of the sheet metal.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hakan Gürün Onur Çavuşoğlu Gökhan Küçüktürk Onur Çetinkaya

120 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the Kinetics of Decomposition of Supercooled Austenite with Continuous Cooling of K76Ф Steel for Rails

The research was carried out to determine critical temperature and to investigate the kinetics of decomposition of supercooled austenite with continuous cooling of steel for rails with high content of manganese and microalloyed of vanadium. Dependences of interlamellar spacings of perlite on the speed of cooling and hardness from the interlamellar spacings of perlite with changes in the cooling rate of steel with 0,80% C; 0.25% Si; 0.97% Mn; 0,055% V.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

A. Babachenko G. Kononenko

176 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of the Springback and Microstructural Deformation for Different Sheet Metals Forming

The microstructure investigation of springback formed after sheet metal forming by the drawing mold is the basis of this study. In this study, microstructure properties after springback were investigated in two different metal groups such as high-strength steel and Al. The estimation of the amount of springback, the ways of avoidance and microstructure investigations are of great importance in producing parts with high commercial value. Specially designed deep drawing mold was used in experimental studies. The staple radius in the drawing die was used as a die factor and kept constant in all experiments. Four different materials and four different thicknesses were used as material factors. The microstructure was examined after the forming, the amount of springback was calculated as angular. The results showed that the increase in sheet metal thickness increased the amount of springback and the difference in chemical composition was more effective than the resistance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Abdülsamet ÖZDEN Bilge Demir

165 149
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Thermal Conductivity for CuNP Deposited on 316L Stainless Steel by PVD as a Solar Absorber Surface

in this study copper nanoparticle (CuNP) deposited on the 316L stainless steel (316L SS) by physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. The development of thermal conductivity is essential for thermal application, especially in solar energy applications. The distinctive method transient plane source (TPS) for measuring the thermal conductivity of the copper thin film was used in comparison with the 316L SS base metal, while the ambient conditions including heating power, measurement time and sample temperature were 6.9 W, 5 Sec and 34 o C respectively, were employed in this test. The results show that the prepared film by a thermal vacuum evaporation technique has an enchantment on the improvement of physical properties like absorption and thermal conductivity in comparison with parent 316L SS substrate. It was noted that the thermal conductivity improved dramatically with 39.82 % comparing with 316L SS substrate. Structural properties of thin film layer achieved have been analyzed by (XRD). The other characterization likes surface morphology has been investigated by using SEM, FESEM, and AFM. This improvement from an economical energy point of view for the 316L SS-CuNP enhanced the heat gaining process of solar collector system considerably with high efficiency.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmed S. Abbas Mohammed J. Kadhim Khalid A. Sukkar

145 95
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Wear and Microstructure Properties of 21CrNi5 Steel with Different Boron Content

In this study, different rates of boron at 1635 ºC were added to the 21CrNi5 steel using the induction furnace. The casting process was melted and cooled in air to 40x40 mm thick ceramic ceramic molds heated up to 850 ºC. The obtained 40x40 mm square materials were rolled in 2 passes and deformation was applied at about 200-300%. Parts with a 15x15x10 mm were cut and sanded. The effects of boron on the wear behavior, which were added to the samples under 10 N load test and added at different rates, were examined by optical microscope.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemal ÇARBOĞA Bülent KURT Serkan DAL

136 102
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigation of Wear and Microstructure Properties of AISI 1040 Steel with Different Boron Content

In this study, different rates of boron at 1635 ºC were added to the AISI 1040 steel using the induction furnace. The casting process was melted and cooled in air to 40x40 mm thick ceramic ceramic molds heated up to 850 ºC. The obtained 40x40 mm square materials were rolled in 2 passes and deformation was applied at about 200-300%. Parts with a 15x15x10 mm were cut and sanded. The effects of boron on the wear behavior, which were added to the samples under 10 N load test and added at different rates, were examined by optical microscope.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemal ÇARBOĞA Bülent KURT Serkan DAL

142 196
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigationof the Effects of Magnetic Stirrers, on the Macro Structure of Continuously Cast Billets

This document includes the studies carried out during the optimization of the casting parameters as a result of the revision performed in the continuous casting machine of the ÇEMTAŞ/BURSA plant.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gürcan KIRNAK Cemalettin YAMAN

173 135
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Investigations on Austenite Grain Growth in Bainitic Forging Steels

In the diesel common rail systems, it is necessary to increase the fuel pressure up to 2500 bar to make engines more efficient and economical as well as to correspond more strict environmental standards. Bainitic forging steels were recently developed for the common rail systems and also becoming increasingly attractive for many forged parts such as crankshafts, injection rails, axle pivots in the automotive industry. A controlled cooling route comprising of hot forging without any quenching and tempering has been established for developing ductile high strength steels with tensile strengths up to 1250 MPa. In this study, the austenite grain growth of a microalloyed bainitic forging steel was investigated using light microscopy. It is well known that the precipitation of microalloying elements can prevent the austenite grain growth. Therefore, phase transformation temperatures were calculated using Thermo-Calc software to obtain an overview about the possible austenitization temperatures. In order to investigate the austenite grain growth, annealing experiments were performed at temperatures between 1000 ºC and 1300 ºC for 5 minutes. The mean intercept length of the grains has been determined according to ASTM E112 intercept method. The results showed that prior austenite grain size and distribution depend on austenitization temperature.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sibel Ün Emre Alan Nurten Başak Dürger Caner Güney Ersoy Erişir

120 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 İş Makinası Tırnaklarının Şiddetli Abrazif Aşınma Davranışlarına Isıl İşlemin Etkisi

In this study; The effect of the heat treatment applied to the samples taken from the domestic production gear part used in the construction machinery, on the heavy abrasive wear is investigated. Samples removed from the threaded part were allowed to stand at 900 ºC for 1 hour and then cooled by quenching. Water samples were tempered at 400 ºC for 1.5 hours. Non-heat-treated and heat-treated samples were subjected to abrasive wear test against 60 mesh Al2o3 sandpaper under 40N, 80N, and 120N load. The abrasive wear resistance of the examined domestic nail in severe abrasive wear conditions improved by 37% in heat treatment

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemal ÖZGENÇ Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Süleyman Yaşın Esma KESKİN Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Yasin SUBAŞI Burcu Çetintaş

170 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Kaynak Sektöründe Yeni Girişimcilerin Karşılaştığı Zorluklar ve Olası Çözüm Önerileri

Welding technologies; automotive, transportation, steel construction, machine manufacturing, iron and steel sector, pipe sector, ship construction, power plants, mining sector, defense industry etc. has a strategic importance in many sectors. The role of welding as a locomotive in the industry is of great importance both for its development and its progress. Turkey, in accordance with the needs of the market, keeping up with constantly evolving technology, have high competitiveness, good quality and affordable welding wire, welding electrode, skilled electrodes, soldering wires and it can increase the export capacity by producing welding machines of various capacities. Due to the presence of large-scale welding wire and covered electrode producers in the domestic market with economies of scale, high tonnage raw material purchasing power, warehouse and storage capacities cause the iron-steel mills of the wire rod manufacturer to focus on these firms. Small and medium sized new entrepreneurs are ignored by these producers due to their insufficient purchasing and storage capacities. Therefore, new entrepreneurs cannot enter the market, causes prices in the domestic market are increasing. This increase leads consumer and manufacturer firms that demand low price products to Far Eastern companies' products. In the resource sector, while access to European standards and quality in Turkey, both producer and consumer reduce the competitive strength of the company. Reduce the share of Far Eastern products in the domestic market and large suppliers of wire rods to increase the production of materials such as welding electrodes, welding wires, solder wires, etc., must meet the reasonable demands of small and medium sized entrepreneurs. The market price balance of the welding consumables will be ensured thanks to the new small and medium sized new entrepreneurs. The new price balance, by reducing imports of far-eastern products has captured the European quality standards and will contribute to Turkey's exports of welding consumables.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Soner ÇETİN Volkan Temizkan

160 151
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Machinability of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel with Abrasive Water Jet Process

AISI 304 stainless steel accounts for approximately 50% of the world's stainless-steel production and consumption. It is important to improve the machinability properties of stainless steels due to the intensive use in the industry. In this study, the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness was investigated in water jet turning of AISI 304 material. The test parameters were determined as nozzle feed rate, abrasive flow rate, turning speed of the chuck and nozzle distance. During the experimental study, the pump pressure (380 MPa), the abrasive size (80 Mesh in Garnet form) and the nozzle diameter (0.75 mm) were kept constant. According to the experimental results, the surface roughness decreased as the turning speed and the abrasive flow rate increased. On the other hand, the surface roughness value increased as the nozzle feed rate and nozzle distance increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat KARTAL M. Hüseyin ÇETİN Hasan GÖKKAYA

142 164
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Low carbon steels have been gained special attention for being used in transportation industries like automotive and railway sectors. Improving the mechanical properties of low carbon steels in any manner may decrease the total weight of the vehicles and structures and thus reduce the fuel consumption. Although mechanical properties of low carbon steels can be optimized by heat treatment, severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques based on imposing very high strain to the material provide much more increase in the strength values of them. Therefore, low carbon grade-A steel was processed via equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) known as one of the most commonly used SPD method. ECAP did not cause considerable decrease in the grain size of the steel, but it increased hardness and strength values significantly due to the increase in the dislocation density in the microstructure. On the other hand ductility of the steel decreased after ECAP process. Impact energy of the ECAP-processed sample was found to be dependent on the notch position of the Charpy impact test sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Muhammet Demirtaş

150 98
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Microstructural Characterization of Cu-FeCr-FeB Composites

Copper, which is known to have very good electrical and thermal conductivity, has poor mechanical properties. In order to overcome this negativity, the production of coppermatrix composites is becoming increasingly popular. In this study, copper (Cu) matrix ferrochromium (FeCr) and ferroboron (FeB) reinforced composites were produced. Cold pressing and sintering process were preferred as production methods. Microstructure and phase composition of the composites were examined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hardness properties were carried out microhardness device. Also, Densities of composites were studied. SEM images showed that FeCr and FeB reinforcements were partially homogeneously dispersed in the Cu matrix. In the presence of FeCr and FeB in the Cu matrix, the hardness of the Cu matrix was considerably increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akkaş Serkan Islak Uğur Çalıgülü Mustafa Boz

127 105
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Low Carbon Shipbuilding Steel Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

Low carbon steels are well-known ones among the traditionally shipbuilding materials due to their low cost, high workability and good weldability. However, they have relatively low mechanical properties such as hardness and strength due to their low carbon content. Grain refinement via sever plastic deformation (SPD) seems to be an essential strengthening mechanism without changing the chemical composition of metallic materials. Among SPD methods, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most commonly used one due to its capacity for achieving bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials. When the literature is examined, very limited investigations have been undertaken regarding the low carbon steels and none of them are shipbuilding steels. Therefore the mean purpose of this study is to apply ECAP to a shipbuilding low carbon steel (ASTM 131A) to be able to achieve finer grained microstructure for gaining improved mechanical properties. ECAP brought about a substantial grain refinement. Two different microstructures observed on flow and transverse planes of the ECAPed sample. On the flow plane, microstructure consists of elongated ferrite and perlite grains aligned in a direction having mainly 45° angle with the extrusion direction while on the transverse plane nearly equiaxed grains were formed. Hardness increased significantly from 130 Hv to about 290 Hv on the transverse plane after UFG formation. ECAP also increased both yield and tensile strength values from 280 MPa and 410 MPa to about 420 MPa and 790 MPa, respectively.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Dursun Murat Sekban Muhammet Demirtaş Gençağa Pürçek

132 89
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Modeling of 3D grain size distribution

The assessment of microstructure of polycrystalline materials is a very complex task. In practice it is usually gathered through observations of 2D cross-sections of material. In the literature there are many references that theoretically deal with the problem of mapping the 2D structure onto 3D space. This is a very complex geometrical problem. Any kind of idealization of grain shapes might lead to erroneous conclusions. The contribution describes the concept of 3D model where a large quantity of grains is generated randomly in shape and size. They are randomly distributed in a unit volume space. The space crosssections are made, producing the 2D grain distributions. The grains are randomly shaped and initially represented by geometrical formalisms and further on neural networks are used to form a non-geometric representation of extremely large number of grains. Further step to create the virtual 3D microstructure is to form the large repository of randomly created grains. When used, such grains are randomly selected and placed into the 3D space, scaled, rotated and fit to the grains that already occupy the 3D space. The results of modeling and simulation are presented.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Igor Belic

118 134
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Modeling of the Coke Quality Parameters CRI, CSR, Stability and Hardness Values from Chemical and Ash Component Analysis Results of Metallurgical Coke

Blast furnaces are vertical melting furnaces and their capacities change according to their height. They are used in the production of liquid raw iron by melting coke, limestone and iron ore. High quality raw materials are demanded for the blast furnace operations and from one of the raw materials, metallurgical coke, is produced in the batteries of coke plants. Coke production take place by mixing low, medium and high volatile coking coal in calculated proportions, than feeding this blend into closed system, airtight ovens and heating the blend to 1250 ° C - 1350 ° C for 18-19 hours. In the coking process, first the moisture in the coal is separated by vaporization, then the volatiles separates by gasification after a series of cracking reactions. The final product is metallurgical coke which is rich in carbon, porous and has a hard structure. The quality of the produced metallurgical coke is directly affected by the coals used in the blend and the coking conditions. Because of the increasing production targets and needs, integrated iron and steel plants can supply metallurgical coke from outside producers. One of the most important input that increases the cost of liquid raw iron is the amount of coke used in blast furnaces. The most important parameters that determine the quality of the coke are CRI, CSR, Stability and Hardness. Considering that the facilities provide coke from suppliers in order to meet their production targets, the quality of the purchased coke affects the consumption in the blast furnaces and has a direct negative or positive impact on the costs. From time to time, it is observed that the analyses result of the four quality parameter values mentioned above in the loading port and discharge port are not matched, the discharge port sample’s analysis result are low than loading port. In such cases, the articles in the contract are valid and buyer can accept the shipment with penalty or reject the raw materials. In this study, the results of CRI, CSR, Stability and Hardness analysis are modeled from the ash, volatile matter and ash components of coke and 77,14% - 77,30% - 91,51% - 80,8% R-square values were obtained respectively. With the model a tool has been developed, which can be used by the purchasing departments at the proposal evaluation stage.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Can Erarslan Tayfun PAMUKÇU Erdem YILDIZ

137 118
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Modelling of Structural Transformations in the Additive Process of 3d Construction

The results of modelling of temperature fields, kinetics of deposition of layers of dissimilar metals and nature of structural transformations in formation of multi-layer structure of 17G1S and 30KhGS steels are presented. Computer modelling was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics package. The work takes into account effect of temperature on thermal and physical parameters of steels. To increase productivity of additive process the work has studied simultaneous effect of 3 arcs on process of deposit formation, kinetics of structural transformations and diffusion processes of alloying elements redistribution. The calculations show that preheating of the substrate by arc in the beginning of the process before application of deposited material is necessary in order to decrease a stress level between additive deposit and substrate to 50 MPa. It is shown that the time of passing between neighbor arc heat sources shall be kept in 5- 30 s range. It is determined that low power of arc (1 kW) mainly provokes formation of ferrite-bainite structure in the deposit, portion of bainite in which makes 71 %, ferrite 28% and martensite  1%. Application of larger power arc (5 kW) forms in the deposit bainite-martensite structure, portion of bainite in which makes  50%, portion of martensite rises up to 40% and that of ferrite to 10%. Increase of arc power results in rise of maximum temperature of liquid pool to 1750-1850 C, growth of cooling rate to 15 – 25 C/s , and, as a consequence, increase of martensite portion in the structure of deposited layers. Developed software can be used for mathematical modelling of metallurgical additive process of formation of products from different steels, titanium, aluminum etc. alloys.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

КОSTIN V.A LAUKHIN D.V ROTT N.O.

123 80
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 MPC (Manufacturing Practice Code) in Iskenderun Iron and Steel Works (ISDEMIR)

Manufacturing Practicing Code (MPC) is the key number which is consisted of 13 parameters and given to all the flat (coil, plate) and long products (wire rod, billet) regardless of A1 or A2 quality manufactured in Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR). It underlies the basis of the follow-up systematic in the factory. These 13 parameters are aimed to be increased till 28 parameters at a later time. All information about the product come under MPC which contains customer demands which affect production and quality parameters in all phases from the stage of order placement until delivery to the customer. These components identify the product and customer requirements. Isdemir Production Management System (PMS), Production Control System and Long Product Sales System are established on MPC from demand to shipment. Product type, steel grade, thickness/diameter, width, length, domestic/export, size tolerance, length tolerance, type of packaging, outside/inside diameter, test report, special mark and weight' create the infrastructure of MPC. All information in this code determine the production line where the product has to be followed, processing parameters and tolerances in production lines. Thus, production and effective control can be ensured accordingly. MPC which characterizes identification of customer demands, provides continuity of the process and systematic along with PMS. ISDEMIR has 4 levels of computing and automation system in the production process: The first three level is consist of machining, line or division basis whilst fourth level provides production and control, gives production orders, allows quality control and production monitoring functions generally in whole ISDEMIR. The other name of Level-4 is Production Management System (PMS). Quality Design, Production Planning, Quality Control and Production Monitoring etc. are sub-systems of PMS. Quality design, order acceptance, order entering and order confirming are performed in the PMS. MPC is a necessary code on PMS because of the production planning and the continuation of the product or semi-finished products to the next line. Therefore, MPC becomes the main component of the Production Management System. It is a key that reflects the final product characteristics consisting of a product code and a sequential number, expressed in 9 characters.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Muhammet Bilen Nalan Gül Uğur

120 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Product Goals Optimization with Fuzzy Goal Programming Approach and an Application Integrated Iron And Steel Plant

Nowadays, one of the most important problems of businesses is to optimize projects with many conflicting goals. Goal programming model is very commonly used tool for solving multi objective programming solving. However, the concept of uncertainty is very important in optimizing model where there are many targets. In these reason, the complexity of uncertainties in our environment or insufficient capabilities of decision-makers lead researchers to concentrate on new methodologies. One of the best ways to decide in case of uncertainty is to use the fuzzy goal programming model. The production targets of an integrated iron and steel plant are becoming more complex in a changing production environment where the suppliers need to be diversified. In the iron and steel industry, mathematical programming techniques have been used since 1958 and since then many optimization applications have been reported. In this study, firstly concept of fuzzy and fuzzy logic was explained. Then goal programming and fuzzy goal programming methods were investigated. Finally, the product supply problem of the integrated iron and steel plant was solved by two different Fuzzy Goal Programming approaches and the most appropriate procurement program was found. Then, the results obtained by these two methods were compared and the findings were interpreted.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Neslihan Yağcı Köse Ramazan ŞAHİN

121 95
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Production and Characterization of Stainless Steel Matrix Functional Graded Materials

Powder metallurgy method is production of parts widely used today. This use is widely used in many areas of the steel materials industry, especially from powder metal parts produced by powder metallurgy method. Since these materials take the form of the final product at the end of production without requiring any machining process. Also, these materials can be used as an iron based bearing material because of the machine parts such as filter, cutting tool bits and they have self-lubricating property due to its porosity. The aim of this study is; stainless steel matrix, boron carbide reinforcement in different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) is the production of functional graded material. For this reason, stainless steel and boron carbide powders were mixed in V-type mixer for 3 hours. After this process, the samples were produced by means of powder metallurgy under pressure of 45 MPa at 900°C in the hot press machine. The microstructure and boron carbide distribution of the produced samples were examined in the SEM device and hardness measurements were made in order to observe the changes in mechanical properties. When microstructures were examined, it was determined that boron carbides were distributed homogeneously. It was observed that the hardness increased as the rate of support and the transition between the stages increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Batuhan Özusta Yasin Akgül Hayrettin Ahlatçı Süleyman Yaşın İsmail Esen Yavuz Sun Yunus Türen

154 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Progress on Graphene – Based Steel Composites

In the past 10 years, the progression on research and development of graphene incorporated steel matrix composites has attracted enormous attention of scientists and industries aiming to combine the advantages of each component producing multifunctional materials with exceptional properties. Due to its unique properties, graphene is strong candidate for reinforcing and decorating the structure of steel matrix and high expectations have been placed on it for various technological applications. Recently, numerous studies directed toward on composites of graphene with steel particles. The interactions between graphene and steel, either noble or non-noble steels, have enhanced durability, chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties to a large extent. Herein, this paper addresses the most recent progress on graphene-based steel composites, their properties and the applications.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Kamal Bin Yusoh

134 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Reduction Behaviour and Pelletizing of Mill Scale – Oily Sludge Pellets

Oily sludge is considered as waste in steel processing plants. Although it is treated as waste, it could be used as raw material since high metal content. Mill scale on the other hand is used in integrated steel factories and is a large source as raw material or recycled material. In this study, oily sludge of pipe production is mixed in different ratios with mill scale and pelletizing behaviour is studied. Starting materials are characterized for particle size, chemical composition and phase analysis. Produced pellets are controlled for free fall test, moisture content and compressive strength. Reduction experiments are done in laboratory scale furnace in order to evaluate reduction behaviour of pellets and effect of oily sludge content.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Samet Ballı Selçuk Yeşiltepe Mustafa Kelami Şeşen

142 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Some Nuclear and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Co and Co-Ni Alloys

The contribution of neutron scattering to progress in the physics of magnetism is very large and important, especially its contribution to the understanding of magnetism in metals. The spin wave dispersion relations of Fe and Ni were measured by neutron scattering techniques, around 1970 and the results were in good agreement with the band theory based on a generalized random phase approximation (RPA). Therefore, band theory can explain the magnetism in metals not only for the ground state but also for the excited states. Otherwise, the high strength and hardness properties, cobaltbased alloys have been used as structural materials in nuclear reactors and activated cobalt materials in corrosion products are significant in determination of dose levels during maintenance after a coolant leak at a nuclear fusion reactor. In this study, we have been investigated some nuclear and magnetic properties of Fe-Co and Co-Ni alloys. Magnetic behaviours of these alloys can be investigated by Monte Carlo simulations for different and predefined exchange energies or coupling strengths. For ferromagnetic interactions, magnetization and susceptibility curves of the alloys have been computed with Monte Carlo method based on classical Heisenberg model. Magnetic characters of these type of alloys can be reached by neutron scattering experiments as well. The cross sections values for 59Co(n,p)59Fe and 59Co(p,n)59Ni nuclear reactions have been calculated with TALYS code and have been compared with the available experimental cross section data reported in the literature. Also, the half-lives of these transitions have been calculated in the proton-neutron Quasi Particle Random Phase Approximation (pn-QRPA) framework. The obtained results are compared with the experimental data and the other theoretical values.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Necla Çakmak Rıdvan Baldık Ulvi Kanbur

144 114
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Stainless Steel - CuNP Selective Surfaces Coated by Thermal Evaporation Technique.

Stainless steel - copper nanoparticles selective surfaces were deposited by a thermal evaporation technique. Stainless steel type 316L (316L SS) was chosen as a substrate, while the copper nanoparticles (CuNP) were deposited on 316L SS by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The absorption and emissivity were also measured in the UV-Vis and IR regions respectively. The results show that the prepared film by PVD has an enchantment in optical properties. A solar absorption of 0.78- 0.94 and thermal emissivity of 0.01-0.05 at room temperature has been achieved for the 316L SS-CuNP solar selective coatings. Also, the results displayed that the presence of copper nanoparticles combined with 316L SS has a better performance than 316L SS alone. The absorption and the emissivity have been an improvement; in addition to a good thermal stability have been obtained. The improvement of the solar absorber using CuNP combined with 316L SS was found to be better than CuNP singly. Other characteristics like structure and phases of coating layers achieve investigated using XRD in another side, topographic was examined via AFM and SEM.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmed S. Abbas Mohammed J. Kadhim Khalid A. Sukkar

117 127
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Structural and Physical Properties of Sintered Distaloy AE Alloy Compacts

In this study; Distaloy AE alloy powder which is type of diffusion alloyed powder used and this alloy powder pressed on the 400 and 600MPa pressures with traditional pressing technique. Pressed Distaloy AE samples sintered 1200°C temperature for 2 hours under N2 atmosphere. Density and structural properties of sintered these alloy samples performed. In order to investigate density properties of Distaloy AE samples; Archimedes water displacement test performed ; bulk and apparent solid density (g/cm3 ) , apparent porosity (%) and water adsorption (%) values recorded. With SEM images and EDS spectrums; surface properties of these alloys examined and by XRD patterns crystal structures on the surface of these alloys are recorded.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ayşe Nur ACAR Abdul Kadir EKŞİ Ahmet EKİCİBİL

128 155
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Study of the Effect of Deformation and Heat Treatment on the Features of the Microstructure of Steel Grade EA1N

The feature of the microstructure of carbon steel EA1N (chemical heterogeneity inherited from the dendritic segregation of silicon and manganese) in a cast, deformed and heat-treated state has been investigated. After the longitudinal rolling, the deformability evaluation of structure of the axial billets has been executed. The effect of inherited chemical heterogeneity of silicon and manganese on formation of final microstructure of the railway axles has been established.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Оleksandr Babachenko Kateryna Domina

158 168
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Surface Modification of Co-Based Stellite 6 Hardfacings by Laser Surface Melting: Microstructural Evaluation and Reciprocating Wear Resistance

This paper aims to investigate the effect of Laser surface melting (LSM) and Mo alloying on plasma transferred arc (PTA) deposited Co-Based Stellite 6 Hardfacings. LSM'ed and Mo alloyed samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. LSM’ed unalloyed Stellite 6 exhibited a microstructure similar to its PTA state in terms of constituent phases but at finer scale as a result of high cooling rate of the melt pool followed the LSM process. Whereas in the LSM’ed Mo-alloyed Stellite 6, only two distinct phases have been observed, whereby the complex carbides appear as interconnected network and the matrix phase appears in fine cellular dendritic morphology. The subsequent LSM process of the unalloyed and Mo-alloyed Stellite 6 led to an increment in the surface hardness as compared to the PTA version. Room temperature wear resistance was examined under testing loads of 1, 2, 3 and 4N and corresponding wear coefficient 'k' was determined. The k values showed that there was almost 25% reduction in wear loss upon the LSM process. This dual approach of Mo alloying and LSM led to a 75% reduction in wear loss than the PTA version.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Abdul Munim Alhattab Shaikh Asad Ali Dilawary Amir Motallebzadeh C. Fahir Arisoy Huseyin Cimenoglu

106 136
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Surface Roughness Optimization and Modeling of Finishing Operation for Hardened X40CrMoV51 Steel with Ceramic Tool

Hard turning is an alternative machining method instead of cylindrical grinding. In this method, more efficient results can be obtained for surface integrity (surface roughness, hardness, residual stress, etc.) of the machined parts when the cutting conditions are optimized. This study includes the optimization of cutting parameters for the minimum surface roughness (Ra) and the development of a mathematical model for estimation of Ra in turning of hardened X40CrMoV5-1 tool steel with ceramic cutting tools. In this context, hard turning tests were made at three different levels using the cutting speed (V), cutting depth (a) and feed rate (f). According to the Taguchi methodology, the optimum cutting parameters were determined as the a2V3f1 test sequence. According to the results of the analysis of interactive variance, the most important parameter was determined as the feed rate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ Mustafa GÜNAY

121 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Synthesis and Characterization of Electroless NiP Alloy and NiP/nano h-BN Composite Coatings

In present study, the morphological structure and hardness properties of electroless NiP alloy and NiP/h-BN composite coatings on AISI 1040 steel were investigated. The synthesized nano h-BN particles (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/l) were added into the NiP bath to develop NiP/h-BN composite coatings. Chemical composition of the coatings was analysed by EDX. The morphology of h-BN particles and coatings were examined by SEM. Hardness of the coatings are evaluated using Vickers microhardness tester. The results show that the incorporation of nano h-BN particles in the deposit has been found to decrease the hardness of composite coatings. The nano h-BN particles are uniformly distributed in the nickel-phosphorous matrix.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ulaş MATİK

145 144
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Tavan Vinçlerinde Spesifik Otomasyon Uygulamaları

Tavan vinçleri ağır sanayide, ciddi öneme sahip olan adeta işletmenin eli kolu konumunda olan kaldırma ve iletme makinalarıdır. Buna karşın vinçler, iş kazalarının ve proses kazalarının yoğunlukla meydana geldiği makinalar arasında yer almaktadır. Hem vinç kaynaklı proses ve iş kazalarını önlemek hem de üretkenliği ve verimliliği artırmak için eğitimli ve tecrübeli vinç operatörlerine yardımcı olacak akıllı sistemler ihtiyaç vardır. Burada şirketimizde kendi imkânlarımızla vinçlere eklediğimiz iki akıllı özellik sunulacaktır. 1. Vinç kancalarına çarpma uyarısı: Yüksekte çalışan ve birden fazla kedi ve kancaya sahip olan vinçlerde operatörlerin, kancalardan birine odaklanırken diğer kancanın unutularak vincin altındaki tesislere çarparak zarar vermesini engellemek için uyarı ikaz sistemi tesis edilmesi. 2. Cüruf havuzlarındaki vinçlerde gevşek halat engelleme: Özellikle cüruf havuzlarında çalışan vinçlerde, yoğun buhardan dolayı vinç operatörleri kepçenin havuza indiğini görememekte ve halatlar gevşeyip dolaşarak üretimin durmasına sebep olabilmektedir. Biz, vinçlerdeki mevcut imkânlarımızı kullanarak gevşek halat engelleme sistemi ekledik vinçlerimize. Bu şekilde, yük indirilirken kaldırma tertibatı tahrik ünitesi yükün ne zaman zemine indiğini algılayıp hareketi durdurur. Kaldırma tertibatı halatları gevşemez, böylece halatlar kanca blokunun dışına kaymaz ve kepçe de yana yatmaz.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Sönmez

126 92
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Texturing Methods for Cold Mill Work Rolls

The surface of sheet metals should have a certain level of roughness in terms of forming and dyeing quality. Surface roughness is mainly introduced to the material by cold rolling with straight rolls, which are textured by different methods. These methods have some advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. In this study, these methods are examined, and their superior sides are indicated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bilal ÇOLAK Fatih BAŞOĞLU Naci KURGAN

146 937
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Addition of Si and Cr Alloying Elements to the Severe Abrasive Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steels

In this study; Rod drew 54SiCr6 and 60SiCr7 steel’s resistance to severe abrasive wear response were examined by the means of comparing Si and Cr contents. The sample pieces with 10 mm diameter and 20 mm high from the medium carbon steels were subjected to abrasive wear test against Al2O3 sandpaper with a particle diameter of 210 µm under 40, 80, 120 N loads. It has been observed that the abrasion resistance of 54SiCr6 and 60SiCr7 medium carbon steels has improved with the decrease of Si content in the structure of steel and the increase of Cr content at the same time.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Esma KESKİN Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Cemal ÖZGENÇ Yasin SUBAŞI Burcu Çetintaş

175 138
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Al2O3 on Microstructure and Hardness Properties of Fe-C Alloy Composites

— In this study, Fe based composites containing Al2O3 at 1, 3 and 5% by weight were produced by powder metallurgy method. The powders were weighed in the sensitive balance and pressed under pressure of 750 MPa after 1 hour blending. After pressing, the composite materials were sintered at 1100 °C for 1 hour. With the increase in Al2O3, the density decreased, the hardness and porosity increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden

145 125
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Alloying Time on The Tensile Strength of Unalloyed Steels In Mechanical Alloying

In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 5 mm ball in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was mixed with powder and ball ratio of 1/10 for 1-2 and 3 hours. Powders obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at 1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as tensile specimens. The particle size of the produced steels and the distribution of the phases were determined by optical microscope. After microstructure analysis, tensile test was applied to steel samples prepared in tensile specimen dimensions. The elongation, yield-tensile strength of the samples are explained depending on the mechanical alloying time. As a result, steel samples for 1 hour exhibited the highest yield and tensile strength.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Selim Erman Harun ÇUĞ

148 86
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of BOF Gas Composed Inside Basic Oxygen Furnace on Id Fan Abrasion During Steel Production Process

In this study, at Kardemir Co. Inc., during the absorption of BOF gas with basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) in the steel production phase with high suction ID fan (Induced Draft), it was provided that wear of the ID fan blades was improved. As a result of the investigations, it was determined that BOF gas eroded ID fan body and wings and an increase in ID fan vibration values due to abrasion happened. ID fan blades have been improved to eliminate wear on ID fan blades. As a result, improvements have resulted in reduced production stoppages due to vibration, improved production efficiency and reduced production costs.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Halil İbrahim EMİROĞLU Hasan GÖKKAYA Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ

146 241
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Corrosive Environment on the Corrosion Behavior of High Chromium Steels

In this study; The effect of the solution and aging heat treatments on the corrosion behavior on high chromium cast steel samples with the compositon of 1.61% C + 25% Cr + 0.74% Si + 0.55% Mn + 0.38% Mo + 0,23% Ni + 0.15% V were investigated. The samples solution heat treatment - rapid cooled for 4 hours at 1150 ℃, aged for different times between 5-25 and in cast (original) status were subjected to corrosion treatment. Corrosion behavior was investigated by immersion method in 10% FeCl3 and 10% H2SO4 medium. As a consequence, the least corrosion rate was seen on the sample kept at the solution condition and then cooled by water rapidly while higher corrosion rates were observed on cast (original) status and aged samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Soner Arı Yasin SUBAŞI Süleyman Yaşın

181 124
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Corrosive Environment to the Fatigue Behaviour of the Dental Wire by Pure Bending Test Method

—In this study for a teeth wire that has a quality of 316, diameter of 0.4 mm and a tensile strength of 800 MPa, we investigated its fatigue behaviour in two environments: atmosphere and 3,5% NaCl using the methods of simple bending tests. In order to do those tests we decided to use stainless steel braces of model REF500-040-00 and calculated the wire’s length before starting the test using the following law: (L = (c * 2.17) +31). The tests have been done according to the room temperature and frequency of 10 Hz. We used the lean bias device to perform the test which requires the fully reversible stress (R=min/ max= −1). After that we examined the fractured surfaces of fractured samples that were close to the deformation limit of fatigue using SEM in order to know their fracture mechanism. We have observed that the corrosive environment caused the fatigue to result in a different mechanism.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Rahma Shaaban Tuğba Akçabaş Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Yavuz Sun Yasin SUBAŞI Ömer Onat Hüseyin Koymatcık

148 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The effect of cyclic intercritical annealing on microstructure of dual

Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) grades are currently the fastest growing materials in the automotive industry. AHSS offer a great potential for the development of automobile bodies with their mechanical properties of high formability and strength. Dual phase (DP) steels are increasingly popular AHSS grade in the automotive industry due to the excellent combination of high strength and good formability. The intercritical annealing of DP steel is generally two-stage heat treatment. DP steel sheet is annealed in the intercritical temperature range to produce ferrite and austenite and followed by accelerated cooling to transform the austenite phase to martensite. This study aims to examine effect of a cyclic intercritical annealing below and above A1 temperature on DP steel microstructure with comparison to the conventional intercritical annealing. The specimens were conventional intercritically annealed at different temperatures between 720 °C and 760°C. In cyclic intercritical annealing experiments, the temperature is cycled between 630 °C and an intercritical annealing temperature without any isothermal holding. After the conventional and cyclic intercritical annealing, the samples were investigated using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Experimental results showed that a refinement of martensite and ferrite dual phase microstructure compare to conventional intercritical annealing.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ayşe Kavruk Oğuz Gürkan Bilir Özge Ararat Ahmet Efe Gezmişoğlu

130 79
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Different Cooling Parameters on Fatigue Strength of 1040 Steel after Heat * Treatment

—In this study, fatigue strength and microstructural changes of AISI 1040 steel with different heat treatment parameters were investigated. 1040 steel is a material used in many areas today. Some of the material application areas can be subjected to cyclical loads. Fatigue strength, such as abrasion and tensile strength, is also very important in these materials. AISI 1040 steel can be easily heat- treated to increase strength. The samples were incubated at 920 ° C for 4 hours and controlled cooling in air, oil, water and oven. The microstructures of the samples after heat treatment were examined by optical microscope. Vickers hardness was performed for all samples. Force controlled fatigue test was performed. Broken surface images of fractured specimens were taken on Nikon ShuttlePix device during the test. The hardness of the water cooled sample was better than other heat treatment samples. It was observed that the increase in fatigue strength as a result of the hardness and pulling points increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Salih Bektaş Fazil Hüsem

159 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Different Quenching Media and Tempering Temperature on the HardnessValue of R260 Quality Asymmetric Profile

In this study, the effect of the heat treatment parameters on the hardness of the asymmetric profile was investigated. For this purpose, at first, the asymmetric profile samples of R260 quality were austenitized at 790 C for 60 minutes. Then, quenching was performed at different quenchant media (water, oil and polymer-based water). The quenched samples were tempered at different temperatures. The results showed that the highest hardness value was obtained at the sample at quenched in water among the samples. The main reason for this highest hardness value is due to the fact that the cooling rate in water quenching is much faster than the other quenching medias. After the water quenching process, tempering at three different temperatures (610 C, 630 C and, 640 C) for 80 minutes were carried out. As a result of these processes, the optimum hardness values (26,2 – 31,6 HRc) were obtained at the sample tempered at 630 C. After oil quenching, the tempering processes at various temperatures (500 C and, 520 C) were performed for 80 minutes. The required hardness values were reached by the tempering process at 500 C for 80 minutes. After the polymer-based quenching prosess, samples were tempered at the various temperatures of 550 C, 590 C and, 640 C for 80 minutes. It was found that the sample tempered at 590 C for 80 min. showed optimal hardness performance. To sum up, variable results were determined in three different regions by the hardness measurements which performed to observe the results of the different heat treatment parameters caused by the hardness of the R260 quality asymmetric profile. The main reason for this is due to the asymmetric form and the differences in cross-section thickness of the profile. At this point, the most homogeneous hardness distribution throughout the section was observed in the water quenched sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gürkan Gümüş Hakan Erçay Tuncay Dikici

128 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect Of Gas Nitration Process On Public Type Abrasion Behavior Of 32CrMoV Alloy On Ring

In this study; the effect of nitration process applied to coldforged 32CrMoV1210 samples with 100-mm, 24, 5 mm in outer diameter and 7, 5 mm in inner diameter, which is used in production of the barrel rifle, on the abrasion behaviour is investigated. For this purpose, hardness measurements, microstructure investigation and coating thickness determination of the gas nitrated 32CrMoV1210 steels at 500 °C for a period of 12 hours has been carried out. The original sample and the heattreated sample have been subjected to an over ring pin-type abrasion test under 80N-120N load. While the 1.2344 (X40CrMoV51) quality tool-steel, which is 56(HRC) in hardness, is used as a pin, the materials which have been examined with nitration and without nitration are used as a ring. In comparison with the severe abrasion resistance of 32CrMoV1210 samples without nitration; nitrided samples have shown an increase in abrasion resistance at the rate of %90.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Akkuş SAİT ÖZÇELİK Mehmet Ünal Yusuf Gökalp Burcu Çetintaş Furkan Ayhan Tezer

166 204
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Gas Nitration Process on the Wear Behaviour of Crankshaft

In this study, the effect of gas nitration on the wear behavior of crankshaft was investigated. For this purpose, gas nitration was applied to crankshaft for 12 hours at 500 ° C, and hardness and microstructure images were examined. Nitrided and unnitrided samples were subjected to abrasive wear test under 20N, 40N and 60N load. While 100Cr6 balls were used as abrasive, crankshaft with nitriding and unnitriding was used as counter-material. Nitrided samples have increased wear resistance by about 20% compared to the wear resistance of unnitrided crank shaft samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yusuf Gökalp Yavuz Sun Mehmet Ünal Emre Küçük SAİT ÖZÇELİK Ali Akkuş Burcu Çetintaş Emre Demirci

170 207
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Hardening Conditions on Microstructure and Hardness of EN 21NiCrMo2 Steel

In this study, the hardening process was performed in air, water and oil environment after austenitizing to 8620 steel which is used in parts, machines and automobiles, gear wheels, pins and spindles. The austenitization process was carried out in a Protherm brand oven with an electrical resistance for 1 hour at 900 °C. The cooling in air was carried out in a stagnant atmosphere at 25 °C. For engine cooling, the waste engine oil at room temperature was used, while for the cooling of the water environment, the tap water at room temperature was used. The sample thickness studied is approximately 20 mm. As a result of the optical microstructure studies, the air-cooled samples have a hardness of up to about 1 mm below the surface, and the hardness in the material center is about 400 HV. In the oil cooling process, the classrooms, which have 750 HV on the surface, have decreased down to 550 HV at 2,5 mm depths. In the hardening process, 800 HV hardness values on the surface are replaced by 600 HV values in the center.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Erkan Koç

163 188
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Dual Phase Steels

The term dual phase steels, or DP steels, refers to a class of high strength steels which is composed of two phases; normally a ferrite matrix and a dispersed second phase of martensite, retained austenite and/or bainite. Martensite phase fraction, morphology, and phase distribution play an important role on mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of DP steel. DP steels were developed in the 1970s. The development was driven by the need for new high strength steels without reducing the formability or increasing costs. In particular, the automotive industry has demanded steel grades with a high tensile elongation to ensure formability, high tensile strength to establish fatigue and crash resistance, low alloy content to ensure weldability without influencing production cost. For years later, the demand for DP steels is still strong. Materials that can combine high strength and good formability and thus reduce the weight of vehicles and other products give an environmental and economic advantage. In this study, plate shaped specimen was used. The specimens were subjected to normalization annealing at 850 °C for 1 hour and cooled in air at room temperature. The specimens were inter-critical annealed at 740°C, 750 °C, 760°C and 770°C for 1 hour and quenched in water at room temperature. Light microscope and SEM were used for the microstructural investigations. Changes of microstructure properties and material hardness were investigated due to different heat treatment conditions. The tensile test was applied to the samples to determine mechanical properties and the results were discussed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Çöl Ersoy Erişir Funda Gül Koç Burak BARUTÇUOĞLU

127 147
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Heat Treatment on Severe Abrasion Behavior Test of ER7 Quality Train Wheel

In this study; The effect of heat treatment of ER7 quality train wheel samples was investigated under severe abrasive wear. The train wheel of ER7 quality samples were heated to 900 oC and brought to austenite phase for 1 hour, then cooled by water. Cooled samples were tempered at 400oC for 1.5 hours. Severe abrasion test was applied to the samples on sandpaper containing 210 µm Al2O3 particle under 40N, 80N and 120N loads. Microstructure and hardness measurements of samples were investigated after quenching and tempering heat treatment. As a result of these tests, the abrasive wear resistance of the heat treated sample by containing by a 3-fold increase in hardness improved by 36%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Burcu Çetintaş SAİT ÖZÇELİK Süleyman Yaşın Yusuf Gökalp Ali Akkuş Emre Demirci

152 128
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Abstract Language: English
2019 The Effect of Iron Matrix Composition on Properties of Diamond Cutting Tools for Used Producing Natural Stone

Diamond cutting tools have been widely used in natural stone industry as the circular sawing, frame sawing, wire sawing and core drilling. The diamond cutting tools are manufactured by powder metallurgy techniques. They are consisted of diamond particles embedded in metal matrix. Chemical interaction between diamonds and matrix is primary importance for diamond cutting tools. As the most used binder to provide these reaction is iron and its alloys. The aim of this study is to enhance the cutting performance of diamond tools by the investigation the effects of iron addition on to the matrix compositions. In this study; 30,50 and 80 wt% Fe containing matrices were determined and their mechanical properties, microstructures and wear resistances were examined comparatively. All materials in the form of powders were cold pressed and then the pellets were sintered with Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Microstructural and mechanical characterizations were performed by SEM-EDS, XRD, hardness, compression tests and wear tests. According to the results, control on the grain size and reaching the theoretical density values were achieved by SPS method due the lower sintering temperature and shorter sintering time. Results showed that Fe additives had no negative effect on properties of the samples. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the samples increased with increasing Fe contents.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Berrak Bulut Murat Baydogan Eyup Sabri Kayali

120 178
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Powder / Ball Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Non-Alloyed Powder Metal Steels in Mechanical Alloying

In this study, a mixture of unalloyed steel material in the desired composition via powder metallurgy method is obtained by adding 0.5% by weight of graphite element in Fe matrix. The powders obtained were mixed by using a 5 mm ball in the mechanical mixing device and the mixture was mixed with powder and ball ratio of 1/5, 1/7 and 1/10 for 1 hour. Powders obtained after mixing were squeezed at pressures of 700 MPa at 1350⁰C sintering temperature in 1 hour in the molds designed as tensile specimens. Tensile test was applied to steel samples prepared in tensile specimen dimensions. The elongation, yieldtensile strength of the samples are explained depending on the powder and ball ratio. As a result, steel samples with powder and ball ratio 1/10 for 1 hour exhibited the highest yield and tensile strength.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Selim Erman Harun ÇUĞ

135 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of Sintering Temperature on Fe Based Al2O3 Particle Reinforced Composites

In this study, Fe based Al2O3 reinforced composites were produced by powder metallurgy method. Fe-Graphite and Al2O3 powders were pressed under 750 MPa pressure in one direction after 1 hour blending. After pressing, the composite materials were sintered at 1100°C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 1 hour in argon atmosphere. The ideal hardness results for the composites were obtained by sintering at 1100 ° C. With increasing sintering temperatures, an increase in density values and a decrease in porosity were determined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hasan Karabulut

137 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Effect of the Production Method on Rotating Bending Fatigue Behaviour of Spring Steel

In this study, fatigue behavior of 55Cr3 metal alloy spring steel which is produced as hot and cold was examined. Fatigue samples with a diameter of 10 mm, extracted from 55Cr3 spring steel in accordance with ISO 1143 standard, were subjected to rotational bending fatigue testing of different masses under repeated bending stresses according to a continuous rotating neutral axis. As a result of the investigations, the fatigue strength of 55Cr3 spring steel decreased with hot process, while the cold process increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Esma KESKİN Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Hüseyin Zengin Mustafa Ali KÜÇÜK Yasin SUBAŞI

151 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Investigation of Tribological Behaviour Fe Matrix Hybrid Composites by Powder Metallurgy

This study reports the effect of different size of particulates on wear behaviour of iron (Fe) matrix composites. Fe / 5 wt. % Al2O3 , Fe / 5 wt. % B4C and Fe 2.5 wt. % Al2O3 -2.5 wt. % B4C composites were produced thorough powder metallurgy. The samples were compacted under load of 500 MPa and followed by sintering at 1050 ºC for 1.5 h. The dry sliding wear behaviour of the samples were investigated by reciprocating wear tests under loads of 10, 20 and 40 N. In order to clarify wear mechanisms, worn surfaces were analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The hybrid Fe 2.5 Al2O3 -2.5 B4C composites has the highest wear resistance. Oxidation and delamination are the main wear mechanisms.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatih AYDIN

144 124
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The place in Europe of test laboratories in Turkey - According to ISO 6892-1 standard

Metallic material producers, users and those who work to determine the properties of materials, most commonly use tensile testing. As you know, the tensile test of metallic materials at room temperature is done according to the ISO 6892-1 standard. The tensile testing laboratories provide the reliability and worldwide validity of the test results through accreditation. In this study, after briefly discussed important issues of the ISO 6892-1 standard, laboratories involved in the accreditation system in Turkey will be discussed. The number of laboratories accredited by the same standard in Europe is determined. As a result, the locations of the test laboratories in our country will be compared according to their global competitors and the shares will be presented for the future road map of the laboratories.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bulent AYDEMIR

140 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Relationship Between Steel Production and Accredited Laboratory

In this study, it was investigated whether there was a correlation between the production of steel and the number of accredited laboratories of countries. For this purpose, the metallic material competence (MMC) coefficients of countries were calculated. According to the results, Germany, known as a quality steel producer, was the country with the highest coefficient. Moreover, Germany's made in country index has the best value in other countries. However, China, which is the market leader in steel production, was a country with the lowest MMC coefficient among the compared 10 countries. It was foreseen that countries should focus on non-destructive tests in order to become quality steel producers. This study for the iron and steel industry was thought to be a guide for other sectors.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alper Incesu Yasin Akgül Betul ERCAN Muzeyyen ABUNAZ Bulent AYDEMIR Murat KAVRUK

151 128
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Relationship of the Force Effect with the Effect of Current on Weld Quality in Resistance Spot Welding

— In this study research, the RSW process was applied at various welding currents and in different electrode pressures in electrical spot welding of commercial DP600 steel sheets which has 1 mm thickness that was investigated and calculated the relationship between the effects of the electrode force and that of the welding current has an effect on the weld quality and the diameter of the weld nugget. The current and electrode force been adjusted through the increment of 2 kA from 4 to 8 kA and 1 Bar from 3,5 to 5,5 respectively. The results of the experimental reveal that the tensile shear load and the nugget diameter are increases as the current increases and then it decreases as the electrode pressure increases.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Abdulkarim Alzahougi Muhammed Elitaş Bilge Demir

143 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 The Transformation of Structure Steel with Thermal Strengthening of The Disk Railway Wheel

On the example of the carbon steel, issues of structuring in the process of accelerated cooling are considered. The emerging gradient of structures at different distances from the surface of the heat transfer is presented in the form of a dependence, which is adequate to the effect of the temperature of individual heating during the release of steel after the quenching. It is shown that after the forced cooling is stopped, the increase of distance from the cooling surface accompany higher the tempering temperature of the metal. In the volumes of the metal, the microstructure close to the middle of the disk wheel is formed by the diffusion mechanism.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Vakulenko I Proidak S Raksha S Akay, M. E Cuğ. H Askerov K

115 124
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Thermal Properties of Graphene Reinforced Fe-CrNi-Cu Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy

In this study thermal properties of graphene reinforced Fe-Cr-Ni-Cu alloys were investigated. This alloys were produced with a two-step process. Firstly, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni powders were mechanically milled for homogenous mixing. Secondly, these powders were cold pressed and sintered at 1150oC. For comparative study, graphene (GNP) powders were milled with Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni powders and finally, these powders were pressed and sintered at 1150oC. Hence, two types of alloys i.e Fe-Cr-Cu-Ni and graphene reinforced Fe-Cr-Cu-Ni were produced. The specimens were evaluated by thermal, microstructure and mechanical properties. DSC and TGA analysis was carried out for determining the melting points, phase transformations and entropy values. It was found that the graphene reinforced-alloy exhibits lower entropy values than that of obtained from Fe-CrCu-Ni. But the existence of graphene has increased the melting point of alloy. However, the existence of graphene has reduced compression strength of alloy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yuksel Akınay Muhammet Emre Turan

233 127
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Thermochemical Surface Engineered Steels – Their Behavior in Tribology

The purpose of this paper is to review in some detail how and why the surface degradation of steels through mechanical and chemical mechanisms can be mitigated by the application of specific thermochemical diffusion processes. Of these, carburising, carbonitriding, vanadizing, boriding, nitrocarburising and nitriding are considered in depth. It is shown that wear resistance is not a simple property that can be determined by a single test since many mechanisms of wear are possible. The paper discusses the possible prevailing surface degradation processes and how these can be mitigated by the various thermochemical diffusion processes. Vanadized steels (e.g., produced via the TD process) have sufficient hardness to resist abrasion by the hardest of abrasives (such as SiC). They are best used on very hard, very tough and strong steel substrates, which maintain such properties up to 450ºC. Nitrided/nitrocarburised steels have the advantage that they demonstrate good functionality in mildly oxidational environments at elevated temperature (up to 400ºC); outperforming untreated, carburized and carbonitrided steels. The development of an exterior, micro- -Fe2-3N layer via nitrocarburising, has specific advantages under lubricated high pressure (>1GPa) rolling contact conditions as found in some low alloy steel pinion gear applications.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Peter Dearnley

109 115
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Abstract Language: English
2019 Torpedocars Level Measurement and Location Tracking System

Iskenderun Iron and Steel Co. (ISDEMIR) has four blast furnaces(BF) 80-90% liquid crude iron is used in basic oxygen furnece (BOF). Liquid crude iro is transfer to BOF by torpedocars.The purpose of our application is monitoring the level of crued liquid iron filling the the blast furnace. With this application, we get the production values of the Blast Furnace and arrange logistics of the torpedocars. The other advantages of this application are as follows; 1. BF workers can monitor the blast furnace process and ensure that the furnace to help understand the rate of discharge, 2. Helps to monitor the full aperture of the drain hole to empty the BF, 3. To be able to understand when the furnace should be closed with instant tonnage information, 4. To make the maneuvering program of the logistics maneuver better, Obtaining data about refractory thickness, 5. Increasing data and digitalization of demonstrable about BF process In addition, the advantages of location tracking system with wireless RFID, which is established for maneuvering of torpedocars. and locomotives, are as follows: 1. Digitally tagged and numbered for easy tracking of torpedocars. and locomotives, 2. Tracking of torpedocars.refractory thicknesses can be monitored faster via ID, 3. Time and speed data of logistics maneuvers have been obtained, 4. All employees in the iron and steel production can follow the torpedocars. through the system. This system is finish the verbal communication, 5. The operating times and maintenance times of the locomotives can be monitored.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemil Bayramoğlu Sertaç Kaya Ümit Gebenli Ramazan Yaraşır

140 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Tribological Behaviours of Fe-Graphene Composites

In this study, Fe matrix composites with different amounts of graphene nanoplatelets (0.2-0.5-0.8 wt%) were produced via powder metallurgy. Tribological behaviors of samples were determined with a dry sliding wear test. Results were compared with Fe-Graphite (C) composites. Microstructures of samples were investigated by the optical microscope. Vickers hardness and density measurement were performed for all samples. Also, worn surfaces of samples were observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that all graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) containing samples showed better wear resistance behavior compared to graphite containing samples. However, the same trend was not observed according to hardness test results. 0.8 wt% graphite-Fe sample has a higher hardness value than 0.8 wt% (GNPs)-Fe sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Salih BEKTAS Mehmet Akif Erden Ahmet Nusret Tanrıverdi Yasin Akgül

164 126
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Use of Biomass Waste for Iron Nugget Production from Magnetite Concentrate

Pig iron production costs are very high in blast furnaces where conventional iron and steel production is carried out, and therefore, iron and steel producers seek alternative methods, two of which are the production of sponge iron and iron nuggets. Depending on furnace temperature and waiting time, reduction of magnetite to pure iron results in three products, one of which is Direct Reduced Iron obtained from iron oxide ore in a reducing atmosphere between temperatures of 900-1100 oC. The second product is Transition Direct Reduced Iron (TDRI) obtained at temperatures at which partial melting occurs. The third product is iron nuggets in which complete melting occurs, and metal and slag are separately obtained. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biomass waste on iron nugget production from magnetite ore using carbothermic method. Biomass waste was carbonized at 800 °C for 1440 min to obtain a 94.68% C and 0.03% S carbonized product with a thermal value of 8823 cal/g. Composite pellet samples with and an O/C of 0.5, 1 and 2 were treated in a high temperature furnace at 1300 and 1350 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min. Results showed that samples contained Fe and C as well as FeO. Macro images showed that metal-slag separation was not fully achieved and that the product exhibited TDRI properties.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bayram Bostancı Elif ARANCI ÖZTÜRK Mustafa BOYRAZLI Engin ÇEVİK Zeki Çizmecioğlu

137 146
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Visual Testing of Single-Bead Weldings

In this study, the welding images, which were taken in HURSAN Pres company, were classified as good welding / bad welding. The aim is to minimize human errors by artificial intelligence methods during welding defact detection. Welding images were taken on weldings, which were done by three different experts, with 13MP mobile phone camera. The images were labelled as good welding / bad welding by an expert. The dataset consists of 27 good welding images and 70 bad welding images.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yavuz Selim Ceran Musa Yılmaz Mücahit Barstugan

139 101
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Waste Management and Zero Waste Studies in Iron and Steel Industry

The management of industrial wastes, which may have negative effects on the environment and human health, has become an important issue in recent years when it has been thrown away or discharged directly to the environment. The most important step in industrial waste management is the determination of wastes from each process and the selection of appropriate waste management technology. Within the scope of this study, a road map that can be used to achieve zero waste targets in the iron and steel industries has been prepared and application proposals are presented.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

H. Duygu BİLGEN

166 212
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Wear Behaviour of Iron Base Hardfacing on a Tool Steel

In this study, the wear performance of the hardfacing process used to economically extend the life of the forging dies used in the hot forging process in the steel industry was investigated. Hardfacing is a rapid die repair method that is applied locally or completely to the damaged areas in the hot forging die. In this study, 56NiCrMoV7 (DIN 1.2714) hot work tool steel was used as the base material. CITODUR 600/B Febased electrode, i.e. Fe-7%Cr-0.4%C, was used for hardfacing. Hardfacing was carried out by the arc welding method. The wear tests were performed using ball-on-disc CSM Instruments Tribometer. A counter ball specimen was Al2O3 with dimensions of Ø6 mm. Wear performance was reported for both tool steel and hardfaced layer at normal load of 10N and linear speed of 12.8 cm·s -1. It was shown that the hardfacing layer exhibited better wear resistance than the tool steel for all testing results. The overall friction coefficient was higher in hardfacing layer than in tool steel. Surface hardness of the hardfaced layer and tool steel samples was obtained. It was observed that the hardfacing with CITODUR 600/B leads to an increase the wear life of the dies which are made from 56NiCrMoV7 tool steel.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Simge Gençalp İrizalp Yiğit Erçayhan Ezgi Yeter

140 129
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Article Language: English
2019 Wear Improvement of The Industrial Fans Used at Steel Manufacturing

In this study, at Kardemir Co. Inc., during the absorption of BOF gas with basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) in the steel production phase with high suction ID fan (Induced Draft), it was provided that wear of the ID fan blades was improved. At the end of the wear improvement work, the ID fan blades are plated with AISI 304L stainless steel to remove the wear on the ID fan blade wings. Briefly, improvement of the ID fan blades with the AISI 304L stainless steel, a decrease in the production stops time during the steel production phase with BOF so depending on the decrease, steel production has increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Halil İbrahim EMİROĞLU Hasan GÖKKAYA Ahmet Fatih YILMAZ Abdullah UĞUR

130 155
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2019 Weight Reduction Study of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Block Manufactured from Cast Iron

Emission standards getting harder and tougher day by day, therefore this challenge causes a decrease in diesel engine and increase in hybrid systems usage. But, for heavy duty industries; diesel engines are still very economic and feasible because of today’s technological developments and market competitions. In this direction, research and development process of heavy duty diesel engines continues on process optimisation and weight reductions. In this study, weight reduction and design development is applied for a tractor diesel engine block which manufactured for prototype to gain an industrial advantage. New light weight design is optimized according to manufacturing parameters and moulding requirements via casting simulation software. In additional, a commercial finite element-based analysing program is used to simulate the mechanical properties of the new design, and to predict possible deviations by comparing the first and final design.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ümit Kirenci Ali Serdar Vanlı Anıl Akdoğan

141 166
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 2D Modelling of Residual Stresses in Hard Turning of AISI 4140 Steel

The residual stresses induced by any machining process affects fatigue life, corrosion crack resistance and part distortion. Therefore, residual stresses should be predicted better and the cutting parameters should be arranged for minimum value. This paper presents a 2D finite element analysis (FEA) on residual stresses during hard turning of AISI 4140 steel with HSS tools. The cutting parameters are chosen as feed rate and cutting speed with three levels and constant depth of cut. In simulation after the cutting process is finished, both the chip and tool are removed and the workpiece can thermo-mechanically relax. The average of three extraction points on eight different depths of machined surface for residual stresses is calculated for better results. FEA results showed that both tangential and axial residual stresses act as tensile in the depths near the surface until about 75 µm while they act as compressive stress after the depth of 75 µm until about 300 µm. Also, increasing cutting speed has decreasing effect on tensile residual stresses while increasing effect on compressive residual stresses.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ Nafiz YAŞAR Mustafa GÜNAY

169 190
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 A Forecasting Analysis of Exports of Rail and Rail Equipments in Turkey by Grey Prediction and Exponential Smoothing

Prices are falling in the world iron and steel industry due to China's high production capacity. This leads manufacturers to produce high-yielding products with less amount of production. Rail and rail equipment is one of the increasingly being produced iron and steel product in our country in recent years. In this study, by analizing export data of rail and rail equipment (including wagon wheel) of Turkey, a forecasting for the years 2016-2020 has been made with the aim of guiding producers and giving an idea about exporting of these products. Grey prediction method and Holt's exponential smoothing technique were used for forecasting and the results were compared.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Ziyaeddin Bulum Muharrem DÜGENCİ Mümtaz İPEK Halil İbrahim DEMİR

143 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 A Literature Review to Design of 60 Metres Aerial Work Platform

In this paper, a literature review was conducted for the development of the aerial work platform with a working height of 60 meters, which was installed on the truck. And mentioned to why needed for work platforms, how they were developed, and their history as well as areas of use. In the near future, this study has been thought that the platform to be designed will help to be secured, technologically and low cost.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yasin Yaman İlhan Asilturk

107 166
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 A Method for Assessment of Rust Preventive Oil on Galvanized Steel

This paper proposes a new method for the assessment of performance of protective oil on galvanized and skin passed sheets. 11 different protective oil products were applied (1 g/m2) to hot dip galvanized and skin passed 66 sheet samples and subjected to Neutral Salt Spray Fog Testing (NSSFT) with 5% NaCl solution. Amount of white rust on the samples has been determined at 2, 6, 9 and 24 hours. Test results showed that application of NSSF test for 9 hours gives best deterministic results.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Özgür KARAKAŞ Erdogan KANCA Faruk CAVDAR Alper AKÜN İbrahim GÖÇER

169 145
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 A Research on Business Satisfaction Levels of Occupational Health and Safety Specialists in Occupational Health and Safety Practice

High technology based production with the advent of industrialization has created some new issues. Foremost among them is the occupational health and safety. The facts that the business environment is particularly unsafe and puts health at risk have increased the importance of health and safety in work places. Measures in regards to work safety in the iron and steel sector are at the forefront of the issues that must be prioritized. It is crucial that job satisfaction levels of occupational health and safety specialists, who not only have good knowledge of both the workplace and the production process but also can determine, along with best safety measures, hazards related to the nature of work and production tools, are high so that they can work effectively and efficiently. Considering this factş a field study was done in order to measure job satisfaction levels of health and safety specialists working in the Black Sea Region. The data obtained from the questionaire with 379 samples was evaluated with factor analysis and then, it was analysed to see if there is variation by applying nonparametric Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis H tests. As a result of the analysis, it was found that job satisfaction levels of occupational health and safety specialists did not vary in respect to age, sex and OHG (Occupational Health Safety) certificate but varied in respect to occupational experience.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Volkan SANCI Abdullah KARAKAYA

105 91
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 A Study on the Financial Behaviour of Kardemir Inc. Employeer

Families act in an environment of financing system which includes the pressure of the economic powers like the changing economic balances, increasing unemployment rate, changing purchasing power of money, inflationist pressures, increasing tax load, changing government policies, increasing interest rates, complicating consumer market, and the competence gradually increasing between the businesses. In such an environment, the behaviours of family related to usage of the income on one hand affect the social and economic welfare of family itself, and on the other hand the national economy and welfare. In this context, economic functions are of a significant center for the families to obtain their wishes and needs and to maintain their lives better and happier. In this article we focus on families’ financial behaviours. For this purpose we have observed 1) financial status of families, 2) financial decision making forms of families’, 3) families' financial status evaluation. The sample consists of individuals, who are working in Kardemir Inc. (n=245). A total of 245 employees are participated in the study on a voluntary. Findings indicated that 65.3% of the responses keep record for income and expenses every month. Economic decision making are always shared by couple (47.3%). The rate of monthly income scarcely satisfies needs (46.1%) are higher among the reasons for not saving. The majority of participants (89.0%) have stated that their monthly incomes are not sufficient or scarcely sufficient to satisfy the needs of families and thus, they cannot make savings. Finally, some recommendations are suggested for individuals, families, executives and researchers.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gülay GÜNAY Ahmet OĞUZ Fatih BAYRAM Murat YILDIRIM

146 92
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Abrasion Resistant Steels

In general, design of abrasion resistant steel is based on the assumption that abrasion resistance increases with hardness. However, in practical use, some problems are created with an increase in hardness exceeding 500 HB. Therefore, abrasion resistant steels should have a combination of high abrasion resistance, good cold formability and sufficient impact toughness. Relia® is ArcelorMittal’s new range of high hardness, low-alloyed martensitic steels, offering outstanding resistance to wear and abrasion. Despite their extreme hardness, the properties of Relia® plates are specifically designed for improved workability such as cutting, forming, drilling and welding to realise any kind of applications and designs.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oktay Elkoca

106 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Accelerated Cooling Heat Treatment of Equilateral Angle and Hea-Heb Profiles

Heat treatment methods are the most commonly used production steps because they can interfere with all the mechanical properties of the material without altering the chemical composition of the metal in industry. Accelerated cooling is also one of the most prominent points in the series production process in these heat treatment methods. This method is used in the manufacturing process of thin pearlitic steel, double phase steel, rayon sheet steel which is used for bainitic steel production, from construction bar to profile in many different quality and size products. In this study, S355J2 corrugated corrugations and S275JR quality HEA-HEB structural section steels were produced from hot rolled billets produced by open casting method. Intensive inclusions were found in both of the materials examined and it was seen that they could not meet the mechanical strength values in the sizes with low crushing rates. These materials, especially those with low impact strength, have been subjected to accelerated cooling to increase their impact strength.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatma KÖZ Furkan ACAR Emre Demirci Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yavuz Sun Yunus Türen Mustafa DEMİRKAZIK Mesut KAYMAZ Şerafettin ÖNER

142 121
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Achieving Ultrafine Grain Structure with Superior Mechanical Properties by Friction Stir Processing of Interstitial-free Steel (IF-steel) Sheets

— Grain refinement is a unique approach to improve physical and mechanical properties of metallic materials without need to change their chemical compositions. Friction stir processing (FSP), is technique for microstructural refinement of metallic materials down to micrometer levels. In this process, a specially designed rotating tool is plunged into the sheet to be processed and traversed along the line of interest. The most important advantage of process is providing weight reduction by effectively strengthening of metals. However, applicability of this process to thin sheets have been found difficult. In this study; thin interstitial-free steel (IF-steel) was subjected to FSP using a carbide-tungsten tool with the diameter of 14 mm. Ultrafine grain structure was successfully achieved in 1.2 mm thick IF steel sheet via position controlled processing technique and selection of the proper tool dynamics. The microstructural evolutions were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results show that the FSP of IF-steel resulted with the fine grains with a mean grain size of 5 µm (initial grain size was 35 µm). FSP steel exhibited a good combination of yield strength of 500 MPa with uniform elongation of 16%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mümün YILMAZ Imren OZTURK YILMAZ Onur SARAY

108 91
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Affecting Factors on Gloss Value for Galvanized Cold Rolled Sheets

Flat steel products are coated with zinc to ensure decorative requirements and prevent the steel from corrosion. Galvanized cold rolled (GCR) sheets has three main characteristics for decorative requirements, these are metallic effect, spangle and gloss. High gloss value is one of effective parameter on the customer demand. In order to define influencing factors on gloss value, GCR sheet samples, with different dimensions and produced with different parameters, had been taken. Influencing factors such as zinc coating mass, sheet thickness, chemical composition of zinc coating, line speed were investigated under constant zinc pot metallurgy conditions. This study finds out increase in strip thickness and Al% content of zinc coating leads to increase in gloss value, increase in coating mass leads to decrease in gloss value and gloss-line speed data gives a Gaussian curve where the gloss value reaches a maximum magnitude at about 100 m/min.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Özgür KARAKAŞ Erdogan KANCA İbrahim GÖÇER Alper AKÜN Erkan PÜGE Güzin Müge LÜLE Ali DOĞAN Ahmet ÖZDEMİR

158 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Aging of A356 aluminum billets produced by semisolid metal processing

The effects of artificial aging on A356 aluminum billets were investigated. Low superheat casting (LSC) was performed in order to prepare appropriate samples by equiaxed grains formation instead of dendrites for further semi-solid metal process. Specimens were cast at 635°C in LSC technique and nondendritic grains were obtained. Produced billets were reheated at 595°C where both solid and liquid phases of the alloy coexist. Samples were held in this semi-solid region for varied times followed by quenching. After reheating step, specimens were solution treated, water-cooled and artificial aged. The microstructural evaluation and related hardness changing of reheated billets were examined by image analyser assisted light optical microscopy and Brinell hardness measurements. Aging process leads to attain relatively uniform microstructure with newly formed precipitates which provide increase in hardness considerably.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ridvan Gecu Serhat Acar Alptekin Kısasöz Kerem Altug Guler Ahmet Karaaslan

151 108
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Aluminium Ingot Feeding System Design for BOF

Aluminium is usually used for de-oxidation of liquidsteel production in Basic Oxygen Furnaces. For this process, Aluminium ingots that have 5 kg nominal weight are feeding manually in a ladle for this kind of Plant. This situation can lead to some problems such as quality error and loss of efficiency. The problem was solved by designing automatic aluminium ingot feeding system. Hereby feeding system performance variables had improved considerably and also risks caused by occupational health and safety aspects have been eliminated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Kayrak Mesut Tutal İsa Keskin

112 292
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Application Example for Demineralized Water Production from Waste Heat of Basic Oxygen Furnace Process

Today, the most important factors in the evolution of people's living standards are the development of industrialization and production capabilities. In the industrial sector, fossil-based energy sources are widely used and cause production costs to increase and competitiveness to decline, especially in countries that are dependent on energy supply. In addition to this, the use of energy as efficiently as possible and the recycling of waste energy can reduce both costs and adverse environmental problems. In the study, the use of the waste heat from the basic oxygen converter process used in the iron and steel industry has been examined again to meet the demand for demineralized water and to convert the overproduced water into a financial resource and to avoid adverse environmental effects. For this purpose, a demineralized water production system that operates on the basis of a humidification-dehumidification method compatible with the amount of waste heat, whose investment costs are more advantageous than other methods, is designed and the production capacity is calculated. It has been determined that the obtained data is at a very high level of demineralized water producing potential of the designed system and that this recycling application can be funded considerably.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Aytaç AYDIN Mustafa Karagoz Emrah Deniz

153 137
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Application Example for Electric Power Production with Organic Rankine Cycle from Waste Heat of Basic Oxygen Furnace Process

Today, rapid industrialization, manufacturing innovations and the growing population rate has caused an increase in energy needs in many countries. This increase in energy needs of people to produce more energy, energy efficiency and led the search for renewable energy. The next few centuries studies renewable energy sources and focus on the efficient use of energy has been caused because of run out of fossil origin fuels. The industrial sector of energy consumption of fossil origin energy sources are widely used and especially in countries that are dependent on foreign energy supply of increased production costs and causes it to fall of its competitiveness of firms. How much more energy if the benefit is reduced to that amount of production costs and emissions, emission caused environmental problems by reducing wastes, imply avoided. In the study, both the iron & steel industry is being used in basic oxygen converter process occurring from organic rankine cycle from waste heat produced electricity with satisfying the energy needs of a partition and use in order to prevent negative environmental impacts have been studied. To this end, the waste heat from power generation system with organic rankine of cycle designed and production capacity was calculated. The data from the potential for producing electricity system designed fairly high level, and that substantial financial resources through the application of recycling have been identified that can be instantiated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Karagoz Aytaç AYDIN Emrah Deniz

135 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An effect of stress relief annealing on the resistance spot welded TRIP steel joint

In the present study, the commercially available TRIP800 steel having 1.5 mm thickness was joined with resistance spot welding method by using optimum welding parameters which is assessed with developed weld lobe diagram. A group of samples were post weld heat treated (stress relief annealing treatment) at the temperature of 600oC for 30 minutes. The effect of stress relief annealing treatment on the tensile shear load bearing capacity, energy absorption, hardness and microstructure of weldment was investigated so, the relation with microstructure-mechanical properties was determined. The other group of samples was tested as welded condition for sake of comparison. Conclusively, it is believed that stress relief annealing treatment applied for resistance spot welded TRIP800 weldment did not affect to the constituent phases and failure mode of tensile test sample. However, the hardness decreased in the weld nugget and HAZ. Meanwhile, the tensile shear load bearing capacity and energy absorption of weldment affected negatively.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hayriye ERTEK EMRE Ramazan KAÇAR

101 88
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Example Implementation for the Lowest Reduction of Environmental Effects of Chemical Oriented Disasters: The REACH System

Modern industrial manufacturing processes and modern societies need to use chemical substances. Chemistry and chemical products are described as the key elements in development of modern societies. In addition, chemical substances are used extensively in almost every stage of industrial production including in the iron and steel industry. Thus, production of chemicals and their usage are getting increased through the worldwide. Due to transboundary nature of flyaway distribution of chemical substances, in terms of human health and environmental should be required of national and international cooperation. Therefore, there are a lot of applications in field of international collaboration. One of these applications is the REACH System developed by the European Union. The REACH System is aimed to higher level protection of human health and environmental. Thanks to this system, will have more knowledge about chemical substances and this knowledge will be shared with the society. In this study, developing on chemicals control by the European Union will be discussed through implementation areas of the REACH System. An Erasmus+ project related to field will also briefly presented.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bora Balun Gazanfer Erbay

127 83
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Experimental Study on Effects of Laser Welding Speed and Laser Power on Weld Bead Shape and Heat Affected Zone in Keyhole Laser Welding

In this study, many operations carried out by traversing laser beam on 6 mm thick S960 steel plates for various laser welding speeds and powers in order to determine influence of welding speed and power on penetration, shape of fusion zone and heat affected zone. A 16 kW Ytterbium fibre laser and pure argon as shielding gas were used in this experimental study. Data was evaluated and compared with some previous studies. Furthermore, an empirical formula between heat input and weld bead width was developed from results.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ömer Ekinci John Francis Anıl İMAK Zülküf BALALAN

115 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An innovative study: Developing of a continuous coating method for steel sheets or plates

Innovation is the application of an idea, item or a new process to the real life for income. In coating sector, it is possible to talk about some new and innovative processes for different kind of parts, especially for small parts. However, the subject of coating for steel sheets or plates having large surfaces with Fe-based alloys, especially for resistance to wear, is still open for investigation. For coating of large steel surfaces, common method is welding using different kind of electrodes. However, coating with welding has some disadvantages such as; dependent on electrodes, low coating rate, high surface roughness and so on. However, in the continuous coating method that was invented under this study has more advantages. In the experimental study, st 37 steel plates having dimensions of 4 x 800 x 800 mm were coated using continuous coating method with three different kinds of Fe-based alloys, austenitic manganese steel, high chromiumhigh carbon alloy and nodular cast iron, with the thickness of 4 mm. After coating process, microstructural investigation was conducted using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with EDS analysis and microhardness measurements were obtained from coating to substrate. The results showed that there is a good bond between substrate and coting layers and the continuous coating method is much more suitable for coating the surfaces of large sheets or plates safely and economically.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Eroğlu

132 92
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Integrated Process Design for Magnesium Alloy Part Manufacturing in Turkey

As the known lightest structural metal, Magnesium (Mg) has attracted interests for automotive, electronics and aircraft industries. There is a common usage at industrial applications of Mg alloys because of their distinguishing performance characteristics. However, there almost isn’t an integrated mass production line at the industrial scale in Turkey which can supply high density and strong mechanical property Mg products due to the lack of experience and knowledge in this subject. Unfortunately, Turkey deliberately avoid to manufacture Mg alloy parts thus can only use them by importing. Honestly, there is an integrated mass production system including a dosing furnace, a molten metal transfer system, a gas mixing unit, a die heating-cooling device, and a cold chamber die casting machine for Mg alloys mass production in Yildiz Technical University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Die Casting Laboratory. Today, it is possible to get acceptable mechanical and metallurgical propertied, high density parts by considering the three basic production steps i.e. melting, dosing, and casting precisely.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Serdar Vanlı Anıl Akdoğan

124 196
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation into the Effect of Welding Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welded DP1000–QP1180 Steel Joints

In recent years, steel manufacturers have been focused to develop the 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) for automotive industry. In this study, parametric studies have been done on the electrical resistance spot welding of the DP1000 steel, which is widely used in the automotive industry, with the newly developed QP1180 steel. Welding studies were carried out by the process window method with different welding time and welding current while keeping other parameters constant. The effects of welding current and welding time on the mechanical properties of spot welded joints were investigated. In order to determine the mechanical properties of spot welded joints, welding specimens were subjected to tensile shear tests. In this context, the relationships between welding parameters, nugget size and mechanical properties of the spot welded joints were established.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Imren OZTURK YILMAZ Abdullah Yasin BILICI Hakan Aydin

111 135
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation into the Machinability of Hot Work Tool Steel (Toolox 44)

In this study, machinability tests were carried out on Toolox 44 hot work tool steel (44 HRC) an important material in developing industry. The tests were carried out dry through milling method at four different cutting speeds (150, 180, 210, and 240 m/min), four different feed rates (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm/tooth) and at two different depth of cut (0.2 and 0.4 mm). Cutting forces developed during milling and surface roughness of the machined surfaces were measured. The results showed that increasing feed rate increased the surface roughness while increasing cutting speed decreased the cutting forces. The lowest surface roughness value (0.533 μm) was obtained at 180 m/min cutting speed, 0.4 mm/tooth feed rate and 0.2 mm depth of cut while the highest one (3.126 μm) was obtained at 180 m/min cutting speed, 1.2 mm/tooth feed rate and 0.2 mm depth of cut. The lowest cutting force was obtained at 0.4 mm depth of cut, 0.4 mm/tooth feed rate and 180 m/min cutting speed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Rüstem BİNALİ Halil DEMİR İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ

141 136
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation of Resistance Spot Weldability of DP600/TRIP800 Dissimilar Steel Couple

In this study, the resistance spot weldability of DP600 and TRIP800 dissimilar steels, which are used preferentially in automotive industry due to their high strength and good ductility, was investigated in detail with using different electrode force. The tensile shear load bearing capacity, cross tension strength, energy absorption, weld nugget size, the hardness profile of weldment was determined and the metallographic evaluation was also carried out on the cross section of weldment. Thus, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure has been confirmed. It was found that electrode force is one of the most important welding parameters which affect to the nugget geometry and mechanical properties of dissimilar steel weldment.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Khaled Omer H. Marwan Ramazan KAÇAR Hayriye ERTEK EMRE

108 87
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation of the Influence of Keyhole Laser Welding Parameters on Weld Bead Shape and Integrity

The purpose in this study was to investigate the effects of keyhole laser welding parameters (laser beam power, laser welding speed, and heat input) on weld bead shape and integrity such as fusion zone and heat affected zone. Hence, butt-joint keyhole laser welding practices were conducted on S700 steel plates thickness of 13 mm by applying various laser beam power and welding speed with a 16 kW Ytterbium fibre laser and using pure argon as shielding gas in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of The University of Machester. The weld crosssections were examined under an optical microscope and widths of fusion zone, coarse grained heat affected zone and intercritical heat affected zone were measured and also defects that occurred during welding were determined based on laser beam power and welding speed. As a result, effects of laser beam power and laser welding speed on fusion zone width and heat affected zone width were plotted and results were compared with previous studies published.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ömer Ekinci John Francis Zülküf BALALAN

156 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation of the Optimum Insert Diameter/Molding Diameter Ratio by Inserted Powder Injection Molding

Inserted powder injection molding (IPIM) is developed to produce a larger volume parts in powder injection molding (PIM). In this method, the injection process is carried out on the part called insert. Since the injection volume gets smaller, the debinding time decreases. However, the insert diameter/the molding diameter ratio (Di/Dm) is the important parameter in that method. There could occur crack in the injection side unless the ratio determines properly. In this study, the insert and injection’s materials is high speed steel (HSS) and WC-%9Co feedstock, respectively. Different amount of expansion occurs since the materials have different thermal expansion coefficients. This difference causes a thermal stress in the connection surface. If the resulting thermal stress exceeds the compressing strength of the material in the injection side, then thermal cracks occur. Mathematical calculations have been carried out to determine the optimum ratio of Di/Dm. In order to validate the calculations, finite element analysis was performed by ANSYS software. Theoretical results were supported with experimental studies. The risk of cracking in the injection side increases as the ratio of Di/Dm increases. As a result of the study, the optimum ratio of Di/Dm was determined as 0.45 for the part produced by PIM.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oğuz Yılmaz Kamran Samet Harun Koçak Çetin Karataş

150 161
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation on Cutting Behavior of CoNiAl Shape Memory Alloy by Abrasive Water Jet

Machining of many polycrystalline shape memory alloys CoNiAl (SMA) has been considerably a new phenomenon. CoNiAl alloys should be made available for final use after being formed, without loss of their shape memory properties. In this study, the effect of cutting parameters on kerf width and dimension tolerance of the Co based Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) have been investigated on the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machine. After the cutting process, kerf width of the samples were investigated. The experimental results showed that water pressure, traverse speed and abrasive flow rate have a great effect on kerf width and dimension tolerance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali GÜNEN Mehmet DEMİR Erdogan KANCA Mustafa Serdar KARAKAŞ Murat YILDIZ Ersan KIRAR M. Mustafa ERŞEN

120 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Investigation on Machinability of Hardened AISI H10A Steel with CBN insert

In this study, machinability experiments on hardened AISI H10A hot work tool steel with CBN inserts were performed in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. Hard turning experiments were conducted according to Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) and cutting conditions on surface roughness were analysed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in 95% confidence level was applied in order to effects of cutting parameters surface roughness. It was observed that average surface roughness (Ra) increased with increasing feed rate and depth of cut in dry cutting condition with CBN inserts. In dry and MQL cutting conditions, the most important parameter on surface roughness were determined as depth of cut with 51.79% PCR and 69.68% PCR, respectively.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Rıfat Akdere Halil DEMİR Gültekin Uzun Mustafa GÜNAY

132 80
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 An Observation on Natural Weathering Effect on Colour and Gloss Properties of PPG Coils Based on Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey Region Compared With Florida

- Prepainted galvanized (PPG) steel coils, comparing to galvanized coils, have better corrosion resistance and fascinating decorative properties with their color alternatives and glossy appearance. Color of PPG coils, during service period, by the effect of environmental conditions, fades and their surface lose their glossy appearance. This study investigated the color and gloss stability of PPG steel sheet samples, painted with 14 different colors and 3 different paint type. 23 parallel samples were exposed to natural environmental conditions during 2 years at two different locations, Florida/USA and Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey. For natural tests, environmental meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, rain and various weather conditions are recorded monthly. This study shows the effect of natural environment of Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey location and the regions similar meteorological conditions like Dörtyol/Hatay/Turkey on color and gloss of PPG coils.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Özgür KARAKAŞ Tuğçe TUNÇBİLEK TOP Erdogan KANCA Hatice Arslan Hazar Çelik Fahri Akça Güzin Müge LÜLE

120 89
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Analysis and Optimization of Rolling Parameters in Steel Profile Hot Rolling Process

Process control for optimizing factors such as product quality, energy and cost becomes increasingly important in industry. In this study, the analysis and optimization of the rolling parameters were carried out in steel profile hot rolling process applied in Kar-demir Rolling Industry Trade Ltd. Co. which execute R&D and production activities in the rolling industry. In this context, the analysis of the rolling parameters such as roll position, force, moment, temperature, thickness and crushing amount belonging to rolling mechanics were carried out based on the empirical models widely used in the hot rolling process. As the result of the study, optimum roll positioning and crushing amount calculations are proposed to minimize energy and time cost.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Didem Kılıç Metehan Bacaksız Orhan Akyol Engin Tan

121 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Analysis of Accredited Laboratories in the Steel Sector in Turkey

As a conformity assessment activity, testing is a crucial step in iron and steel industry. The characteristics and quality of the material are determined by the test. Manufacturers who manufacture in the sector and manufacturers who buy products make the acceptance of the material according to the results of the test. The reliability of test results is ensured through accreditation. In this study, the scope of the accredited laboratories in Turkey serving the iron and steel industry has been examined in detail. These results are compared with the same sector-based laboratories that are accredited in Germany. As a result, proposals have been made for future plans of test laboratories serving the iron and steel industry.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Murat KAVRUK Bulent AYDEMIR

137 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Analysis of the Effect of the Continuous Slab Casting Parameters on Mould Friction

Today steel is one of the most common material used in almost everywhere from seat belt mechanism to petroleum pipeline. Steel production requires many steps including the steel making and continuous casting plants. Starting with first drafts in 1856 continuous casting machines has evolved today’s modern machines. One of the most important part of continuous casting machines effecting the quality, productivity and yield is the openended copper mould. With time there is needed more control over casters due to the increasing quality demand and machine yield. When liquid steel is poured through the mould first solidification occurs around slab strand. When the strand of steel is continuously withdrawn from the mould through roller, friction happens between strand shell and mould. Mould friction should be kept in optimum range. Beyond this range there can be breakout or produced slab having bad surface quality. Variety of continuous casting parameters effect mould friction such as casting speed, steel grade, mould level, mould powder viscosity, mould oscillation parameters, etc. In this research there can be found how different slab caster parameters effects the mould friction.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hakan KAPUSUZ Selçuk Mıstıkoğlu

156 206
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Application of Different Coating Methods to External Cooling Roller and Characterization of Applied Coatings

Rolling has an important place in iron and steel industry due to the advantages such as production speed, continuity and easy to process applications. Roll materials must be resistant to high heat temperature conditions, high breaking resistance, good surface quality, proper hardness, good wear resistance and thermal shocks. However, producing an alloy material with all of these features together will be very costly. Instead of producing a roll material having all of these properties, it is more economical and practical approach to provide these characteristics by surface modification. In this study, External cooling rollers (ECR) coated by different four techniques which, Flame spray, boriding, titanizing and borotitanizing. After the coating process, the thickness of the coating layer, hardness, and layer structures examined by optic microscope, scanning electron microscope, micro hardness, and X-ray analyses. A wide range of coating thicknesses and microhardness values obtained depending on coating technique. The highest mircohardness obtained in the titanized sample, but the lowest coating thickness. The obtained hardness values were 3 times higher than those in the current application. The cost of rolling will be reduced by increase in ECR tool life.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet DEMİR Ali GÜNEN Mustafa Serdar KARAKAŞ Vahdettin Koç Mustafa Sabri Gök Ahmet ÇÜRÜK

119 138
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Application of Taguchi Method for Optimization AWJ Machining of AISI 316 Stainless Steel

—A non-conventional material removal process, Abrasive Water jet (AWJ) machining is also an ideal manufacturing process for very hard materials. This study aims to optimize the parameters involved in AWJ machining of 316 stainless steel material such as abrasive material grain size, nozzle speed, standoff distance, abrasive mass flow rate and pumping system pressure. The analysis of the impact of parameters involved in this study was conducted using the L27 Taguchi orthogonal array, S/N ratio and ANOVA. Five controllable factors were used to obtain the minimum surface roughness and each parameter was assigned with three different values in order to define the optimal factor and level combination. Results showed that the surface roughness is in strong correlation with abrasive material grain size. The findings of this study suggest that the study design used is much more effective than the full factorial design in terms of the number of experiments conducted.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat KARTAL Hasan GÖKKAYA

147 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Assessment of Material Selection and Corrosion Performances for Plate Heat Exchangers

This work was carried out to study the usability of stainless steel (SS) types 304L instead of 316L for plate heat exchangers without sacrificing their operating efficiencies and performances. In line with this purpose, corrosion behaviour of 316L and 304L SS were studied under the simulated service conditions to assess the replacement of 316L by 304L SS which is more economical. Operating and boundary conditions of plate heat exchangers, such as temperature, pH, Chloride ion concentration of the solution etc., were taken as the experimental parameters. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out to measure pitting behaviours of both stainless steels under the simulated service conditions and the preselected test parameters associated with the types of pitting corrosion. Studies were carried out by employing electrochemical polarization tests to determine the resistance to pitting corrosion of materials which plays a decisive role in the service life of plate heat exchangers produced by the use of the stainless steels.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Haluk ERDEMİR Cem ÇAKIROĞLU Ahmet ÇAKIR

129 102
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Assessment of the Austempering Process Parameters to Improve the Wear Resistance of GG-25 Gray Cast Iron

In this work, the wear resistance behavior of GG-25 gray cast iron was investigated. Three specimens with different austempering time (120, 90 and 60 minutes) and one specimen, which is not austempering, were used. With this manner it has been tried to examine the effect of the parameters of austempering process on each specimen. Pin-on-disc wear resistance test with one loads (20N) on every specimens has been applied according to of ASTM 99 standards. SEM to observe the microstructures characterized the austempered specimens. In addition, brinnel hardness test was applied. With the results of the wear resistance test, as the austempering time increased, wear resistance also increases.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Abdulsamet YILDIRIM Yunus Türen Hayrettin AHLATCI Yavuz Sun Mustafa GUÇLU Hamza Serhat AYDEMIR Mehmet Sami TAKVA

140 153
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Bainitic Rail Steel Production from Perlitic Rails In Eutectoid Alloy And Investigation Of Wear Behaviour

While rail steels are being developed, the main objective is to improve wear performance. For this purpose we are continuing to work harder on the production of rail steel. However, a certain degree of hardness can be obtained by conventional methods. Bainitic microstructural rail steels can achieve higher hardness than conventional perlitic rail steels. In this study, it has been tried to obtain a bainitic structure with isothermal transformation to this steel with hardened rayon steel of eutectoid alloy. Two different austenite temperatures (850°C and 900°C) and two different bainitic transformation temperatures (350°C and 450°C) were determined. Abrasive abrasion tests have shown that the specimen with a bryitic structure at 350°C was annealed at 900°C compared to perlitic rayon steel, resulting in higher wear resistance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Hayrettin Ahlatçı Derya BULGAN Mustafa DONMEZ

145 100
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Barkhausen Noise as a Magnetic Nondestructive Testing Technique

There are many destructive and non-destructive tests for detecting microstructural changes and faults in steel parts. The term “non-destructive testing” (NDT) is used for material testing methods that can be applied without harming the material. NTD can be applied to materials, parts, assemblies or structures. One of the non-destructive evaluation methods is Barkhausen Noise (BN) that is magnetic based and is used mainly in the automotive and aviation industry. Barkhausen noise (BN) measurement is an electromagnetic testing method that is suitable for ferromagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic materials are made up of small magnetic domains which are separated by domain walls and orientated in different direction. As a result of the external magnetic field applied, domains will turn to the direction of magnetization, moving the domain walls which will cause jumps of magnetic flux denstiy. These jumps are called Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN). MBN is sensitive to different material properties such as microstructure, composition, residual stress and hardness. This paper focus on describing an improved Non-Destructive Testing methology based on the analysis of BN. It also explaines the relationship between material properties and BN profile. Also, it is aimed to introduce applications and test equipments of BN.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oğuz KOÇAR

151 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Boride Coatings on a Low Carbon Steel Using Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrode With Boron Carbide

In the present study, shielded metal arc welding electrodes containing boroncarbide in the shield were produced for making boride coatings and low-carbon steel plates were surfaced with single-double and triple pass welds. The effects of the boron content on the microstructure and hardness of the coatings were investigated. After deposition, microstructural analyses including metallographic examination, wavelengthdispersive X ray (WDX), X-ray and microhardness measurements of the coatings were evaluated. From the results, it was seen that different boron contents formed primary and eutectic Fe2B, and consequently had an effect on the hardness of the coating.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Eroğlu Yusuf DONAT

148 125
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Calculation Of (hkl) Plane Energy Of bcc and bct Iron Using Analytical Method

In this study, the (hkl) plane energies of bcc and bct Fe crystals were calculated as a function of internal interactions between atoms. The Classical Morse Potential Function applied in the theoretical studies of transition elements was used in Fortran code for analytical calculations. Since the force applied to the crystal at the equilibrium has bcc → bct conversion, we calculated the variations of the a2 lattice parameter depending on the a1 lattice parameter. The (hkl) plane energies of bcc and bct crystals were determined using calculated lattice parameters. Calculations are limited to 9 (hkl) planes. For the bcc Fe (h00) planes, the internal energy passed through the minimum points, while the energy in the (hk0) and (hkl) planes changed parabolically. In the case of bct, no stability point was determined on any plane. Theoretical calculations show that the total energy is the nearest plane energy of the incoming feeds. In bcc → bct phase transformation, the system has a single equilibrium point and the stability range is not very large. This calculation method can be successfully applied to cubic Fe and Fe-based alloys in the theoretical studies.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hamza Yaşar Ocak Gökay UĞUR Şule UĞUR

135 145
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Change in Chloride Content of Regenerated Red Iron Oxide Particles in Accordance with Particle Sizes

Red iron oxide which is produced by regeneration of waste hydrochloric acid from steel pickling line contains chloride. Chloride has negative effects on industrial productions which use red iron oxide as a raw material. This paper asserts red iron oxide particles have different chloride content according to their particle size. Regenerated red iron oxide was sampled from different production batches and these samples were grouped according to their particle size with sieving them from 1 mm to 75 µm. Sieved red iron oxide samples were analysed with spectrophotometer to determine chloride content. The study found out that chloride content slightly increased by increasing particle size up to 710 µm, after that size chloride content was drastically increased, such that, removing particles bigger than 1 mm from the iron oxide provides a 11,97 % reduction of the total chloride content and causes only 0,27 % loss from the total material.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Özgür KARAKAŞ Erdogan KANCA İbrahim GÖÇER Alper AKÜN Erkan PÜGE Güzin Müge LÜLE Tuğçe TUNÇBİLEK TOP

197 135
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Characterization of Biodegradable Fe-Co alloys

The aim of this study is to produce new generation biodegradable iron-based alloys and to investigate their compatibleness for using as transient implantable materials. Produced iron-cobalt alloys were immersed in SBF to simulate the degradation properties in human body. Degradation behavior of the Fe-Co alloys were investigated using both mass loss tests for following the rate of degradation and observed growth of the apatite structure in the simulated body fluid. Also, general characterization methods (XRD, SEM and EDS) were used for investigation of the samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yucel Gencer Mehmet Tarakci Yunus Azakli Sezgin Cengiz

97 74
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Characterization of Boride Layer Formed on Fe-Ni Alloys

In this study, Fe-Ni binary alloys containing 1, 2 and 4 at. % Ni were prepared under controlled atmosphere conditions and then these alloys along with pure Fe were pack boronized at 1100°C for 3 h. The boronised samples were characterized by SEM, SEM-EDS, XRD and microhardness measurements. The boride layer with saw-tooth morphology on the substrate materials changed to compact morphology and the branchy structure around the boride crystals was formed with the increasing amount of Ni in the substrates. The main boride layer was composed of FeB and Fe2B phases with homogeneously distributed Ni in the main boride layer and accumulation of Ni in the boride layer/substrate was detected for the borided samples. Ni addition was ineffective on microhardness and thickness of boride layer while the thickness decreased with high addition of Ni.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Naim B. Mackan Yucel Gencer

124 118
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Climate Change Effect by Road Transportation in Karabük Province

Anthropogenic air pollution is increasing in the earth. And highest portion of the anthropogenic air emission is caused by energy consumption. The biggest section of the energy consumption in the transport sector is originated from the road transportation. Therefore, the road transportation is highly emitting direct and indirect GHGs caused by gasoline, diesel and LPG consumption on the roads. This sector is needed to be examined in detail for climate change studies. The uncertainties in road transportation emission calculations are very high, because the other sources emissions, meteorological conditions, vehicle using behaviour and age of vehicles have some pressures on the emissions. Direct greenhouse gases, including CO2, N2O and CH4, emitted by the road vehicles are the key sectors for Turkey. In long-term struggle with climate change, Turkey should reduce emissions from this sector. Therefore, the studies related to the emission control on road transportation are supporting climate change mitigation. In this study, the direct GHGs emissions from the road vehicles in Karabük province have been calculated and the effect on the climate change is considered. The IPCC methodology was used for calculating the emissions. The vehicles were classified in different categories and the CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were calculated as time series for each category. The road vehicle statistics of Karabük province were obtained from TURKSTAT and the total fuel consumption was estimated due to the average km covered by vehicles and total consumption of fuels taken from the energy balance tables. The final results are showing that the diesel consumption on the road is increasing CO2 equivalent (CO2 equ.) emission until the 0.22 million tonnes in 2014. It is just 0.5% of total Turkey’s road emission. Moreover, the gasoline consumption in the city is remaining constant although the number of automobile is increasing in the city. The main reason is the people living in the city prefer diesel or LPG automobiles. Consequently, the emission related to the diesel vehicle is highest and it is concluded that 75% of total CO2 equ. emission from road vehicles in Karabük province is coming from the diesel vehicle. The GHGs emissions caused by automobiles, van and caterpillar are causing highest pollution in Karabük province. The CO2 equ. emissions from these three type vehicles are 83% of total city’s road emissions.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali Can

141 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Comparison of Energy Absorbing Members for Passenger Coaches

In order to prevent fatalities and injuries in the accidents occurred in railway transportation, crash zones were developed at the front and back ends of the coaches. These crash zones are aimed to absorb the kinetic energy in a controlled manner and protect the health of the passenger and the structure of occupied areas in the coach. The primary energy absorber is one of the most important components of the system and is able to absorb an impact energy of about 1.3MJ. In this study, deformation behaviours of tube like structures with square and circular cross sections under the axial impact load were investigated by means of finite element analysis. The investigated tube like structures are the same size and weight and have five different wall thicknesses. At the end of the study, the performances of square and circular sections were compared in terms of energy absorption capacities and average deformation forces

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ramazan Özmen Tuncer TOPRAK

128 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Different Quality Austenitic Stainless Steels after Wire Drawing

Stainless steels are primarily utilized on account of their high corrosion resistance. However, the scope of excellent mechanical properties offered by the various classifications and grades within the family of stainless steel render them extremely versatile materials. Austenitic stainless steel wires are widely used in industrial applications and have a rapidly growing demand. With the wire drawing process, the mechanical properties change considerably after the diameter reduction process. In this study, the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels (304, 309 and 316L) were compared in three different qualities. As a result of experimental studies, the highest mechanical properties were observed in 304 and 309 series stainless steels, respectively. There is an effect on the phase transformation as well as the rate of cold deformation in the increase of mechanical properties.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ekrem ALTUNCU Yılmaz YILDIRIM

130 146
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Comparison of Various Critical Plane Approaches Under Proportional and Non-Proportional Multiaxial Stress States

The investigation of the fatigue behaviour of metals under non-proportional multi-axial stress states is an important problem to minimize design-induced errors and improve structural durability, especially for cast and light-weight sheetmetal structures. Various approaches that can be used in fatigue analyses make use of stress states, strain states and strain energy densities to obtain an endurance limit value, a fracture plane estimate, S-N curve and/or a combination of these. Thus, the determination of the possible initial cracking plane and an estimation of crack initiation is an important step in fatigue analysis of structural design, especially under multiaxial stress states based on theories that are stress-based where the method of critical planes is the most commonly applied. Such methods seek for the orientation of fracture plane by using different parameters based on the assumed input parameters. The purpose of this research is to identify and compare critical plane orientations using various stress approaches to critical plane methods. The determination of several parameters in different stress based critical plane search is indicated. Furthermore, critical planes are found for different stress states with using pre-assumed material properties from available test data. Based on the outcomes, a method of better versatility and ease of application is proposed among the methods investigated for practical applications of fatigue analysis.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tuğçe Leblebici Emin Sünbüloğlu S. Ergün Bozdağ

145 97
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Corrosion Behaviour of Steel Wire Rod

In this study, the effect of C addition on the corrosion behavior of wire rods of 5.5 mm in diameter was investigated. The horizontal and vertical cross sections of the wire rods with 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 C ratio were taken during the metallographical process. The microstructure of the examined specimens was examined by light optical (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hardness test of steel containing 0.7- 0.9 C was carried out in shimadzu brand micro hardness tester. Corrosion tests of the prepared samples were evaluated according to both the weight loss and the Potentiodynamic Polarization measurements in 3.5% NaCl solution. Despite the increased hardness of the specimens examined, the corrosion resistance decreased. This can be caused by inclusions in the microstructure.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Medine Kilinc Gulheser Dogancik Yunus Türen Yavuz Sun Hayrettin AHLATCI İbrahim AFŞAR Serhat ÖZDEMİR Hüseyin Koymatcık Hüseyin Zengin

160 135
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Corrosion‐Resistant High Entropy Stainless Steels — A Perspective

Recently, new generation, promising functional alloys for different applications, developed via high entropy (HE) alloying method, have gained attention both from academia and industry. This technique is mainly alloying of at least five major elements in equiatomic or near equiatomic ratios and positioning all the elements in the same lattice using the high entropy of mixing of the system. These unique HE alloys can be obtained using the suitable combinations of almost all the metallic elements present on the periodic table. The main question is, “what is the most important property for a stainless steel?” Clearly, the answer is corrosion resistance. In addition, it is well known that protective surface films play a key role in corrosion resistance of the stainless steels. HE alloys are innovative and promising materials due to their excellent corrosion properties. Key documents on the corrosion behaviour of the high entropy stainless steels have been reviewed under this study.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Burak Dikici Hakan YILMAZER

134 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Design and Simulation of an Apparatus for the PostWeld Controlled Accelerated Cooling of R350HT Head Hardened Rail Joints

Controlled accelerated cooling of R350HT head hardened rail joints immediately after their welding is critical in order to secure that these joints have similar mechanical properties with the rest of the rail. In practice this accelerated cooling can be achieved by sending forced air through an apparatus placed over the welded area of the rail joint just after welding operation. The apparatus should be designed in a way to create homogenous and effective cooling around the railhead. For this purpose, airflow and cooling simulations were performed in order to optimize the design of such apparatus. Number and diameter of air nozzles, their positions, nozzle-to-rail surface distance and airflow rate were employed as the main input parameters for the simulations performed using ANSYS 15 (thermal and fluid flow). The main focus was on finding the design and operation parameters that give homogenous air flow around the rail head which in turn would produce uniform cooling. In this publication, the results of the simulations run under various conditions will be compared and an optimum set of design and operating parameters will be offered.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Nizar Ramadan Kazım Tur Erkan Konca

118 99
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Determination of Phase Equilibria in High Alloy White Cast Irons

White cast irons are hypoeutectic alloys in which the carbon remains dissolved in the iron carbide phase, called cementite, without decomposing into graphite during solidification. Because of the hard cementite phase, they preferred in high abrasion resistance required applications. In order to improve further the wear resistance they are alloyed with strong carbide forming elements (W, Mn, Mo, S, Cr, V, Mg, etc.). There is a strong relationship between the mechanical properties of alloys and the internal structure they possess. In order to reveal the effect of the internal structure, the diagrams showing the phase equilibria of the material should be known. Today, various software programs are used to make thermodynamic calculations relevant to phase equilibria. In this study, using the Materials Calculator software program, it is aimed to simulate the pseudo binary phase diagrams (i.e. isoplethal maps) where the molar fractions of alloying elements other than carbon are fixed. In order to check the accuracy of the constructed diagrams, the casted samples with determined compositions will be analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the theoretical and experimental data will be compared. The diagrams for changing the type and amount of the alloying addition will be examined and the effects of changing the amount and distribution of carbides with increasing carbon content and temperature will be discussed to improve the wear resistance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Öncü AKYILDIZ Duygu CANDEMİR

155 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Determination of the Individual Level of Financial Literacy: A Study in Kardemir Inc.

Developments and innovations in financial market, product variety and the complexity of the products’ content entail people to take part in financial system consciously. Recently, the importance of financial literacy dramatically increased due to some factors such as the rise in people’s responsibility on decisions, innovations information and communication technology, swift changes in retirement and taxing policy, demographic changes in population, the failure of individual attempts and financial fraud. Each individual should be financially literate for financial security and comfort. Individuals’ self-consciousness on financial issues will not only prepare them for prospective hard economic conditions that may emerge in the future but also supports the development of the country on strong basis. In this perspective, the awareness of financial literacy will help to use the limited sources more affectively. In addition to this, it will also prevent the waste of sources by contributing the economy and improving the life-standards of the citizens. In this regards, the aim of the study will examine individuals’’ who are working in Kardemir Inc., financial literacy levels. The sample consists of individuals, who are working in Kardemir Inc. Data were collected through a demographic information form, Financial Literacy Index developed by Van Rooji et al. (2011). The obtained data will be evaluated by "SPSS for Window" statistical program. Finally, the findings are compared with the literature and some recommendations are suggested for individuals, executives and researchers.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Murat YILDIRIM Fatih BAYRAM Ahmet OĞUZ Gülay GÜNAY

122 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Determining Retained Austenite Quantity and Composition with Heat Treatment Parameters in SAE52100 Steels

Influence of different austenitization conditions on retained austenite quantity and composition investigated on SAE 52100 steel. SAE 52100 steels are being widely used as bearing component regarding to their hardness and wear resistance. Traditional production cycle includes hot rolling, spheroidization, cold rolling, quenching from two phase region and tempering steps. This cycle results with martensitic matrix and undissolved course carbides. Course carbides maintain adequate wear performance but due to course carbides providing appropriate nucleation sites for crack propagation and growth this structure shows poor fatigue behavior. Previous studies showed better carbide size and distribution with experimental two step hardening cycle. This cycle results with considerable increase at retained austenite fraction. It’s well known that mechanically unstable retained austenite improves fatigue resistance in this type of steel. Transformation retained austenite to martensite caused by deformation eliminates local stresses and retards crack propagation and growth. XRD studies are carried on to determining retained austenite quantity with various austenitizing conditions. Computational simulations with Thermo-Calc and Dictra are used for predicting carbon concentration gradient of austenite during austenitization which determines retained austenite fraction at the end. A good correlation between XRD data and simulation results was obtained.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ersoy Erişir Oğuz Gürkan Bilir Ahmet Efe Gezmişoğlu

161 126
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Determining the Corrosion Behaviour of EN 1.4462 Duplex Stainless Steel in FeCl3 Media for Various Solution Treatment Conditions

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have both higher mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the cause of austenitic and ferritic microstructure. DSSs, generally have equal amount of austenite and ferrite phases. Solution heat treatment is applied to DSSs for providing homogenous microstructure, composing desired austenite-ferrite phase fraction and resolving intermetallic phases. After the solution treatment, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of DSSs can be alter, especially with changes in austenite-ferrite phase ratio. In this study, effect of solution treatment conditions on corrosion behaviour of EN 1.4462 was investigated. Solution treatments were applied at 1100˚C and 1150˚C for 2 hours and 8 hours. Corrosion test was applied in FeCl3 (10% wt.) media for solution treated specimens. Corrosion properties of the specimens were determined with weight loss and also, microstructural characterization was carried out by optical microscopy analysis.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alptekin Kısasöz Ahmet Karaaslan

134 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Development of High Value Alloys without Critical Raw Materials through High Entropy Alloys

Niobium (Nb) and Chromium (Cr), being crucial alloying elements in the high value alloys such as the High Strength Low Alloys (HSLA) and Stainless Steels, especially Austenitic Stainless Steels (AUST.SS), have been identified and classified as critical raw materials (CRM). The potential of not producing these high value alloys has an adverse effect on the EU and Turkish economy due to the fact that Nb and Cr. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new generation of structural alloys that will be free from CRM elements and exhibiting superior performance. However, it is difficult to develop such proposed high performance alloys by conventional alloying, which are formed around a dominant element like iron in the steel. The High Entropy Alloying, an innovative approach introduced in the last decade, is the alloying using the alloying elements at equiatomic or near equiatomic percentage, consequently the presence of the high mixing enthalpy positioned the alloying elements within the same phase crystal lattice system. As alternatives to HSLA and AUST.SS alloys, the novel structural alloys can be designed and developed by means of HEA approach and gain to industries. The purpose of the study is the designing and developing novel structural alloys as an HSLA and AUST.SS) using innovative High Entropy Alloying (HEA) approach. The proposed High Entropy Structural Alloys (HESA) in this project will be manufactured through the conventional melting and thermomechanical processing. The HESA alloy groups, which will have key roles in many important industrial applications, are aimed at exhibiting superior mechanical properties and corrosion values and meeting the industrial and economic conditions of production.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hakan YILMAZER Burak Dikici

151 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Dry Sliding and Corrosive Wear Performances of Head Hardened Rails

In this study, head hardening process was applied for R260 quality rails. Microstructures of rails were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hardness distribution of head parts were also evaluated for two category samples (heat treatment and non heat treatment). Wear tests were performed under three different loads (10N, 20N and 40N) in both %3.5NaCI solution and dry conditions. Worn surfaces were characterized by Nikon Shuttlepix, Profile projector and SEM. Results clearly show that, head hardened rails exhibited better wear performance especially under load of 10N in dry conditions.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M. Emre TURAN Fazil Hüsem Yasin Akgül Yavuz Sun Hayrettin Ahlatçı

135 108
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Economic Crises in Turkey and In the World and Their Effects on Iron and Steel Market

Iron and steel production and consumption values are the most important indicators which demonstrate development and industrial growth of countries. In our study, world iron and steel sector production capacities and development of steel production values are examined by years. During this period, except global crisis times, iron and steel capacities and production values’ constantly increasement are observed. Growth rates and iron and steel production values are compared, during economic crisis where world and our country are affected. In the last part of our study, a regression model of salable billet and ribbed bar steel prices was set up to estimate with using independent variables such as the global and Turkey liquid steel production, world and Turkey% growth rates. Except negative effects of economic crisis’ on sector’s development; low capacity usage rates due excess supply over demand, raw material procurement price fluctuations, China's iron and steel sector developments, decreasing other producers’ competion ability due to imports from China to all over world and protective tax regulations on behalf of protection of local producers, create uncertainty to development and future of sector.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Nazmi Sarıkaya Ahmet Gürbüz

104 83
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Boron Addition on Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of CrMo Steels

In this study, the effect of boron addition at different ratios (2-38 ppm) on the microstructure and corrosion properties of Cr-Mo steels was investigated. Square cross-sections of the boron containing steels obtained at different ratios measuring 40×40 mm were rolled in three passes, and a deformation of totally 200-300 percent was obtained. The rolled specimens were examined by optical microscopy and corrosion test. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarisation measurements were taken to evaluate corrosion behaviours of the examined steels. Analysing the potentiodynamic corrosion test results applied to the CrMo steels containing boron at different ratios, it is seen that there has been increase at the corrosion rates when the boron amounts are low.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cemal ÇARBOĞA Bülent KURT B. Demirel Yavuz Sun Hayrettin Ahlatçı Engin ÇEVİK

156 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Carbon Content on The Wear Behaviour of Eutectoid Steel Wire Rod

In this study, the effect of carbon content in the range of 0,7-0,9 on wear resistance was investigated. The examined specimens in 5.5 mm diameter are manufactured with drawing process. Wear tests of the cylindrical samples with a length of 20 mm were examined in pin-on-disc type wear tester on counter face of 1.2379 cold work tool steel under the load of 30-60 N. The weight losses of the samples examined increase with the increase of carbon content and hardness. Wear Mechanism is mild wear to oxidative wear.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Semih Gezer Hayrettin Ahlatçı Çağatay Aslan Yunus Türen Yavuz Sun Melike Birinci Meryem Yıldız Neşe ÇAĞLAYAN Hüseyin Koymatcık

152 100
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Chromium on the Boronizing Behavior of Iron

In this study, the boronizing of Fe-Cr binary alloys (2, 4, 8 at. % Cr) was investigated by pack boronizing treatment at 1100°C for 3 hours. Fe-Cr binary alloys were prepared under controlled atmosphere. The characterization of the borided alloys was carried out XRD, SEM, SEM-EDS and Vickers microhardness measurements. The boride layer on the Fe-Cr alloys was composed of Fe2B phase. The saw tooth morphology changed to a smoother interface layer (coating-substrate), the boride layer thickness decreased while microhardness did not change significantly with chromium content in the Fe-Cr alloys. The Cr-rich precipitates formed in the transition zone and their amount increased with increasing amount of the chromium in the substrates.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Tarakci Yucel Gencer

121 95
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Tensile Strength Properties of Cr Added Steel Produced By Powder Metallurgy Method

In this work, the effect of Cr content on the microstructures and tensile behaviors of nonalloyed powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The samples pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C temperature in the sintering argon atmosphere for 1 h were produced. Nonalloyed PM microalloyed steels with different Cr ratio were analyzed in terms of tensile test. The microstructure of the PM steels was characterised by optic microscope. Results indicated that 5 wt. % Cr added PM steel showed the highest values in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Rıfat GÜNDÜZ

136 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect Of Deformation on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled AISI 4140 Steel

The effects of deformation on the mechanical and microstructural properties of hot rolled AISI 4140 steel were investigated. The steel heated at 1200oC was hot rolled from the initial thickness of 160 mm to 15 mm, 10 mm and 6 mm after multiple-pass. Later, normalization and tempering heat treatments were applied to the hot rolled steels. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of as-hot rolled and tempered steels were determined experimentally. Tensile properties, hardness values and wear properties of the steels were determined with room temperature tensile tests, Brinell hardness measurements and wear tests, respectively. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology of the steels. After tempering heat treatment, yield stress increases with increasing amount of hot deformation, while wear rate, ductility and toughness of the steels decrease with increasing amount of hot deformation. In addiditon, the hardness of the steels decreases after tempering heat treatment.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gökhan ATAY Ali Gungor

124 570
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Forging and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SAE 4140 Steel

SAE 4140 steel or 42CrMo4 is widely used in automotive industry (parts of steering wheel, parts of suspension, etc.) as forged parts due to its high strength, different fatigue behaviors, and good machinability properties. In this study, the effect of post-forging heat treatment process was examined. Different heat treatment routes were applied to 4140 steel, following hot forging. Microstructure and mechanical properties including fatigue strength were determined. Microstructures of the forged changed regard as cooling rate and martensitic and martensitic/bainitic structures were observed. While the sample forged and then quenched in air has shown the highest tensile strength and fatigue cycle, optimum properties were obtained with the sample as forged-quenched in air-tempered, and forgedaustenitizing-quenched-tempered conditions

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Asım Eser Mehmet Ali Güvenç Seracettin Akdı Mustafa ACARER

153 1101
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of friction stir process on mechanical properties of DP600 steel

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a thermo-mechanical process in which severe plastic strains are imposed by aid of transverse movement of non-consumable rotating tool inserted into the material. Tool friction also increases temperature of the local deformation region. This leads occurrence of the dynamic recrystallization leading to extensive grain refinement and consequently improvement of strength without a considerable loss of ductility. This improvement may be beneficial to lightweighting of the automobile bodies. However, this also requires application of FSP to the thin metal sheets. On this point of view, current study mainly focuses on FSP of 1.1 mm thick DP600 steel which is widely used in body-in-white applications. SEM investigations revealed that FSP caused both grain refinement and morphological changes. Micro-hardness mapping of the FSP region revealed nearly two fold increase in hardness. Similar improvements were also detected tension tests. By selection of proper FSP parameters, yield strength and UTS of the steel was reached to about 720 MPa and 1050 MPa respectively. This strength improvement was achieved with a considerably high uniform elongation of 7%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Onur SARAY Imren OZTURK YILMAZ Mümün YILMAZ

138 158
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Grain Boundary Characteristics on the Impact Properties of Thermomechanically Rolled API X70 Pipeline Steels

A quantitative grain boundary analysis and impact properties of thermomechanically rolled X70 pipeline steels were conducted. Three different X70 samples that were coiled at different temperatures were characterized by SEM-EBSD technique. Number of low angle and coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries were quantified. Tensile and impact properties were measured and related by low angle grain boundaries (LAGB) and CSL boundaries. The results showed that, tensile and impact properties are varying with these boundary types. While yield and tensile strength increases by increasing LAGB and Σ3 boundaries, impact properties i.e Charpy and drop weight tear (DWTT) energies are generally in a decreasing trend. Moreover, it was observed that grain size due to higher Ti/N rate is a more effective mechanism for Charpy energy than the grain boundary type.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Semih Engün Servet Turan Orhan Uzun Oğuz Gündüz

114 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Graphite Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mo Added Steel Produced By Powder Metallurgy Method

In this work, the effect of graphite content on the microstructures and tensile behaviors of Mo added powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The samples pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C temperature in the argon atmosphere for 1 h were produced. Mo added PM microalloyed steels with different graphite ratio were analyzed in terms of microstructure and tensile test. Results indicated that as the amount of the graphite in the PM steels increases, the volume fraction of the pearlite increases gradually. Mo aded PM steel contained 0.6 wt. % graphite showed the highest values in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS).

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Hasan Karabulut Süleyman GÜNDÜZ

150 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters Applied to AA7075 Alloy on Corrosion Behavior

The AA7075 alloy has a wide range of applications due to its high strength and light weight. The T6 heat treatment applied to the AA7075 alloy increases the strength of the alloy but its corrosion properties remain poor. T73 heat treatment to increase the corrosion sensitivity reduces the strength of the alloy. A special heat treatment applied to the AA7075 alloy improves the corrosion and mechanical properties of the alloy at the same time.In this study, the effects of special heat treatment parameters applied to AA7075 alloy on alloy strength and corrosion were investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gökhan ÖZER Ahmet Karaaslan

157 121
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Homogenization Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Hardness and Toughness Properties of G18NiCrMo3-6 Steel

G18NiCrMo3-6 steel is widely used in mining industries, offshore platforms equipments, machine parts due to its high strength and toughness properties. In this study, the effect of homogenization treatment on the microstructure, hardness and toughness of G18NiCrMo3-6 steel was investigated. For this purpose, a group of specimens were applied homogenization heat treatment at 1150 ˚C for 3 hours. All specimens were austenitized at 950 ˚C for 2 hours, quenched in polymer solution at room temperature and then tempered at 500 ˚C, 620 ˚C, 650 ˚C for 1 hour. Charpy V notch impact test was performed to determine the toughness properties of the specimens. Fracture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microstructures of the specimens were investigated by using light microscope to determine the effect of heat treatment conditions. Changes of the material hardness due to different heat treatment conditions were obtained with hardness measurements.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Funda Gül Koç Mustafa Çöl Sevim SÜNNETÇİ

156 179
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Multipass Welding on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of AISI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

In this study, AISI 2205 types of duplex stainless steels were welded by FCAW (flux cored arc welding) using E2209 T11/4 type flux cored filler metal. Joinings welded with different heat input and number of passes were characterized by microstructural analysis and charpy impact test. Also, ferrite/austenite phase ratios in welded specimens were investigated and variations in microstructural and mechanical properties were compared by ferrite/austenite phase balance. Moreover, effects of microstructural properties on mechanical properties of welded specimens were determined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alptekin Kısasöz Mustafa Tümer Ahmet Karaaslan

137 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Nb Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb-V Added Microalloyed Steel Produced By Powder Metallurgy Method

In this work, the effect of Nb content on the microstructures and tensile behaviors of Nb-V added microalloyed powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The samples were pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400°C temperature in argon atmosphere for 1 hour. Nb-V added PM microalloyed steels with different niobium ratio were analyzed by tensile test. The microstructure of the PM steels was characterised by optic microscope. Results indicated that 0.075 wt. % Nb added PM steel showed the highest values in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). However, when the amount of Nb content increased from 0.075 to 5 wt.%, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased. Elongation also tends to decrease with increasing Nb content.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Ferhat KAHVECİGİL Özkan KARAOĞLU

128 142
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Reduction Rate in Formabılıty of Titanium + Niobıum Alloyed Steel

Titanium (Ti) + Niobium (Ni) doped Interstitial Free (IF) steel grades (Ti + Nb IF steel) are widely used in steel industries because of their good formability properties. In this study, the effect of cold rolling reduction rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of IF steel was investigated in details. The samples subjected to cold rolling with various reduction rates ranging from 40% to 80% at constant annealed temperature. The changes in microstructure were examined with optical microscope. Mechanical properties such as cupping values, anisotropy values (r) yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. were examined by Erichson and tensile test. The results affects the microstructural evolution and carbide precipitations significantly, in turn altering the mechanical properties. Increasing amount of cold rolling reduction rate resulted for an increase in the cupping values, anisotropy values, yield strength and elongation, whereas it leaded to a decrease in tensile strength. As a result of this trial experiment it can be said that reduction rate has a great effect on mechanical and microstructure properties of Ti+Nb doped IF steel. clearly demonstrated that the reduction rate of cold rolling.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali GÜNEN M. Mustafa ERŞEN Erdogan KANCA Murat YILDIZ Mehmet DEMİR Bülent KURT Mustafa Sabri Gök

133 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect Of SiC Particle Size on the Tribological Properties of AA6061-Sicp Composite Prepared By Hot Pressing

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SiC particle size on the hardness and wear behaviour of AA6061-SiCp composites. For this purpose, various size (8, 32 and 82 μm) with 30wt.% amount of SiC particles have been added into AA6061 aluminum alloy powders and Ø35x10 mm cylindrical blocks were produced by hot pressing at 525°C. Then, T6 heat treatment was applied to AA6061-SiCp composites aged at 180 °C for 18 h after solution heat treatment at 540 °C for 1 h. In order to identify the hardness and wear tests were performed to all samples under same conditions. Experimental results showed that with the increase of SiC particle size in the composites, the hardness decreased and wear resistance increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mert Yakışık Ulaş MATİK

187 99
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect of Tempering Time and Temperature on Wear Performances of Cr-W steels

- In this study, Cr-W steels were produced by casting then heat treatment was applied for specimens. After the normalization process at 1100 0C for 1 hour, samples were heated up 660 0C and 760 0C to evaluate the effect of tempering temperature. One group of steel were waited at 1 hour and the other group were waited at 2 hours in these temperatures. Hardness of specimens was measured according to the Vickers test method. Wear tests were performed for all specimens under the loads of 10N, 20N and 40N in dry sliding conditions. Microstructure analysis was carried out using Light Optical Microscope (LOM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that, tempering temperature significantly affects the wear behaviors of samples. These effects can be seen especially under higher loads. And also there is a direct proportion between wear and hardness results

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatih AYDIN Yavuz Sun MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN Mustafa ACARER Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen

139 125
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effect on The Formation of Boride Layer of Increasing Amount of Niobium in Pure Iron

In this study; Fe-1Nb and Fe-10Nb (at.%) binary alloys were boronized at 950 °C for 3 hours. Effect on the formation of boride layer of increasing amount of niobium in pure iron was experimentally investigated. Microstructural changes occurring on the surfaces of the samples after boronizing process were examined by optical microscope (OM), and microhardness and boride layer thickness were measured separately for each sample. Typical sawtooth morphologies were observed on the surface coatings. As a result, hardnesses of boron layers obtained from the surface of the samples were much higher than base metal. In addition, it was found that boride layer thickness was decreased with increasing niobium content in pure iron.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tanju TEKER Osman YILMAZ Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT

137 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effects of Alloying Elements (Mo, Ni and Cu) on the Austemperability of GGG-60 Ductile Cast Iron

The interest in austempered ductile irons (ADI) is continuously increasing due to their various advantageous properties over conventional ductile irons and some steels. This study aimed at finding the roles of alloying elements, namely Ni, Cu and Mo, on the austemperability of GGG-60 ductile cast iron. Two different sets of GGG-60 (EN-GJS-600-3) ductile iron samples, where one set was alloyed with Ni and Cu and the other set was alloyed with Mo, Ni and Cu, were subjected to austempering treatments at 290-350°C. A custom design heat treatment setup, consisting of two units where the top unit (furnace) serving for austenitizing and the 200-liter capacity bottom unit (stirred NaNO2-KNO3 salt bath) serving for isothermal treatment, was used for the experiments. It has been found that austempering treatment at 290°C increased the hardness of the Ni-Cu alloyed GGG-60 sample by about 44% without causing a loss in its ductility. In the case of Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed sample, the increase in hardness due to austempering reached to 80% at the same austempering temperature while some ductility was lost. Here, the microstructural investigation and mechanical testing results of the austempered samples are presented and the role of alloying elements (Mo, Ni, and Cu) on the austemperability of GGG-60 is discussed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Erkan Konca Kazım Tur Erkin KOÇ

155 199
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Effects of Slag Optimization on Steel Cleanliness in Secondary Metallurgy Process

Slag plays an important role in steelmaking process by providing an insulation of liquid metal surface, preventing heat losses and removing impurities and inclusions in liquid steel, etc. For these reasons, in order to produce “a cleaner steel” attention should be paid on controlling of chemical and also physical properties of slag in steelmaking process. Initial formation of ladle furnace slag consists of carry-over slag of converter tapping and tapping additions. In this study, effects of different tapping additions to ladle slag conditions and steel cleanliness were investigated. Additionally, Sulphur removal capacities of slags were compared by means of chemical and physical properties with using FactSage Computational Thermochemistry Software and ARL Spark-DAT inclusion analyzer.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Emre Alan Zafer Çetin Kağan Keler İlker Ayçiçek

151 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Electricity Generation With Organic Rankine Cycle From Waste Gases

Organic rankine cycle (ORC), special fluids are used which can evaporate at relatively low temperature instead of water as the vehicle fluid. In this way it is possible to produce electricity from waste heat sources at low temperatures. In this study, it was investigated that the required thermal energy for the ORC was achieved by burning gases in a combustion chamber (Flare) in a low-emission hot water boiler. The electricity generated at the end of the cycle is theoretically calculated. The main components of the system are the boiler, turbine, and cooling unit has been examined. Cost, feasibility and emission analyzes of the system are made; according to TURKEY and USA conditions, the repayment period and internal rate of return are calculated. As a result of the application, it is seen that electricity production can be done at 76,5 kWe power from 118 Nm3/h waste gas.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Emrecan ERCAN Cabir KÜÇÜK Durmuş KAYA

131 197
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Electrostatic Powder Coating Plant Conveyor System and Energy Efficiency

In recent years, Turkey’ energy consumption has increased with the increasing rate parallel to the growth rate. For this reason, the importance of efficient use of energy has become more and more remarkable every day. In this study, the potential of ability to the work by the control and automation of the electrostatic powder coating system in a sample operation is increased. In addition, efficiency has been ensured in terms of natural gas consumption and electricity consumption. In terms of the coating operation, the amount of dye consumed per unit m2 has been reduced and the operating costs have been reduced. In this context, surface cleaning, drying, dyeing and curing steps in the electrostatic powder coating cabinets in the dying cabinets have been transferred to the conveyor system. For electricity and natural gas consumption, the cost of energy consumption per m2 is calculated to produce unit work for energy efficiency. Feasibility studies were made for the facility and the system was installed. The simple payback period is calculated and the increase in the total efficiency of the system and the increase in capacity are presented.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Demet Taskan Ahmet Serhan Hergul Volkan Coban Durmuş KAYA

125 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Energy Saving by Using Blast Furnace Top Pressure Recovery Turbine (TRT) System

Many industries in the world and the iron and steel sector have focused on energy saving in order to stay in the industry and remain competitive in competition. Energy saving is an important way to increase predictable gains and to reduce dependence on cost and energy resources. Economically, increase of energy productivity is more attractive than investing for putting into use extra new energy sources. Blast Furnace Top Pressure Recovery Turbine System (TRT) which is taking advantage of pressure difference of Blast Furnace Gas by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy which is tool of energy saving and using at iron and steel industry in Brasil, China, Germany, Italy and South Korea and also begin to used in our country recently. Since the industry and iron and steel sector uses 15% of the world's energy demands, energy saving in these sectors is of great importance. The Turkish iron and steel industry, which has recovered faster than the developed countries in the global crisis, has become the 9 th largest producer of crude steel sector in the world and the 2nd big producer in the Europe. In this study, it was investigated importance of TRT system around the world, returns to sector, the technological advantages and numerical statistics of the countries having the TRT system. It was carried out feasibility study during the installation time and calculated installation and operation costs, total costs and pay-off period about TRT system of a sample factory.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Selçuk KUŞOĞLU Cuma KARAKUŞ Ali GENÇOĞLU Ali Salim AKYOL

212 893
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Energy Saving in Industrial Annealing Furnaces Through an Organic Rankine Cycle System Application

In this study, an energy efficiency study has been carried out in a natural gas-fired rolling mill annealing furnace of an industrial establishment. In this context, temperature and flue gas measurements were realized while operating the furnace at the operating conditions and waste heat potential was calculated by using these data. In the calculations waste heat potential was determined as 3,630.31 kW. The electricity generation through an Organic Rankine Cycle system has also been determined by using the waste heat potential.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatma Çanka Kılıç Mehmet Önder SERT Muharrem EYİDOĞAN Durmuş KAYA Necmi Ozdemir

148 115
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Enhanced Synthesis and Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanoplates

Boron nitride (BN) utilizes a wide range of industrial applications (e.g. ceramic composites, lubricants, surface coatings, etc.) because of its low density, high thermal conductivity and superb oxidation resistance [1-4]. For this reason, BN nanoplates were synthesized by arc discharge method. Tungsten electrodes were used as both anode and cathode. The cathode were drilled and filled with boron nitride powder. The synthesis was done under liquid nitrogen environment under 50A DC current and 30V. The synthesized boron nitride nanoparticles with nanoplate morphology have a diameter ∼250 nm with thickness ∼50 nm. After BNNP had been synthesized, it was functionalized. Firstly, BNNP which were fabricated by arc discharge oxidized with H2SO4 solution. Subsequently, oxidized BNNP added (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) solution and dried at 100 °C for 2 h. As a result, functional BNNP was characterized by FT-IR and SEM.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tugay ÜSTÜN Safa POLAT Ahmet Avcı

129 144
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Enhancement of Engine Oil Life with Vaccination Method

Machine parts must lubricate each other in order to fulfill their performances while working with each other and to increase their life span. The oils used can meet the expected lubrication property for a certain period of time and then have to be replaced. In this study, instead of 200-hour periodic maintenance of engine oil for pickling trucks, New oil is added instead of used oil taken from engine oil every 50 hours of use. And it is aimed to extend the oil change period to the warning change time. The results of this practice, which is more advantageous in terms of economy and environmental health, are given in detail.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

İsmail Varol Tarakçı Ilhan Asilturk

147 87
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Evaluation of Energy Saving Potential in Industrial Furnaces Used In Iron-Steel Sector

Iron and steel sector is one of the most energy intense sector in the world, and industrial furnaces used in this sector have high importance in terms of energy efficiency. Industrial furnaces should be investigated carefully to be able to decrease the production costs. For this aim, firstly, the heat and mass flows through the furnace should be established. Then, waste heat sources should be revealed. Finally, the potential of waste heat recovery should be determined. In this study with a general point of view, waste heat recovery potential of industrial furnaces used in iron-steel sector was evaluated by setting heat and mass balances. The necessary calculations were done to introduce the waste heat recovery potential for the chimney which is one of the most important zone such equipment. In addition, effects of different process parameters (fuel consumption, yearly working hours, flue gas temperature and flue gas oxygen rate) on energy recovery potential were evaluated. Our main conclusion is that energy saving potentials are promising for the furnaces used in iron-steel sector. Furthermore, all the parameters considered in this study are significant in terms of energy efficiency potential.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şaban PUSAT İsmail EKMEKCİ Hasan Hüseyin ERDEM

132 97
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Examination of Solid State Nitrogen Absorption for Production of Nickel Free Stainless Steel

Co-Cr and 316L are the commonly used alloys in biomedical industry. However, both 316L and mostly used Co-Cr alloys as F-562, L-605 contain large portions of Ni as alloying element. Ni may cause allergic and toxic impacts on human health. In recent years, N-alloyed Ni free stainless steels seemed as good candidate for replacing Ni contained metals. However, liquid steel has a limited N solubility at atmospheric pressure. Thus, high pressured melting techniques are required. In this study, N alloying of ferritic 430 stainless steel sheet was performed in solid state. Nitrogen absorption of stainless steel was performed in a furnace filled with nitrogen gas with atmospheric pressure at 1200°C. Solid state N absorption was applied in four different time periods as 4, 8, 12, 24 hours. Microstructure after absorption process was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope and Light Microscope. Fully austenitic structure was observed in surface of specimens. However, duplex microstructure of ferrite and austenite was seen in the center of specimen. Vickers hardness was carried out to evaluate of phases. It was concluded that optimum microstructure is achieved by 4 hours of N absorption.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oğuz Gürkan Bilir İsmail GÜVENİR Ersoy Erişir

125 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Experimental Investigation of Effect of Processing Parameters on the Surface Roughness during the Brass Alloy Turning with Abrasive Water Jet

This study investigates the impact of processing parameters on the surface roughness in the process of abrasive water jet. The sample was machined using abrasive water jet for four different parameters of Nozzle feed rate (5, 15, 25 and 35 mm/min), abrasive flow rate (100, 150, 200 and 250 g/min), spindle speed (50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm) and nozzle distance (2, 6, 10 and 14 mm). Pump pressure (380 MPa), abrasive size (80 Mesh, in Garnet form), and nozzle diameter (0.75 mm) are kept constant throughout the empirical study. According to the results obtained from the experiment, increasing machining parameters, namely nozzle feed rate and nozzle approach distance, resulted in increased average surface roughness. On the other hand, increased spindle spin and abrasive flow rate result in enhanced average surface roughness (Ra).

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat KARTAL Hasan GÖKKAYA

108 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Experimental Investigation on Self-Loosening of Preloaded Stainless Steel Fasteners

Use of stainless steel bolts has become widespread due to their high resistance to corrosive environment. However, the widespread use of stainless steel bolts brought together many unknowns in assembly conditions. In particular, there are not many studies present in the literature that concerning the behaviour of stainless steel fasteners under transverse vibration conditions. Within the scope of our work, Junker vibration tests were carried out on M12x1.75x40 A2-70 bolts with a combination of axisymmetric nut, double nut and prevailing nuts which all have a locking mechanism. Then, the vibration loosening rates were compared. In addition, Torque-Clamp load tests on existing bolts were performed to obtain friction coefficients and torque-clamp load graphics. The result of the study shows that stainless bolts and nuts with different mechanical locking mechanisms behave differently under vibrational conditions

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Umut İNCE Barış TANRIKULU N. Emrah Kılınçdemir Sezgin Yurtdaş Cenk Kılıçaslan

118 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Experimental Investigation on the Usability of Granulated Furnace Slag in Biogas Purification Processes

— In our day, due to the both depletion of the reserves and the significant environmental problems of fossil based fuels, efforts to improve and smooth use of alternative energy sources have gained momentum. The work on alternative energy sources is mainly focused on the solar, wind and biogas fields and studies have been carried out and being continued to carry out to develop new systems and application methods in order to develop these resources. Biogas, one of the alternative energy sources, is a gas which is obtained by deterioration of biological wastes in a anaerobic environment. The pollutants in the biogas can decrease the lower heat value of the fuel and also cause corrosion and rust in the equipment and components used. Therefore, before using the biogas, it is necessary to remove contaminants in it. In this performed study, biogas has been produced from animal waste by co-fermentation method. In order to purify the pollutant gases in the produced biogas content, the effect of granular slag (an iron steel plant waste) in H2S removal from the biogas, has been experimentally investigated for different flow rates. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the 198 ppm H2S value of the biogas measured before entering the purification tower with slag material was purified with a ratio of 76,8% and decreased to 46 ppm without methane loss.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Karagoz Nuri TUNÇ Burak Ciftci İsmail EKMEKCİ Emrah Deniz

145 137
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Experimental study on tribological performance of SiC composite coating layers

In this study, silicon carbide (SiC) composite coating layer was produced with Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) welding methods. Microstructure, hardness, and tribological performance were investigated on the composite coating layers. The results showed that the silicon carbide powders are completely dissolved during the PTA cladding process and the microstructures consisted of dendrites and interdendritic eutectic structure. SiC composite coatings have significantly increased the hardness due to the eutectic structures. PTA cladding processes improved the wear resistance 3.8-fold compared to the substrate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Koray KILIÇAY Mustafa ULUTAN Esad KAYA İsmail BAYAR

113 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Fabrication and Mechanical Behavior of AluminumMatrix Composites Reinforced with Boron Nitride Particles

In this study, effect of boron nitride particles on the mechanical properties of aluminum composites reinforced with BN particles was investigated. Experimental procedure was started with mixturing of powders in the turbula mixer. Hot press was applied at 550 C in argon atmosphere. For characterization of microstructure, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done. Compression test was applied for determination of strength. Vickers hardness was used to measure hardness of samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yasin Akgül Yuksel Akinay Fazil Hüsem Hamza Simsir Safa POLAT

160 101
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Feeder Design Optimization for Aluminum Sand Casting

The gating and riser system (feeder) design play very important role for improving casting quality. Many defects such as tensile void, porosity and segregation in products produced by casting methods may be detected. The porosity is the one of the defects most frequently encountered in casting. Porosity formation cause costly scrap loss and limits the use of cast parts in applications requiring high sealing. The amount of porosity is closely related to sand casting process parameters. A considerable reduction in porosity formation can be obtained using riser design optimization technique in the sand casting process. The design of feeder requires knowledge and experience. Therefore, hot spot formation, solidification period, feeder sprue and volume are important criteria. However, these may be not enough to produce high quality castings, and the importance of simulation techniques increases. The aim of this study is to make a feeder design optimisation for a cast part produced from Etial 160 aluminium alloy by sand mould casting method. In this study, gating and riser design, module criteria, feeder volume and size were investigated by SOLIDCast casting simulation program. The real and simulated casting values were compared with each other in the light of macro and micro-porosity results.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa ERCAN Erdal Karadeniz Murat ÇOLAK

137 167
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Formaton of Triangle Shaped TiB2 Borides in Coated Surface Produced by GTAW

In this investigation, a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used as a high energy density beam to form a coated surface over 0.15% C carbon steel with FeB, FeTi and graphite powders. The microstructure, microhardness and dry-sliding wear behavior of the composite coating were investigated by using optical micrograph (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), microhardness tester and adhesive wear tester. A lot of types of carbide and borides were formed. The shape of the graphite present in the FeBFeTi-C composite TIG welding coatings is various from sheet-like to triangle. Within the wear test conditions used in the present research, on Fe2B coated samples wear was essentially oxidative until the failure of the coating.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet YAZ SERDAR OSMAN YILMAZ Zülküf BALALAN

126 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Friction Stir Spot Welding for Different Metals: A Review

There have been several problems regarding the welding of materials with advanced and complex structure for the industry during the recent years. Solid state welding methods have been developed to eliminate these problems. One of these is friction stir spot welding (FSSW). FSSW method is derived from of the friction stir welding (FSW) process and this is a new process that has recently received considerable attention from various industry branches. In both methods, the joining mechanism is the same. However, there are several differences as to the application. The tool used for the FSSW process is similar to the that of FSW and the FSSW process consists of three phases of plunging, stirring and retraction. Studies have also indicated that the effect of tool rotation speed, tool penetration and dwell time on lap shear tensile failure load of the joint have great importance for this method. In this study, how the FSSW method works, the properties of this method, the application of the FSSW method on many different materials have been examined. The results have been reported from the current literature under separate headings.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Melike ŞAŞMAZ Hilal Kırıkçı Yahya Bozkurt

140 138
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 From Waste Management in Iron and Steel Sector to Zero Waste

There is no doubt that the iron and steel sector plays an important role in the determination of the development level for countries. Especially the production and export values of this sector has the key role of progress for countries. According to year of 2016 data, the annual production of iron and steel in the world is 1.6 billion tonnes. On the other hand, Turkey is a remarkable spot in the iron and steel industry in the world with an output of 33 million tons.Raising profit margins by lowering production costs has become the most important issue all over the world, given the progress of the industry and the decline in available resources. For this reason, waste management will be one of the leading factors for both reducing manufacturing costs and bringing other new profit items. In addition, the developing environmental consciousness has brought new concepts and trends in waste management. In this context, "zero waste" is taken seriously in many countries and many commercial or non-commercial institutions. Especially in Europe, it is predicted that these countries and institutions will switch to zero-waste production technologies after a certain period of time.According to the year 2016, when iron and steel sector is evaluated in terms of waste production, it will be seen that the slag production is 0,375 tons in the integrated system and 0,075 tons in the electric arc furnaces. Attempts to restore these wastes to the economy must be made in accordance with the waste hierarchy. This is also important in terms of sustainable development. Reducing slag production, investigation to utilization in different application should be analysed considering to scope of zero waste.This study is focused on especially the EAF slags. First of all, the ways of recovery metal and then the utilization of these slags in alternative applications were investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Aslan ÜNAL Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖKSÜZ Prof. Dr. Onuralp YÜCEL Esma YILMAZ

117 80
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Heat Transfer Analysis of a Reheat Furnace in Iron and Steel Industry

This document presents the heat transfer analysis of a reheat furnace which locates in a steel and iron plant in Iskenderun, Hatay. During the studies the Fourier law based analysis is made by using many assumptions.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Adem YILDIRIM Hüseyin YAĞLI Yıldız KOÇ Ali KOÇ Furkan GÜVEN

110 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 High Performance Copper and Copper Alloys Fabricated by Severe Plastic Deformation

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has gained attention to ultrafine grained (<500 nm) and nano-grained (<100 nm) bulk materials producing. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is the most common SPD process. ECAP has three critical disadvantages such as industrially discontinuity, limited small products, and non-uniform deformation such as gross distortions at the front and back of every billet. In this study, we systematically studied on an alternative approach which ECAP combined with the Conform process, developed for continuous extrusion-forming of metal wires (ECAPConform).The as-casted dilute copper alloys have been subjected to ECAP-Conform. The microstructural evaluation and hardness distribution have been investigated before and after ECAP-Conform.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Aslıhan GÖKDUMAN Hakan YILMAZER Ceren GÖDE Burak Dikici Jiri Dvorak Vaclav SKLENICKA Aslı GÜNAY BULUTSUZ Adem BAKKALOĞLU Halil GÖKER

167 102
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 High Pressure Torsion Applications on Dilute Copper Alloys

High-performance Cu alloys are required for the female and male terminal conductors in the power transmission of automobiles. A good longevity-conductivity relation and consequently high mechanical strength and good conductivity are being sought. Recently, severe plastic deformation (SPD) has provided new opportunities in investigations of the unusual mechanical, physical and electrochemical properties by permitting grain refinement to ultrafine-grained (UFG) and/or nano grained (NG) level, especially under (<100 nm). In this study, the some dilute Cu-Sn alloys subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) processing at various rotation numbers have been studıed systematically.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hasan Köklü Hakan YILMAZER Ceren GÖDE Burak Dikici Yoshikazu Todaka Halil GÖKER

122 97
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Hydroformability of Advanced High Strength Steels through FEA

Hydroforming has been increasingly exploited by automotive industry due to several advantages such as more homogeneous deformation of workpiece, uniform thickness distribution, better surface properties due to lack of forming tool – workpiece contact interaction, etc. Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), on the other hand, have unique properties that make them prominent near-future solution in lightweighting, and improved safety efforts for auto industry. Current study, is aimed for investigating the hydroformability of DP 600, DP 800, and TRIP 780 advanced high strength steel (AHSS) grades at room temperature. To this goal, FEA of hydroforming process was modeled in which AHSS sheets were hydroformed into a closed die cavity with a non-axisymmetric geometry. 3D FE model of hydroforming process was established and validated with commercial FEA package Ls-Dyna. Process parameters (e.g. hydroforming pressure, blank holder force, etc.) were optimized using Ls-Opt, an artificial neural network (ANN) based optimization module integrated into Ls-Dyna, to compare the formability of AHSS steels. Thickness reduction (TR) of formed sheets and die cavity filling ratio (CFR) were taken as control parameters. Optimum hydroformability was obtained with the combination of 800 kN blank holder force and 25 MPa hydraulic pressure. Moreover, DP 600 has shown the highest hydroformability when TR and CFR values were compared.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Doğan ACAR Ömer Necati CORA

125 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Importance of Force Measurements and Their Traceability in Steel Industry

In iron and steel industry, force measurements play an important role in areas such as pressing, rolling and extrusion, both in process control and in development of reproducible similar products and quality. In order to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results, it is needed to perform traceable calibrations of devices used in measurements. Calibration of devices should be performed according to ISO, ASTM, and TS standards. Using inappropriate equipment will result in production losses and cost increases that will be reflected in product quality. For this reason, calibrated devices should be used in measurements; also these devices should have acceptable range of deviation. In this study, usage area of force measurements in iron and steel industry and importance of certifying performed measurements have been examined

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Haldun DİZDAR Bulent AYDEMIR Cemal VATAN

165 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Improvement of 16MnCr5 Steel Wear Resistance by Deformation

This study, in order to determine the effect of plastic deformation on the wear resistance are performed. The deformation of the 16MnCr5 steel was performed after annealing by tensile testing device with varying amounts. The changes in hardness was measured by Vickers hardness tester and the wear behavior was analysed by pin on disc test. Tests and measurements showed that when the amount of plastic deformation increased, wear resistance and hardness increased. And also, it is seen that the heat treatment applied at a temperature similar to the carburizing, significantly reduces the mechanical properties.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hüseyin DEMIRTAS

144 140
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Improving the Energy Efficiency in Iron and Steel Industry by Electric Motor Retrofit

In iron and steel industry electric motor systems consume around 7% of total energy use. This rate is even more in some special applications. Motor systems include motor driven units such as rolling mills, pumps, conveyors, fans and material handling equipment. In many cases motors used in this industry are aged motors of standard efficiency class that are consuming much more energy than the new generation energy efficient motors. Solution to this problem is to retrofit the existing even healthy standard efficiency motors by the new generation energy efficient motors. In some countries governmental regulations makes it mandatory to retrofit the standard efficiency motors with the new generation energy efficient class motors, where in most countries around the globe this matter remains as recommendation. Depending on the energy cost in each country the pay-back periods varies between 2 years to 6 years. For the countries such as Turkey where the energy prices are very high the pay-back periods for electric motor retrofits will be about 2 to 3 years or less than that. This means that a motor retrofit will cover the installation and new motor cost mostly within approximately 2 to 3 years or less and then energy and cost saving will start for free thereafter. Retrofit means replacing and old but operating healthy motor of standard efficiency with a new higher efficiency motor.In this investigation several scenarios will be presented on the energy and cost saving by motor retrofit and pay-back periods will be determined in details. Importance of the dependency on the energy prices, benefits of motor retrofit to the iron and steel industry and environmental pollution will be explored with several examples when using different sizes of electric motors. It will be shown that the size of the motor plays an important role on the pay-back period and that the energy and cost saving is more significant for retrofitting small and medium size motors up to100 kW, which are more commonly used motor sizes in the iron and steel industry.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akbaba

127 118
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Increasing Cold Forging Tool Life of M10x1.25 Welding Flange Nut by Using Finite Element Simulation

Cold forging of flange welding nuts requires proper design of forging stages to get tight dimensional tolerances of welding bulges and high tool life. In this study, reasons of low tool life of cold forged M10x1.25 welding flange nuts were determined by using finite element simulations and then forging stage designs were modified to decrease the tool stresses. Finite element simulations of cold forging operations were prepared in commercial finite element code Simufact.forming. Forging tests showed that two forging tools at forging stage 5 fractured due to fatigue failure during forging of 2,500 welding nuts. Numerical simulations revealed that preform of the nut before fifth forging stage was not properly formed and this led excessive increase in forging force during flow of the material in stationary tool in following forging stage. In fourth forging design, flat punch geometry was replaced by stepped punch design and closed forming case was formed on the stationary tool. It was seen that forging force in the fifth forging stage was decreased to 64 tones from 92 tones. Forging tests conducted with this design showed that tool life in fifth forging stage was increased more than 200%

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sezgin Yurtdaş Cenk Kılıçaslan N. Emrah Kılınçdemir Barış TANRIKULU Buğra Karahan

118 145
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Industrialization and Cancer Risks

Cancer is one of the most important health problems today, due to high incidence of mortality. Approximately 7.6 million people die from cancer every year in the world and the cancer incidence increases over time. Beside life style-related factors, environmental factors affect cancer development. According to the World Health Organization, new chemical substances are synthesized every year without adequate investigation about their toxicity. Among industrial workers, an increase has been observed in bladder and other organ cancers, especially lung cancer. Studies find increased incidence of lung cancer among workers in iron mines, steel foundries and industries in which workers are exposed to iron oxides such as the iron and steel industry. Most studies state the exposure to metal fumes, crystalline silica dust and pyrolysis products emitted under heat, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) used in iron and steel industry cause cancer. There are also some studies which state that there is no clear relationship between the risk of cancer and the industrialism. In this review, the relationship between industrialization and cancer risk is discussed in the light of current literature

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Kasım Yılmaz Işıl Işık ANDSOY

132 152
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Aging on Residual Stress, Wear and Hardness behaviour in Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloy

Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process. Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the aged samples under load of 10N.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL

130 76
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Aging on Residual Stress, Wear and Hardness behaviour in Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloy

Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process. Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the aged samples under load of 10N.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL

121 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Aging on Residual Stress, Wear and Hardness behaviour in Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys

Although many parameters for metallic alloy systems can be obtained in the literature, there are limited studies about the relationship between residual stress and tribological performance of the metallic alloy systems. In this study residual stress measurement was performed by straingauge method to investigate on residual stress, hardness and wear behaviours of Al-Cu-Ni Heusler Alloys before and after aging process. Wear tests were carried out using two different loads (10N and 20N) in dry sliding conditions. Results show that aging time effects mechanical behaviour of heusler alloys. Also Best wear resistance is belonging to the aged samples under load of 10N.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL

135 84
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Cooling Conditions on Fracture Toughness of 1040 Quality Steel

In this study, heat treatment was applied for four 1040 quality steels and then cooling process was performed in different conditions. One of the specimens was cooled in furnace and the other specimens were cooled in air, oil and water respectively to determine the effect of cooling conditions on fracture toughness. Fracture and precrack surfaces were examined by Nikon Shuttlepix Digital microscope during analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) after fracture toughness measurement. Results show that, cooling conditions significantly effect the fracture toughness value of specimens.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M. Dikmen M. Emre TURAN

146 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Grain Size on Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

In this study, influence of grain size on degree of sensitization and susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel was investigated. As-received AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel samples were first solution heat treated at 1050 oC for 0.5 h, 1.5 h and 3 h in order to obtain different grain sizes and then, each of them was heat treated for sensitization at 700 oC for 1h followed by water quenching. Grain size measurements of the first set of samples were performed by linear intercept method according to ASTM E112 standard and the degree of sensitization was measured by double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DLEPR) test. The results showed that grain size increased as the solution heat treatment time increased. A decrease in the degree of sensitization was observed for the samples having larger grains. That is to say, the increase in grain size improved intergranular corrosion resistance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hüseyin Zengin Yunus Türen Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yavuz Sun Burak Dursun Ünsever

154 272
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Head Hardening Process on Fracture Toughness in Rails

This study aims to investigate fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness behavior in grooved rails. R260 grade and R260 grooved grade rails were used for analysis to understand effect of rail geometry on fracture properties of specimens. Fracture surfaces and microstructures of specimens were examined by the use of Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Nikon Shuttlepix Digital Microscope. Results show that, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior are effected by the geometry of specimens due to plastic deformation mechanism on head parts.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fazil Hüsem M. Emre TURAN Hayrettin Ahlatçı

152 93
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Influence of Straightening Process on Mechanical Properties of Pre-Strain Pearlitic Steels

In this study, effect of straightening process on mechanical properties of pre-strain pearlitic steels was investigated. The material employed in this study has 0,83 % Carbon content. Tensile test, Vickers hardness test and Wear tests under load of 10N and 20N were performed for samples (straightened and non-straightened) to determine mechanical properties. Also, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used for microstructure characterization. Tensile test results revealed that yield strength and tensile strength increased with straightening process.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alper Incesu Yasin Akgül Muhammet Emre Turan Ahmet GULLU Gurmak Çelik

124 128
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Interlaboratory Comparisons of Charpy Impact Test for S275JR steel according to ISO 148-1

Evaluation of the performance of the laboratories for specific tests and monitoring laboratory performance, laboratories need to participate interlaboratory comparisons. As a means of quality assurance such an external quality control studies have an importance for laboratory accreditation. In this study, charpy impact test samples were prepared related to ISO 148-1 from S275JR quality steel and randomly sent to participant laboratories. Each samples were tested according to ISO 148-1: Charpy pendulum impact test standard in metallic materials at room temperature by each participant. Test results of laboratories were collected and performance of laboratories were determined by statistical method offered by ISO 13528:2015 standard.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Betül USTA Alper Incesu

133 152
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Interlaboratory Proficiency of Tensile Test for Reinforcing Steel Related to ISO 6892-1

The accuracy and reliability of the tests and analyses applied by the laboratories are audited and recorded in accordance with ISO 17025 standard. The proficiency test stipulated by the standard are also an indication of how well the applied laboratory method has been applied by the laboratory concerned. In this study, calculations and the results of calculations related to the performance evaluations for proficiency test organized with the participation of different laboratories in accordance with ISO 6892-1: Tensile Test Standard in Metallic Materials at Room Temperature. The Zscores of the laboratories were calculated as a result of deviations from the test machine and the expert, regardless of the similar feature specimens of reinforcing steel sent to all participants.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alper Incesu Betül USTA

150 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Cutting Forces and Surface Roughness in Hard Turning of Bearing Ring with CBN Insert

The most important components of the bearings are the inner and outer bearing rings. The raceway is the most important feature constituting the bearing rings. Grinding and super finishing operations are applied to attain tight tolerances and very low surface roughness in the raceway. In this study, the effect of the cutting parameters on the cutting forces and surface roughness in turning of the outer bearing ring raceway, made from hardened AISI 52100 steel, was investigated by using cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutting tool instead of grinding. The cutting forces occurred in hard turning of the outer bearing rings were measured using a piezoelectric cutting force measurement unit. It was seen that the radial cutting forces acting on the outer ring raceway were higher than the primary forces. The feed force at the end of the raceway form was higher than that at the start point of the form. The lowest surface roughness was obtained at 0.04 mm/rev feed rate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet BOY İbrahim ÇİFTÇİ Feridun Özhan

130 127
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Determination the NonRecrystallization Temperature (Tnr) by ThermoMechanical Simulation Methods

In order to determine the hot rolling processes, it is necessary to determine the temperature of Tnr. There are many formulations to determine this temperature. These formulations vary according to the microalloys found in the composition. Simulation equipments and methods are used in determination of temperature. In this study, Tnr temperature determination of X70 quality Nb micro alloy steel material was performed by using Gleeble 3500 thermal mechanical simulation device. Tnr temperatures found by formulations and thermal mechanical simulation methods were compared and the closest formulation was tried to be determined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ekrem Yaşar AKÇAY Barış Avar

135 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Dry Sliding Wear Resistance of AISI 52100 Steels under Different Tribological Conditions

AISI 52100 is a well-known and commonly used bearing steel in manufacturing industry, today. The wear phenomenon in this type of steel may play a critical role in service life. Likewise a bearing steel part running under heavily dynamic loads could be out of service in a short time when tribological conditions particularly turned into boundary film lubrication or even worse into unlubricated condition etc. On the other hand, their tribological properties can be enhanced by heat treatment conditions. Thus the service life can be extended since they became more wear resistant. However hardness and wear resistance are normally increased at expense of toughness which is another key factor in bearing steels. Therefore it is important that optimizing heat treatment conditions in terms of not only hardness and wear resistance but also toughness. In this study, the tribological properties of three groups of AISI 52100 bearing steel specimens heat treated in different conditions were compared in terms of wear volume, wear factor, hardness and friction coefficient values. For this purpose dry sliding tests were performed in according to ASTM G99-05 standard using a “ball-on-disk” type equipment. The results showed that tempered martensitic specimens heat treated at relatively higher temperatures yielded almost same wear characteristics with harder and less tougher specimens under given tribological conditions.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Enbiya Türedi Merve Yılmaz

126 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of dynamic strain aging properties of hot work tool steel

Dynamic strain aging behaviour of hot work tool steel (H10) was investigated under as received conditions. Hot tensile testing was carried out at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to 700 ˚C at a strain rate of 10-3s-1. The microstructure of the specimens was analyzed in detail by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that mechanical properties of H10 tool steel depends on test temperature. Tensile strength and yield strength showed slight decrease with increasing testing temperature to 4000C. Above 4000C these properties become so poor. It was also observed that as the testing temperature increased to 4000C a continuous decrease in elongation was noticed. Further increase in the testing temperature of 500, 600 or 7000C has increased the elongation. It is believed that dynamic strain ageing and high temperature mechanical properties are affected by interaction between dislocation and precipitate particles such as MC (VC), M6C (Mo6C) and M23C6 (Cr23C6) or solute atoms.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Demet TASTEMÜR Süleyman GÜNDÜZ

113 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Gas Pressure Effect on Powder Characterization of Al-12Si Alloy Produced by Gas Atomization Method

In this study, the effects of different gas pressures on the shape and size of Al-12Si alloy powder produced by gas atomization method are investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at the Gas Atomization Unit, which was redesigned at Karabuk University Faculty of Technology Department of Manufacturing Engineering. Experiments were carried out at a stable temperature of 770 °C, at a nozzle diameter of 2 mm and by applying 6 different gas pressures (5-10-15-2030-35 bar). Argon gas was used to atomize the melt. In order to determine the size and shape of Al12Si powders produced, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and powder size analysis were performed by screen analysis method. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the increase of the gas pressure caused the powder size to decrease and the powder shape to change from the ligament and the dripping structure to the spheroidal. It has been observed that the thinnest powders produced are in the gas pressure of 35 bar and the usually of the powders is complex.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akkaş Tayfun Çetin Atakan Oğuz Ocak Kamal Mohamed Em Akra Mustafa Boz

133 117
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Heat Recovery and Saving Potential of Hot Stoves in Blast Furnaces

Blast furnaces are essential departments that consuming the largest energy amount in integrated iron and steel factories. Blast furnaces consist of many vital subsections for survival of iron and steel production. Hot stoves are fundamental auxiliary subsections of blast furnaces consuming fuel and providing hot air into blast furnaces. In this study heat recovery and energy saving potential of hot stoves were investigated and new heat recovery possibilities were recommended. For this purpose, energy production costs per unit energy, specifications of hot stoves construction and fuel components were received from Kardemir A. Ş. blast furnace management. Three heat recovery options were considered in order to determine optimum heat recovery device in terms of energy recovery, saving and investment cost.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Erhan Kayabasi Fikret Furtun Mehmet Ozkaymak

243 171
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Hot Rolled AISI 4140 Steels Subject to Large Strains

The mechanical and microstructural properties of hot rolled AISI 4140 steels subject to large strains were investigated in this study. The steels heated at 1200oC were hot rolled. The initial thickness of the steel plate, 160 mm, was reduced to 15 mm, 10 mm and 6 mm after multiple-pass. After hot rolling, normalization and hardening heat treatments were applied to one group of the steels. Mechanical and microstructural properties of as-hot rolled and heat treated steels were determined experimentally. Tensile properties, hardness values and wear properties of the steels were determined with room temperature tensile tests, Brinell hardness measurements and wear tests, respectively. In addition, scaning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology of the steels. It was seen that yield and tensile strength, hardness and wear resistance of the steel increased, but ductility and toughness decreased significantly after hardening.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sedef Şişmanoğlu Ali Gungor

140 360
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Nanocrystalline Stainless Steels As A Function Of Milling Time

Fe – 18Cr – 8Ni (at.%) stainless steels from elemental powders were synthesized by high energy mechanical alloying in a Spex™ 8000D Mixer/Mill. In order to investigate the alloying and transformation kinetics, milling time was ranged up to 30 hours at room temperature. The resultant powders were investigated as a function of milling time by x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The primary results have shown that the high energy milling induced martensitic transformation due to the severe plastic deformation as the martensite-to-austenite phase ratio was observed to increase with increasing milling time. The dependence of hardness on the microstructure was utilized to investigate the mechanical properties of synthesized powders. The research reported in this work was supported by TUBITAK under grant number 114M214.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet Burçin BATIBAY Hasan Kotan

113 97
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Physical, Chemical and Metallurgical Properties of Domestic and Imported Pelets

These ores are primarily enriched in order to make low-grade iron ores (> 50% Fe content) available at the blast furnace, which can be fed directly to the blast furnace. The most widely used method of agglomeration after enrichment is pelleting. In this study, the characteristic features of three different pellet types, one domestic and two imported (Ferroexpo and east); chemical, physical and metallurgical properties have been determined. The element and compound analysis were performed with XRF and XRD devices. By using different size of sieves, grain size analysis and moisture were determined before entering the blast furnace. By the Rul (R40) test at 1050 °C, with the mix gas (%40 CO+ 2% H2 + 58% N2), the reduction rate of the furnace was measured by difference in height and pressure inside the furnace. The volume increase during reduction was determined by swelling test on 18 pellets at 900 C. The degredation index of the iron ores reduced by mix gas at 500 °C was determined by the LTD test. The crumbling and dusting indexies of pellets during transport in the plant was measured by the drum test. At the end of the research, it was found out that 3 different pellets provided by KARDEMİR A.Ş. were advantageous, and the changes in mineral ratios changed the technological test results and this effect on the blast furnace reactions.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL Neslihan ATALAY

143 100
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Sheet Metal Forming Process Based on Finite Element Simulation

Most of vehicle chassis components are produced by forming process in conventional method. Die design and production of robust tooling demand comprehensive knowledge and experience for sheet metal forming. Nowadays, simulation technology and software tools support sheet metal forming, tooling design, and process design. This study showed that the finite element simulation help to die designer to predict failure which is excessive thinning, wrinkling, shear fracture etc. for tooling and process design. In this study, sheet metal wishbone analysed with forming simulations software. Simulations showed that excessive thinning zone occurred. Also, undesired tearing was observed rubber bush assembly section. According to simulation result, tool design modified at an early stage before prototype sheet metal wishbone had been produced. The final die design was created more die step and wishbone shape has changed. With simulations result, defects have been identified and prevented earlier. Development time and costs are reduced whereby finite element simulations. Also, all of these operations help enhance product quality. Finite element methods will gradually replace manual trial-and-error design iteration.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alimurtaza RUTCİ Fatih KACMAZ

145 174
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Strain Hardening in AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless

AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel have almost same mechanical and microstructural properties and corrosion resistance as austenitic stainless steels. In addition, these steels are as cheap as austenitic stainless steel. On the other hand, they lose their strength and toughness at high temperatures. Nowadays, demand to those steels has been increasing due to their convenient properties. AISI 430 ferritic steels are widely used in construction sector, automotive industry and food industry. The aim of usage of strain aging is driving a strengthening mechanism to increase mechanical properties of AISI 430 stainless steels. This mechanism is based on the principle of increasing dislocations are locked by themselves or carbon and nitrogen atoms after cold deformation. After strain aging, tensile strength and yield strength increase but ductility decreases. Strength and elongation of samples change by altering heat treatment temperature and amount of deformation. The influence of quantity of pre-strain and aging temperature to yield strength, tensile strength and tensile elongation, on AISI 430 stainless steels samples was studied. Identical samples first are pre-strained in tension to a uniform elongation of 5%, 10% and 15% and then aged at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 15 minutes, separately. After pre-strained aging process the mechanical properties of final products are compared with untreated AISI 430 steel. It was observed that yield and tensile strength of samples increased with increasing quantity of pre-strain for the same aging temperatures. Also, all heat-treated samples have higher strength than untreated samples. For %5 prestrained conditions, yield and tensile strength slightly decreased and after then increased by increasing temperature from 150 °C to 200 °C and from 200 °C to 250 °C, respectively. Breaking strength increased by increasing aging temperature for %5 pre-strained. For %10 pre-strained condition, specimens have maximum tensile, yield and breaking strength values for aged temperature of 200 °C. For %15 pre-strained conditions, yield, tensile and breaking strength values are highest at 200 °C. Breaking elongation of samples decreased by increasing pre-strain rates for all temperatures. Breaking elongation of samples is minimum for %10 pre-strain rate at constant aging temperatures.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Gökhan Arıcı Mustafa ACARER Mesut Uyaner

121 109
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of the Effect of TiC Content on the Mechanical Properties of the Aluminum/TiC Composites

Aim of this study is to investigate effect of titanium carbide nanoparticle contents on the mechanical properties of the Aluminum/TiC composites. Aluminum and titanium carbide nanoparticles were mixtured in the turbula mixer. After mixture process, samples were produced using Hot Press in argon atmosphere. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used for characterization. Compression test was performed for determination of strength and also vickers hardness tests were carried out to understand mechanical effects of TiC particles on pure aluminum.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yasin Akgül MUHAMMET EMRE TURAN Yuksel Akinay

138 111
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of the Effect of Vanadium Addition and Cycling Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviors of Casting Steel

Train wheels are manufactured by forging and casting method. Cast iron wheels have advantages in terms of cost. When vanadium element is added to the steel, it has mechanical properties enhancing properties. Repetitive heat treatment contributes to the breakdown of the carbides in the grain boundaries and an increase in strength can be observed at this point. In this study, microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviors of train wheel steel produced by casting method under laboratory conditions with a train wheel obtained by forging method were investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Harun ÇUĞ Hayrettin Ahlatçı Ercan CANDAN

117 90
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of The Wetting Behaviours of SAC305 and SAC405 Ternary Lead-Free Solder Alloys on Cu Substrate

In present study, wetting behaviours of molten Sn-3Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) ternary Pb-free solder alloy were investigated at predetermined temperatures (230, 250 and 280 oC) on Cu substrate. The Contact angles of alloys were measured by using of the sessile drop method. The lowest value of contact angle for SAC405 was 41.05° at 280 oC. Microstructures, inter-metallic phases (IMC) of alloys were examined by optic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM+EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The amount of Ag in the molten Pb-free solder alloy reacts with Sn to occur intermetallic compounds (IMCs) on the interface.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hasan ABUT Ahmet Mustafa Erer Ziyaddin RECEBLİ

114 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Tribological and Mechanical Performance of Cryogenic Treated Medium Carbon Steel, 38MnVS6

In this study, cryogenic treatments (-160C) were applied to medium carbon Vanadium content 38MnVS6 steel. The mechanical, and tribological behaviours of steel were investigated. The effects of cryogenic treatment soaking time on the specimens were evaluated in terms of mechanical and tribological performance including impact toughness, hardness, and wear resistance, and microstructural analyses. The results showed that the longer soaking times of cryogenic treatment improved the wear resistance and hardness. But besides the increase of these properties, cryogenic treatment also reduced the impact toughness compared to that of the conventional method, due to the increased in the distribution of martensitic transformation.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Esad KAYA Mustafa ULUTAN Koray KILIÇAY İsmail BAYAR

124 98
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Wear and Mechanical Behaviors of Damascus Steel

Damascus steels are produced by traditional methods and mostly used in the construction of decorative tools. This study aims to investigate wear and mechanical behaviors of damuscus steels which are exposed different forging type. Wear tests were applied for two different category of samples under the loads of 30N and 40N. In addition to wear tests, tensile test was carried out to understand the influence of forging type on mechanical behavior in this quality steel. Results show that, wear performances are changed with forging process and best wear resistance could be seen under loads of 30N for all samples.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Eren SALIS Umit YAVUZ Nurdan KUCUK Fazil Hüsem Hayrettin Ahlatçı Memis ISIK Pınar UYAN

126 79
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Investigation of Weldability of DP 1000-DP 1000 Steel Using Electron Beam Welding

In this study, weldability of DP 1000-DP 1000 steel with electron beam welding method was investigated. Consisted of microstructure after welding was investigated with microscopy and SEM. Microstructure properties was investigated such as tensile strength and microhardness. Average of fusion zone microhardness was found as 284 HV. Average tensile strength was found as 656 MPa and elongation was found 3%.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Cihangir Tevfik SEZGİN Fatih HAYAT

133 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Iron Powder Recovery from Steel Plant Red Mud

Environmental susceptibility, increasing energy costs, and competitive conditions in the market require the saving and recovery of energy and energy related facts. In this respect, red mud which is discharged from an industrial facility production waste water treatment plant was studied due to the rate of recoverability of magnetic materials. The mud sample was experimentally studied by wet high intensity magnetic separation method. Magnetic field intensity was chosen 17,000 Gauss to maximize the separated iron powder level. Results presented that, unit mass of red mud sample includes about 70% of magnetized materials and 45% of the magnetized material composition is elemental iron (Fe). This rates are seeing satisfactory to get profit from the recovery process. The size of the gaining by the recovery of iron dust is about 22,075,200/years.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Ozkaymak Selcuk Selimli Cagil Koymatcik

158 147
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Joining GR2 and GR5 Titanium Alloys with Diffusion Bonding Method Using Copper Interlayer

In this study, GR2 and GR5 alloys among Ti alloys which have increasingly more usage areas in the metalmaterial industry were joined by diffusion welding method using a copper interlayer. The diffusion temperature was selected as a variable parameter during the diffusion welding process and the effects of the welding temperature on the joint quality were examined. Diffusion welds were made by applying a pressure of 5 MPa at 950 and 980 °C to the samples prepared in Ø12 x 12 mm dimensions in specially prepared diffusion welding apparatus and sending argon gas with a purity of 99.9% at a flow rate of 5 lt/min into a furnace with silicon carbide rod. Welding process was carried out to the experimental samples for 55 minutes. The samples were kept in the furnace until the furnace’s temperature decreased to 250 oC and then they were kept to cool down at room temperature. Microstructure analyses were then performed by using an optical microscope and microhardness analysis was performed on each sample. As a result of the study, it was found that as the temperature of diffusion welding increased, the better welded joints were obtained in the samples and their microhardness values also increased.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Haluk KEJANLI Nida KATI Uğur Çalıgülü

139 115
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Machining of Inconel 718 Using by Taguchi Methodology with Abrasive Water Jet Machining Parameters

Inconel 718 is commonly sought after for its resistance to high temperature and corrosion, however, these characteristics reduce the machinability of this material which brings forth the AWJ machining, a non-conventional material removal process, as the ideal option. The use of Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) machining for Inconel 718 offers desired machining characteristics, therefore, has a commercial significance. The objective of this study is to optimize input parameters of AWJ machining involved in AWJ machining of Inconel 718 using the Taguchi technique. Optimization of AWJ machining parameters was conducted based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio analysis in order to obtain effective Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate. AWJ machining parameters such as abrasive flow rate, focusing tube size, traverse speed and water pressure were calculated for optimized Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate. It was concluded that the optimal AWJ machining parameters found in this study are satisfactory for the actual/commercial machining of Inconel 718.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat KARTAL Hasan GÖKKAYA Refik POLAT

131 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Measurement Uncertainty Calculation for Charpy Impact Test of S275JR Quality Steel

Commercial material producers should accurately know their products performances in service conditions. Test and analyze techniques are very important instruments to understand mechanical, chemical, physical etc. properties of the products. However during the application of these test and analyses some parameters affect the accuracy of results. Calculation of measurement uncertainty is important to put a tolerance value to the results of test and analyses related to these parameters. During the calculation of measurement uncertainty man (personal), machine, material etc. parameters should be clearly and objectively defined and uncertainty that comes from these parameters should be put on to the total uncertainty calculation. In this study, measurement uncertainty for Charpy impact test at room temperature related to EN ISO 148-1 of commercial S275JR quality steel is used at building applications as plate like flat materials was calculated. Parameters that effects the uncertainty calculations were clearly defined and results were reported related to these parameters.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alper Incesu Betül USTA

143 659
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Mechanical Characterization of Thin Sheet Metals for Suspension System Forming Design

Suspension system is an important part of vehicles that manages the motion of the wheels in relation to body. The motion between wheel and chassis is provided with control arms. Control arm is one of the most crucial components which is usually made of either steel or aluminium. Various processes are used in the manufacturing of steel control arms. Due to its costeffectiveness in mass production, sheet metal forming process is preferred for the manufacturing of control arm. Sheet metal control arms have considerable advantages in terms of weight and cost to their forged counterparts. The aim of study is to characterize thin sheet metals which are used in control arm manufacturing. For sheet material, the ability of sheet metal to be formed into a desired shape without failure such as necking and wrinkling is often called as its formability. To investigate the formability, it is crucial to describe the behaviour of the sheet metal in a precise way and express properties in a mathematical form. Moreover, it is also important to be able to select appropriate tests to define materials behaviour. In the current study, most suitable mechanical, metallurgical and chemical properties are examined for suspension system forming design.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Alimurtaza RUTCİ Tuğba ALBAY Mehmet Okan GÖRTAN

117 115
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Metallurgical Challenges in Resistance Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength Steels

The successful implementation of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) requires improving fundamental understanding regarding metallurgical response and failure behaviour of these materials during resistance spot welding, the key crucial joining process in automotive industry. The present paper briefly reviews the fundamental challenges regarding microstructure/failure behavior relationship in AHSS steels resistance spot welds. Finally, the unresolved scientific challenges are highlighted.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Majid Pouranvari

122 213
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of 9Cr -1Mo -1W Weld Metal

A number of studies have been conducted to reduce the use of fossil fuels and gas emissions in power generation industry. In recent years new material technology has emerged depending on this quest. CrMo steels are widely used at power plant constructions as piping and tubing. They are known as heat resistant materials due to high creep strength, as well as their low thermal expansion and high conductivity. During the few decades, high chromium steels have been developed by alloying with elements such as W, Ni, Nb, V, Ti as a result of extensive studies carried out in some countries with the participation of various project partners. In Europe E911 steel was developed which includes 9% Cr, 1% Mo and 1-2% W. E911 steel has martensitic microstructure under air cooling after normalizing. Therefore it is used as tempered condition following normalizing. This paper presents microstructural and mechanical characterization of E911 weld metal. The types and transformations of phase and microstructures of all-weld metal have been investigated through scanning electron microscopy, optical microscope, x-ray diffraction analysis. The elemental analysis of weld metal was determined by x-ray fluorescence and mechanical tests of the weld metal were carried out. In this study it was observed that the microstructure of E-911 steel consisted of tempered martensite, and in some regions δ-ferrite phases were present. According to examined of thermal analysis, in the heating A1, A3, Tcurie temperatures are 850, 890, 750 oC respectively and in the cooling Mf temperature is 650 oC, Ms temperature is 690 oC. When X-ray analysis was examined, carbides (Cr7C3, Cr23C6) in the microstructure were detected. In SEM examinations, in addition to these carbides, Mo2C, W2C and VC were observed inside grain and grain boundary. The Brinell hardness test was carried out at room temperature and under a load of 187,5 kgf. The average Brinell hardness is 230 HB. The micro hardness tests were applied for 20 seconds under 50 gram load. The average micro hardness of δ-ferrite zone in microstructure was determined as 165 HV (~ 164 HB). Yield strength, tensile strength and elongation were determined as 550 MPa, 712 MPa, % 18 respectively according to tensile test results at room temperature.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Emin Salur Mustafa ACARER Fikret KABAKCI Selcuk KESKINKILIC Filiz KUMDALI ACAR

152 116
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed TRIP780 Steel

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a method which refines microstructure of metals by localized plastic deformation. This microstructural evaluation brought a remarkable increase in mechanical properties with an acceptable loss of ductility. In the literature there are several publications on the microstructural and mechanical evolution of FSPed steels. However, there limited number of studies on the effect of FSP on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel as a widely used material with unique properties like excellent formability and strain hardenability. In order to close this gap, current study is mainly concentrated on the effect of FSP on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties TRIP 780 steel. The microstructural evaluation was analysed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness test and tensile test. Results indicated that a two-fold increase in the hardness was achieved after FSP. Also, yield strength and UTS of the TRIP-780 steel reached to 1280 MPa and 1475 MPa respectively. This strength increase was also obtained with an acceptable uniform elongation of % 9, which is concluded that a good balance of strength, ductility and strain hardenability.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Imren OZTURK YILMAZ Mümün YILMAZ Onur SARAY

130 87
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-1.2W Weld Metal

High CrMo (W) steel is widely used in ultra-super critical (USC) power plant applications operation temperature up to 620 oC. The steels and their weld metal are used for tempered condition. Tempering temperature must be below Ac1 temperature of the weld metal. Welding of the steel is generally applied by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with multi-pass process. In this study, stick electrodes were fabricated for high chromium tungsten steel in Gedik Welding Company. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the all weld metal produced by the stick electrodes were investigated following tempering at 760 oC for 4h. Microstructure was characterized by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyze was used to determine transformation temperature of the weld metal. Hardness measurement, tensile test and charpy impact test were carried out. Fracture surfaces of the samples were also investigated via SEM.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fikret KABAKCI Mustafa ACARER Selcuk KESKINKILIC Filiz KUMDALI ACAR İsmail Hakkı Kara

142 104
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Modeling of Three-Dimensional Fracture Problems Using FCPAS

In this study, three dimensional crack propagation analyses are performed for a low carbon alloyed steel 16MnR, which has very common usage in the industry especially in pressurized structures. Fatigue crack initiation and crack growth are among widely seen damages in pressure vessels. To avoid damage caused by these types of defects, fracture mechanics analysis is the most common approach. A specified method, enriched finite element method, is used for fracture analysis. The steps of crack growth analysis by using Fracture and Crack Propagation Analysis System (FCPAS) are explained. Material properties are obtained from literature and results are compared with references. The obtained results are in agreement with the literature.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M.F. Yaren A.O. Ayhan*

131 201
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 MODELLING OF ROUND ROLLING PROCESS BY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Machining parameters for manufacturing methods can be optimized based on the finite element method using numerical simulation software. In this study, the simulation of the hot rolling process was performed for plain round bar producing. Rolling simulations were done in DEFORM-3D software and the hot rolling process was analyzed with three different rolling temperatures and rotation speed of rolls. In the results of numerical analysis, diameter and circularity tolerances have been measured for the product. The outputs of the finite element simulation were evaluated to determine the effects of rolling parameters on size quality of round bar product. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with %95 confidence level was performed in order to determine the effect level of rolling parameters. It was determined that the rounded product geometry is out of diameter and circularity tolerances by increasing the rolling temperature and the rotational speed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Emre EROL Mehmet Erdi KORKMAZ Mustafa GÜNAY

169 172
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Nano-sized Iron Oxide Production and Characterization by Arc Discharge Method

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been reported to be widely used in many biological applications such as magnetic resonance imaging, anticancer agents, contrast enhancement, tissue repair, and detoxification of biological fluids. The nanoscale size of the iron oxide particles synthesized for use in such applications gives them super magnetic properties. Arc discharge method is one of the simplest methods to be used in nanoparticle production in terms of both feasibility and efficient results. Therefore, arc discharge method has been used in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for use in such applications. In this method, which simply consists of an anode, cathode and a power source, tungsten electrodes were used to obtain iron oxide nanoparticles. The cathode was drilled and filled with iron powder. The synthesis was carried out in deionize water under 50A DC current and 30V. The synthesized powders were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Safa POLAT Tugay ÜSTÜN Ahmet Avcı

133 161
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Optimization of Process Parameters for Abrasive Water Jet of Cast A319 Aluminium Alloy by Taguchi Method

In this paper, Taguchi technique is selected in order to explore ideal process parameters for abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). The goal of this exploratory research is to explore the effects of machining parameters on MRR and SR of a work piece made of aluminum a356 alloy. Our approach is based on Taguchi's technique, ANOVA and the SN ratio in order to optimize AWJ machining process parameters for successful machining and to establish optimal values of each AWJM parameter, namely, abrasive stream rate, traverse speed, standoff distance and abrasive grit size. L9 orthogonal array is utilized for varying values of A, B, C, D and three tests were conducted for each combination. Using the SN ratio, it was possible to find the optimal parameter values for AWJM. It was concluded that, in actual practice, the ideal combination of AWJM process parameters fulfill the requirements for machining of cast A 356 aluminum alloy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat KARTAL Hasan GÖKKAYA Refik POLAT

161 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Precipating of Sinter Powder by ESP And Effects of Sinter Powder on ESP Efficiency

 Changes in operating conditions (ESP chemicals and changes in the physical properties of the gas in) the ESP field strength, the emission current and the corona current in order to determine the relationship on the number of spark, an understanding of the effect it would cause both the operational variability.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ahmet BALIK Hüseyin DEMİREL Muhammed Esad ÇAYIR

141 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Pure Bending Fatigue Behaviors Of 80 C Steel Cord Filaments

In this work we measure and estimate, experimentally and numerically, approximate fatigue strengths of steel filaments of 0.25 mm diameter with 80% C by the pure bending test method. All fatigue tests have been realized at room temperature and at a frequency of 10 Hz via a custom manufactured pure bending tester of which the fully reserved strain value, R = εmin/εmax, is −1. The applied value of cyclic deformation, ε, has been chosen from the range 0.46-1.07. The plots of S-N (Strain–Cycle) curves are based on high fatigue cycle (HFC) lives that are greater than or equal to 106 cycles.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hüseyin Koymatcık Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Yavuz Sun SAİT ÖZÇELİK

138 153
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Recycling and Reuse Potential of Solid Wastes Produced in Iron and Steel Industry

Iron and steel is one of the important tools for the economy of countries. Iron and steel industry uses energy and high quantity of raw material. Iron and steel production has a number of impacts on the environment, including air emissions, wastewater contaminants, hazardous wastes, and solid wastes. Sources of solid wastes for steel industries may be identified as coke oven by product plant, sinter plant, refractory materials plant, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, steel melting shop and rolling mill.In steel industry, solid waste management is aimed to provide maximum benefits from waste products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. To achieve this goal “4Rs” i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and restoring the materials are being considered as strategies of solid waste management.For minimizing the sources of solid wastes and maximizing the recycle of collected wastes can be opted in the following ways: Identification of sources, quantities and types of solid wastes generated from different sub-processes of steel manufacturing process.To find out the reasons of generation of solid wastes. To use advanced technology for minimizing waste.In efforts to prevent environmental pollution, the priority is to evaluate waste materials for recycle and reuse. Thus waste and damage to the environment are minimized and also provides economic benefits.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sakine UGURLU KARAAĞAÇ

111 80
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Reduction of Operation Cost and Improvement of Production by Utilizing Advance Surface Modification Technology "UNSM (Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification)"

UNSM (Ultrasonic Nanocrystal Surface Modification) refines the surface structure into nano grains, induces big and deep compressive residual stress, increase surface hardness, improves surface roughness and creates micro dimple textures on surface. So service life of UNSM treated trimming knives, shear pins and remanufactured bearings were extended more than 100% comparing to untreated ones. So not only the operation cost is reduced, but production time is increased. UNSM mechanism and its effect on mechanical properties and performance are explained. The changes of hardness, surface roughness and residual stress change of D2 and H13 tool steel and how much the performance of wear & friction and rotary bending fatigue are improved is explained with real field test results of trimming knives in steel mill industry. In same way, test for test specimens of AISI1045 steel and shear pins and remanufactured bearings in steel mill industry are explained. Cost reduction and increased production time in case of shear pins was explained as a case.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Young Pyun Auezhan Amanov Inho Cho

96 92
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Relation Between Microstructure and Hardness in HARDOX 450+FeW Based Composite Coating Fabricated by Plasma Transferred Arc Cladding

In this study, Hardox 450 reinforced and FeW based metal matrix composites (MMC) were combined on AISI 1020 steel substrate by using plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW) process. The new created coated surfaces were examined by using optic microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and microhardness tests. The microstructure studies of the superficial layers of the coating revealed presence of a mixture of the dendritic phase structure of ferrit (α). The results show that; the change of hardness and the size of dendrites formed on the coated surfaces changed by the variation of the processing parameters. Hardox 450 + 10 wt.%FeW composite coating was the most appropriate combination in terms of hardness performance.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tanju TEKER Eyyüp Murat KARAKURT

117 167
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Removal and Absorption of Ammonia by an Air stripping Process using Water-Spraying Aero-Column Reactor

Air stripping process for removal of ammonia is a commonly used process for the pretreatment of wastewater. In this study, removal and absorption of ammonia from coke wastewater by an air stripping reactor was investigated. Air stripping of ammonia from wastewater was performed a water-spraying aero-column reactor. Scaling and fouling on the packing surface in paced towers are not two major problem in this process. During the experiments, ammonia was stripped with air in a semi-batch system and absorbed in sulphuric acid solution. Effects of various operating parameters such as initial pH, stripping time, air flow and liquid flow on ammonia removal with air stripping process were examined. The mass transfer coefficient for air stripping process was calculated for different operation condition. Increment in the mass transfer coefficient was observed with increasing pH level and air flow rate. The highest value of mass transfer coefficient was 0.452 h-1 , obtained at initial pH 12, air flow 12 L/min and liquid flow 2.5 mL/min. In these condition, removal efficiency of ammonia (at 10 h stripping time) was obtained as 100%. Approximately 92-95% of ammonia in the absorption unit was recovered as ammonia sulphate

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fuat Ozyonar Bunyamin Karagozoglu Mehmet Kobya

122 174
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Research and Developments in Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel ındustry has a big role which is related to development level for countries. Therefore, all over the world, big companies are interested in this industry. Not only production values but also export data is as a key role for countries. Hence, especially in recent years, the concept of innovation has gained importance due to increasing globalization, developments in raw material markets, increasing social consciousness towards the environment and changing competition conditions depending on these developments. For this reason, research and development (R&D) became more important and critic topic especially in developing countries. Turkey has also a significant capacity in this sector thus R&D and innovation should become more important issue for us. According to these facts, major iron and steel production factories, research centres and universities which are focused on steel research are brought together in a big platform which is called European Steel Technology Platform. This platform has developed various policies which are related safer, eco-friendly and more efficient steel production. This review, what has Turkey made up to this time in the scope of R&D studies and discuss the position of turkey in the world when focusing about the concept of innovation. In addition, in this review discuss the importance of R&D for especially in the iron and steel industry according to not only world but also Turkey. This study has also look for answers to a number of questions such as what can be done on the basis of innovative concept for iron and steel industry and which roles the private sector and universities should be in these Research and Development studies. As well as Research and Development itself, a bridge from R&D to innovation and efficient utilizations to approach solution is also reviewed.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Oguz ISIK Aslan ÜNAL Huseyin SOYKAN

133 99
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Residual Stress Distribution in R220 and R260 Grade Grooved Rails

This study aims to determine residual stress distribution in head, web and foot parts of two different quality grooved rails and also to understand effect of carbon content on residual stress in rails. Strain gauges were glued on three regions of specimens and cutting method was applied for residual stress measurement according to the TS EN 13674-1 railway rail standard. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optic Microscope (OM) were used for microstructure analysis of regions where the residual stress measurements were performed. Results show that, compressive residual stress is an effective stress type compared to the R260 grade rails. However, R260 grade grooved rails have higher residual stress value than R220 grade grooved rails especially in head parts of specimens.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M. Emre TURAN Yavuz Sun Fazil Hüsem

144 110
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Revision of The Rolling Mill Roller Bearing

Generally, 4-row cylindrical roller bearings are used as roll neck bearing in rolling mills. The inner ring of these bearings must be fitted as a tight fit to the roll neck according to the structure of the bearing. This concomitantly requires a great deal of labor, time and equipment. In addition to this hardship, roller bearing damages and time lost are in question because of difficulties encountered when mounting the chock to the roll. It was provided an improvement in bearing life and an increase in production speed and quantity by being eliminated these problems with the use of tapered roller bearings instead of cylindrical roller bearings.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bilal ÇOLAK Ahmet EREN Naci KURGAN

114 103
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Safe Behaviour Change to Release of OHS Culture in the Iron and Steel Sector

A key factor in ensuring sustainable occupational health and safety culture is an established occupational health and safety culture. Occupational health and safety culture is the whole set of behaviours feeling all over the organization in terms of approach, perception, behaviour, commitment. Proactive, that is to say, "the accident without seeing the missing and healing" approach. In order to establish a proactive environment approach, the concept should be supported by national / internationally accepted practices and specific methods. Various materials can be used at this stage. For example; trying to make determinations about unsafe behaviors and / or situations with (more) eyes at a certain point in the organization. In this way, many employees wearing OHS glasses are provided and serious improvements can be made. Another case study is the study of the reports of the insufficiently cheap unsafe conditions and behaviors, which are termed "near miss”. It is the last point where employees are warning each other about insecure approaches and work, that safety behavior is not a "natural drive", but that every employee wakes up each other. In this regard, the bradley curve suggests that a proactive and sustainable OHS approach can achieve the "0" accident target, stimulating each other as a living organism composed of cells. It has been observed that the OHS culture was placed in the organization by various applications mentioned above

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ali GÜNEN Cumhur KOCAMAN Ulus Kürşat ŞERİFOĞLU Erdogan KANCA

131 131
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Simulation and analysis of the solidification characteristics of a cast austenitic stainless steel

In automotive applications, especially in exhaust systems, cast ferrous materials (cast iron, stainless steels, mild or carbon steels etc.) are preferably used due to their excellent mechanical properties, creep, oxidation and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. In diesel and gasoline engines, the manifold materials are subjected to 950°C, at which cast austenitic stainless steels (CASSs) are preferred due to their superior physical and chemical properties. The desirable properties of CASSs are basically determined by their as cast microstructures, hence it is important to identify the solidification path revealing out the microstructural features, stability of the phases and elemental partitioning during all phase transformations. In this study, a Nbstabilized Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel was selected as an candidate alloy for exhaust manifold material. Both its solidification behavior and microsegregation were investigated using thermodynamic calculations by Thermo-Calc. The studied composition was also cast and thermal analysis studies were carried out in order to reveal the sequence of phase formation and the phase transformations during solidification. The present study not only consists of thermal modeling and analysis but also determination of matrix phases by using microscopy. The data obtained will be useful to understand the high temperature behavior of the studied alloy.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

G. Aktaş Çelik M. I. T. Tzini Ş. H. Atapek Ş. Polat G. N. Haidemenopoulos

120 184
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Solution Casting Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Functionalization Graphene Nanocomposites

Graphene materials have attracted enormous academics and industries to explore due to its outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. In this work, the solution-casted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film reinforced with shear exfoliated graphene and its properties such as hardness and mechanical behaviour were studied. The compatibility between graphene and PVA was enhanced by the functionalization of graphene with gum Arabic. The decoration of OH groups on graphene allowed better interfacial interactions with PVA through H-bonding chains. As been observed during morphological study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), agglomeration of graphene sheets was detected at highest graphene loading (0.15 wt.%). Improvement of mechanical properties was observed by nanoindentation for sample with lowest graphene contents (0.05 wt.%). The enhancement of nanoindentation modulus sample was contributed by homogenously distributed graphene in the matrix of PVA.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Kamal Bin Yusoh Zulhelmi Ismail Abu Hannifa Abdullah Anis Sakinah Zainal Abidin

122 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Steel and Defense: Success to the Successful

As long as Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 strategy map targeted iron and steel industry to be among the top 10 countries in the World at all stages of production and defense industry as a blockbuster industry, the connection between this two industries gained importance. Steel which is produced in many forms, including flat-rolled and long products, carbon pipe and tube products, wire and other fabricated products are all segments of the domestic steel industry contribute directly or indirectly to the defense industrial base. In this study, domestic and international iron and steel sources has compared with one of the system archetypes of system thinking theory which is success to the successful archetype and simulated by Insight maker – a general purpose tool for web-based modeling and simulation – and as a result found that increasing domestic production capacity and technology increases the success of defense industry and in total increases the defence capacity of homeland security. To make this simulation real, Turkey must pursue economic policies that encourage continued investment in both manufacturing and technology and give importance to local resources for defence industries’ needs.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bahar AŞCI

175 81
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Study of the Compacting and Pre-Sintering of Dental Zirconia Waste Powders

This study aims to determine the optimum parameters for production of zirconia block from dental zirconia waste powders. For this purpose, zirconia blocks obtained by uniaxial pressing of waste powders under different pressures (200, 300, 400, 550 and 600 MPa) were pre-sintered at different temperatures (950, 1050, 1150 and 1250 °C) for 2 h. Pre-sintered zirconia blocks were characterized density and hardness tests. The phase structure and chemical composition of zirconia blocks were determined by SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. The density and hardness of zirconia blocks increased depending on increasing pressing pressure and pre-sintering temperature. Also, it has been found that high pressing pressures cause cracks in the blocks.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Handan Turan Matİk Mustafa Boz Ulaş MATİK

127 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Synthesis, characterization and tribological studies of Chromium-Nano diamond composite coating

Nano composite coatings are a new forms of materials containing hard phase particles to enhance the hardness and wear resistance, among which diamond in terms of feasibility and cost, is the best combination for chromium. In this study, electrolytic coating of pure chromium and Cr-ND (nano diamond) composite coatings were applied on pre-alloy metal powder metallurgy specimens. The effects of the ND particles on tribological behavior of the chromium coatings were investigated. Characterization tests were carried out using an optical microscope, SEM, EDS, XRD and AFM. The dry sliding wear behavior of the specimens was carried out using pin on plate configuration. The hardness and wear resistance of the Cr-ND coated samples were compared with pure chromium coated and non-coated specimens. The results demonstrated that the embedding of the ND particles in the chromium matrix led to a significant improvement on the hardness and wear behavior of the Cr-ND coatings than pure chromium coatings and non-coated specimens.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

N. Zoghipour E. Salamci Rahmi Ünal N. Gidikova* R. Valov V. Petkov

134 141
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Changes in ISO 6892-1:2016 Metallic Materials Tensile Testing Standard

Today, as the current standard tensile test for metallic materials ISO 6892-1 standard are used. The English version of the standard in 2009 and the Turkish version in 2011 were published. The English version was renewed in 2016. In this study, we aimed to summarize the major changes made in this standard. In this way, it is aimed to be transmitted detailed and accurate information for related person.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Bulent AYDEMIR

151 112
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Development of a Decision Support System for Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

Since ancient times Iron and Steel Industry has great importance in the community development and in the development of various industries. Especially in developing countries, iron and steel sector has pioneered to continuing other sectors. Iron and steel sector which is an important sector for Turkey and the World has an important place in the industrialization in the global economy and the country’s economy. This study is performed to develop a decision support system for the iron and steel industry for the managers of the iron and steel sector business, associations and institutions. Solving the problems arising from supply-demand imbalance of iron and steel products, Closing directions of uncovering the balance of payments deficit, Uncertainty in the imports and exports estimates, Developing a database for the institutions and organizations for the needs, profiles and projections, Creating long term strategies and the idea of development of close cooperation between industry and university are the major driving forces of this study.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Turgut ÖZSEVEN Muharrem DÜGENCİ Filiz ERSÖZ Halil İbrahim DEMİR

156 127
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Effect of Prior Austenite Grain Size on Microstructure of Medium Carbon Dual Phase Steels

Finer martensitic and ferritic microstructures are demanded to obtain high strength and toughness for dual phase steels. In this study, reducing of prior austenite grain size selected as an effective method to reduce the size of dual phase microstructure. The effect of prior austenite grain size on microstructure of medium carbon dual phase steel produced by intercritical annealing were investigated for different austenitizing conditions. Annealing experiments were performed to fully austenitizate the steel at different austenitizing temperatures (900, 950, 1000ᵒC) and times (5, 10, 15 min) and followed by quenching. Finally, as-quenched martensitic microstructures were intercritical annealed at 760ᵒC for 15 min to attain martensitic and ferritic dual phase steel. The microstructures were analyzed using light microscopy and image analysis methods. It is concluded that grain size of dual phase steel is reducing by decreasing of the austenitizing temperature and the holding time.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ersoy Erişir Özge Ararat Oğuz Gürkan Bilir

130 132
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Effects of Heat Treatment on Thermal, Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Al based Sb - 42.4% Mg - 57.6% Al Eutectic Alloy

Al based Sb - 42.4% Mg - 57.6% Al ternary eutectic alloy was melted by vacuum melting furnace, and was casted into kokil mould. Then, in order to observe the effect of heat treatment, samples were investigated as-cast and under heat-treated conditions. Designed samples were homogenized at 573 K for 1.5 h. The values of enthalpy of fusion (H) and the specific heat capacity (Cp) of the solid phase for Al based the ternary eutectic alloy were measured with DSC. The crystal structure parameters and the grain sizes for the alloys were investigated by XRD diffraction. Mechanical properties of the ternary eutectic alloy were studied with compression test. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructures and the microscopic fracture surface morphology of the aged samples were examined by FESEM. The microhardness for the alloys was measured from 5 different points with Vickers microhardness device. The compositions of the ternary alloys were determined by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL Yunus GENCTURK Ugur VELİ Mustafa Mert KULAK Orcun OLCAY Eren UZUN

115 76
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Effects of Speed Control with Fuzzy Logic to Surface Roughness in Machining

Surface roughness is one of the important factors affecting the quality of the material. In this study, speed control with a fuzzy logic (FL) controller was applied to cutting speed which is a cutting parameter to improve surface roughness of 2xxx series aluminium alloy material during machining. The effect of the automatic usage and FL speed control method on the surface roughness of the work piece is compared. For this purpose, experimental works realized at three different cutting speeds (200, 320 and 440 m /min), at three different feed rates (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mm/rev) and constant cutting depth (0.5 mm). As a result of experimental study, it has been observed that results obtained with the FL speed control is better than results obtained with the automatic usage. Due to the positive contribution of the surface roughness values, the FL speed control method has shown to can be used successfully in machining operations..

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Kürşat Mustafa KARAOĞLAN Metin ZEYVELİ

143 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The European Coal and Steel Community as a Trivet for Peace After the Second World War

The Alsace Lorraine region, which was taken from Germany and given to France after World War I, is rich in ironcoal mines; and The Saar Region, which has the coal, iron and steel industry controlled by the League of Nations until 1935, are important geographical regions in the economic and political conflict between Germany and France. Moreover, when Germany had a difficulty to pay their debt for reparations to France after World War I, the Ruhr region of Germany, which is a coal-rich basin developed by the iron and steel industry, was occupied by France from 1923 to 1925. When the Second World War began, these regions, which were strategic for the German heavy industry, were seized again by Germany. History shows that the struggle to have coal and iron ore, important raw materials in the development of the economies of the states, is also an important reason for the emergence of wars between states. For this reason with the end of World War II, there was a need to go to an international organization that would provide and develop cooperation in the states so that a war originating from these raw materials would not come out again in European geography. European leaders, who came together after the war including France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg, agreed not to develop strategic raw materials like iron and steel in the war industry to use against each other in the battlefield. Uniting the coal and steel industries is proposed with a declaration historically known as the Schuman Declaration, to end the historic rivalry over the mines between France and West Germany. As a result of these initiatives, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established with Paris Treaty on 18 April 1951. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how the ECSC served a function in reconstruction of peace in Europe, which has been developed with the cooperation of the member states in extraction, operation and marketing of important raw materials such as coal and iron. In this study, the organization phase, organizational structure and organs of ECSC and their activities will be examined by emphasizing its battle preventive effect on the development of economic integration of the European states.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Umut Kedikli

119 113
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Experimental Investigation of Springback Phenomenon in DP600 Sheet Metal Material and Estimation with Fuzzy Logic

in the first stage of this study, the process parameters that affect the springback which occurs after DP600 sheet metal is bent with V die were investigated experimentally. For the second stage of the study, the results from the first stage were transferred to a fuzzy logic system and the springback was estimated according to the experiment parameters that were not determined with the fuzzy logic method. Die angle, holding time and punch radius were determined as the experiment parameters. It was observed that a 15 degree increase in die’s angle raised the springback by average 0.61 degree, a 2 mm increase in punch’s radius raised the springback by average 0.13 degree, and a 10 second increase in holding time decreased the springback by average 0.12 degree. A 98.5% similarity was found when the results from the actual experiment and the estimations made with the fuzzy logic method were compared. It is determined that the fuzzy logic method can be used successfully for springback estimations in V bending operations.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tahsin ÖNEL İbrahim KARAAĞAÇ

168 76
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Flash Butt Welding Application and Inspection in Railway in Karabuk Train Station

Welding is made up of many scientific and technical works. In industrial applications, it is applied to increase work efficiency and safety, reduce size and weight, and reduce production cost. Welding in the railway is usually done at the joints of the rails. Rail junctions have caused serious problems since the early days of railroads. As a solution, durable algebras have been developed but not sufficient in this application. As a result, the request for removal of the rail joints has emerged. Accordingly, different welding techniques have been developed. Among these techniques, aluminothermite and combustion head are widely used today. In this study, ultrasonic inspection results of the incinerator application applied to the rails in Karabük train station are examined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa DURSUNLAR Harun ÇUĞ

129 96
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Influence of Heat Treatment on Structural Transformations of NiTi alloy

In this study, effects of heat treatment on microstructure and structural properties of NiTi alloy were investigated. In this sence, the depence of shape memory behavior of NiTi alloy was examined by changes of heat treatment temperature and cooling conditions. Two group of specimens were used. One group was deformed by 50% and the other group was deformed 75%. Heat treatment temperatures were chosen 5000C and 600 0C. All specimens were cooled both in air and water to investigate the influence of cooling conditions. Microstructures were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also DSC and XRD analysis were carried out for thermal and structural characterization.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yuksel Akinay Fatma MEYDANERİ TEZEL Yasin Akgül

127 119
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Integration of Plate Heat Exchangers to Heating System in an Iron & Steel Plant

In this study, an analysis has been performed to increase the energy efficiency of existing natural gas boilers which have been adapted to a heating system. For this analysis, it has been investigated to what extent the plate heat exchangers can be used to reduce the adverse effects of water in the system and to make the working regime more uniform than the existing conditions. The system consists of 3 natural gas boilers, circulation pumps and other boiler equipment in the old case and it is necessary to heat 500 tons of water in a single cycle. Because of the use of well water, limestone formation is observed in the boiler and other equipment, and the capacity of the reverse osmosis system that meets the reduced water is not enough to reduce the water hardness. In order to overcome these problems in the system, it has been considered to separate the suction and discharge lines and create a new cycle with 2 plate exchangers and additional pumps. Therefore, this new system which has a lower mass ratio is fed with soft and purified water coming from the treatment system to prevent the formation of limestone and consequently the decrease of the lifecycle. As a result of the cost analysis of the new system formed by the plate heat exchangers, the payback period of 6 months has been determined with some acceptances.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Murat Demirhan Mehmet Ozalp Mutlucan Bayat

127 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Investigation of Mechanical Properties of DP 600 Cross Sheets Joint Using Resistance Spot Welding

—In this study, mechanical properties of resistance spot welded cross shaped DP 600 galvanized automotive sheets is investigated. The specimens are joined by resistance spot welding at different weld currents and times. Welded specimens are examined for their mechanical properties. In addition, the hardness change of the heat effected zone is examined. Stressstrain graphs are drawn for different welding currents and for welding times of 10, 20, 40 cycles. As a result of this study, optimum welding parameters are determined for DP 600 steel.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

İbrahim Sevim Burak Emre YAPANMIS Süleyman Çınar Çağan Mustafa UGURLU Burhan BAYHAN Fatih HAYAT

151 102
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Investigation of Microstructure of Dublex Stainless Steel Welded by FCAW Method

In this study, AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel material welded using E2209T1-1 / 4 wire with flux cored arc welding (FCAW) welding method. The austenite and ferrite phase contents of the duplex stainless steel structure was characterized. The image of the weld metal and inclusions was taken with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its characterization was obtained with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Characterization processes were supported with elemental mapping and selected field diffractions. In particular, the effect of ferrite and austenite former elements in grain structure is investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M. Tümer R. Yılmaz

111 97
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Investigation of the Effect of Tempcore Process on Structural Form and Mechanical Properties of the Hot Rolled Steel NPU and Equal Angle Type of Profiles

- In hot rolling which is one of the plastic forming, the operation called “Tempcore Process” provides to obtain different microstructures from the surface to the core by quenching before the cooling platform where the conventional cooling is performed in steel profiles come out of the finish workbench which is the last stage of rolling. The purpose of this process is to obtain a martensitic structure up to a certain thickness from the surface of the profiles to the center and tempering the martensite with the effect of high temperature in the core. Thus, a hard and tough product is manufactured. However, it is ensured that the linearity of the product is maintained at the platform exit. In this study, the Tempcore Process was carried out NPU and Equal Angle type profiles of S275JR quality steel produced in Kar-demir Rolling Industry Trade Ltd. Co. and the effects of this process on the structural form and mechanical properties of the profiles were investigated. In this context, pre- and post-Tempcore Process, hardness measurements, tensile and impact tests were applied and the results were assessed comparatively.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Tuna Tok Aytac Bulut Gamze Ay Engin Tan

106 132
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Investigation of Tribological Properties of Thermal Aged Cual10fe Alloys

In this work, thermal cycles were applied to samples of CuAl10Fe aluminum bronze alloy which are commonly used in marine hardware, shipping and journal bearings. The samples were maintained in heat treatment furnace at 950 oC (for 30 minutes) and cooled after than subjected to aging process by storing in heat treatment furnace (at 100 oC and 150 oC) for different times (8, 10 and 12 hours). Therefore, aged samples of the data on microhardness and wear resistance values were compared to non-aged base sample depending on the microstructural transformation. As a consequence of this, there is an important increasing at aged samples of microhardness and wear resistance values when comparing with non-aged base sample.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Zülküf BALALAN Furkan SARSILMAZ Anıl İMAK Niyazi ÖZDEMİR Ömer Ekinci

113 95
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Limitations for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Test of Steel Compact Tension Specimens

Plane-strain fracture toughness test method enables the determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness (Kıc) of metallic materials by tests using a variety of pre-cracked specimens, bend, compact tension, arcshaped, disk-shaped specimen, etc. Compact tension (CT) specimen is one of the most common type used in the literature and a standard specimen in accordance with ASTM standard test method for linear-elastic plane-strain fracture toughness, Kıc, of metallic materials (E399-12). In this study, experimental fatigue precracking and fracture toughness tests are performed for CT specimens made of AISI 1040 carbon steel and machined from rolled plates in the L-T rolling direction (crack plane is perpendicular to the rolling direction). Test conditions are determined as indicated in the ASTM standard and details of the experimental setup are described. Having performed experimental analyses, applicability of plane-strain fracture toughness tests to compact tension specimen of AISI 1040 steel is investigated.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Sedat İRİÇ Oğuzhan DEMİR Ali Osman AYHAN

122 146
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Mechanical Properties of Carburized and Uncarburized AISI 8620 Steel by Powder Metallurgy Method

In this work, the relatıon sheep between microstructure and mechanical properties of carburizing steel steel produced by powder metallurgy method were investigated. The samples pressed at 700 MPa and sintered at 1400 °C temperature in the sintering argon atmosphere for 1 h were produced. Steels which have carburized and uncarburized were analyzed in terms of tensile and hardness test. The microstructure of the PM steels was characterized by optic microscope. Results indicated that carburizing steel can be produced.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Akif Erden Özcan TOPÇU

121 376
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Numerical Simulation of the Fatigue Analysis of UIC60 and 49E1 Rails for High Speed Moving Trains

In this study, fatigue analyses of rails UIC60 and 49E1 were carried out numerically using a special program written in the MATLAB environment, considering the maximum dynamic stresses for two different rail systems under the effect of highspeed trains. Each sleeper region of the railway rail system is modelled as a simple supported Euler-Bernoulli beam. The highspeed train system is defined as a moving oscillator with fixed distances between them. For motion equations, the Lagrange function is determined by using kinetic and potential energies of the system and then Hamilton principle is applied. These differential equations are solved by using the fourth order RungeKutta method in time domain to determine the value of the maximum stresses generated, and its position on the rail. For a 40 tons of vehicle load the fatigue behaviour of UIC60 rail is found greater than the 49E1 rail. Using these data, the life determinations of these two different rails could then be numerically determined without the need for laborious, time consuming and costly experimental methods.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

İsmail Esen Mehmet Akif Koç Mustafa Eroğlu Yusuf Cay

143 123
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Optimization of the Coating Process Parameters by Electro-Spark Deposition (ESD) Technique Using Steel/Inconel Couple

The aim of the study is searching for the best parameters for St-37 steel surface by Electro Spark Deposition (ESD) method with using Inconel 718 alloy electrode. ESD process was carried out in different voltages (30-62 volt), different frequents (75-130 Hz) and different atmosphere (in air and in silicon oil pool). For varying electrical and ambient conditions, samples were prepared and their coating thickness (9,30 µm - 14,39 µm) and surface roughness (2,043 µm - 5,891 µm) values were measured. The coating thickness was determined higher in the air experiments. Also, thickness and roughness values were increased with the increased voltage, but there were not certain effect of the frequent on thickness and roughness. In addition, SEM images, linear and local EDX analysis, cross-sectional hardness test and XRD analysis were also obtained. It was detected that all coatings have iron-nickel based alloys and CrFe alloy were found in silicon oil pool experiments. Moreover, the cross-sectional hardness tests presented that the coating is two times harder than the steel substrate. By the SEM experiments, it was determine that coating layer had micro pores and good bonding with substrate.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mustafa Safa YILMAZ Kemal Korkmaz ALİ ÇAKIR Cengiz DOGRU

107 120
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Tribological Characteristics of Electroless Ni-P Coated AISI1020 Carbon Steel

The effects of phosphorus content of electroless Ni-P (EN) coatings on the tribological and morphological properties of AISI1020 carbon steel were investigated. For this purpose, AISI1020 carbon steel substrates were coated with low, medium and high phosphorus EN coatings. Coated samples were characterized using surface roughness and micro hardness measurements, pin-on-disc wear tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The hardness and wear resistance of the EN coatings increased depending on decreasing phosphorus content of the coatings. Also, it has been found that the increase in the phosphorus content of the coating improves its friction properties

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Ulaş MATİK Ramazan Çıtak

116 107
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 The Wear Performance of Tool Steel (AISI M2) Coated with TiAlN by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Technique

In this study, TiAlN coating obtained by using the magnetron sputtering method was deposited on M2 tool steel samples using selected parameters(0, -100V and -200V bias voltages and 0.3 mtorr, 0.6 mtorr, 1.2 mtorr pressures). The characterization was done and wear properties of the coatings were investigated. The distance between the target and the coating was kept constant during the operation. Hardening and nitriding processes were applied to the base material. The coating characteristics of hardened and hardened + nitrided samples, surface properties and wear behaviors were compared. The best results for the coating characteristics were determined. It was found that the hardened + nitrided of AISI M2 samples with high nitrogen pressure (0.3 mtorr) gave the best wear resistance which resulted in a decreased coefficient of friction and a reduction in wear rates.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Şengül Danışman Oğuzhan Bendeş S. Savas

150 127
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Thermal Stability and Phase Transformation of Nanocrystalline Stainless Steels Prepared By Mechanical Alloying

Nanocrystalline stainless steels with solute additions are synthesized using high energy mechanical alloying. Microstructural evolutions as a function of alloy compositions and annealing temperatures are investigated using focused ion beam microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and in-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction techniques. The dependence of hardness on the microstructure is utilized to study the mechanical changes. The relative importance of composition and solute additions in various temperature ranges are discussed with respect to grain growth and phase stability. The research reported in this work was supported by TUBITAK under Grant number 114M214. The authors wish to thank TUBITAK for the support.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Hasan Kotan Ahmet Burçin BATIBAY

107 81
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Trends In Steel Usage In The Automotive Industry

In this study, used materials in the automobile industry and steel trend has been discussed. In addition, contributions to the country's economy and statistical information are presented. The material and engineering requirements used in the production of motor vehicles and automobiles are very different. The most important elements of security needs, CO2 emissions and fuel savings need to be met in the best way. Other factors are comfort, manufacturability, cost, driving performance, fuel efficiency and weight. When all these factors are considered, the difficulties in automobile production and the diversity of materials attract attention. In recent years, it has been observed that the types of steel used in the production of vehicles in the world have changed, the demands of automotive manufacturers and the weight reduction efforts have accelerated. For this purpose, it might be an important objective to produce steel for the automotive industry that has come into prominence in our country with a high level of added value and income. Production of light and advanced highstrength steel for Turkish and World industries is a very critical technology.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Fatih HAYAT

154 234
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Tribological Behaviors of Nitrided and Nitroxed Tool Steels

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitration and nitrox process on wear performances of tool steels. For this purpose, samples were seperated as two categories. One group was exposed to nitration process in salt bath at 530 0C during 6 hours. For other group, nitrox process was applied at 4900C during 2 hours after nitration. Reciprocating wear test was performed for all specimens under the loads of 10N, 20N and 40N according to the ASTM G99 standard. Microstructures and worn surfaces of specimens were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results show that, wear performances of specimens exhibit difference when they are exposed nitration and oxidation process. And also they show better performance under the lower loads.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

M. Emre TURAN Mustafa ACARER M.Karakus Hayrettin Ahlatçı Yunus Türen Yavuz Sun

145 132
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Tribological Damages on Projectile Steel Tip Surface after Ballistic Impact

This study investigates the some tribological behaviour of the steel tip surface of armor projectiles after ballistic impact.For this purpose many ballistic tests were performed with steel projectile tip on Metal Matrix Composites(MMCs) such as 5083, 6063 and 7075 aluminum alloys as matrix reinforced with SiC and Al2O3 particles. Terminal ballistic tests with AP 7.62 and 9 mm projectiles were performed on these composites. The mean velocities of AP 7.62 and 9 mm projectiles are 710-800 and 400 m/s, respectively. The distances between the armor and running position of the projectiles were 5 and 15 m for the 9 mm and AP 7.62 mm projectiles, respectively. It is observed that The projectile nose is broken or deformed plastically when it impacts the composite target. If the composite has hard reinforcement particles such as Al2O3, the friction between projectile tip and hole surface becomes greater and the projectile surface is scratched by ploughing. Plastic damage or breaking of the tip nose leads to increasing the resistance to the projectile movement through the target hole. The predominant wear mechanism of the tip surface is abrasion. Microcutting and plastic yielding as bulging are also observed on the tip surface as wear mechanisms. Deep valleys on the tip nose and deep grooves on the main surface of the projectile tip are also observed. This shows that a the composite manufactured from Al and Al2O3 has good ballistic performance against AK-47 (7.62mm×39mm Armour Piercing) and G3 (7.62mm×51mm Armour Piercing) projectiles.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Baki KARAMIŞ

105 101
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Turkey's Magnesite for Production of Fused Magnesia, Properties and Uses in Refractory Applications

Magnesite (MgCO3) is natural source for production of caustic calcined, dead burned and fused magnesia. Turkey’s magnesite sources have a well-known reputation internationally with high purity, cryptocrystalline structure and suitability for refractory applications. For high temperature processes, there is a great need for refractory raw materials that can withstand oxidative environment at elevated temperatures. Fused magnesia (FM) is the most important material for these purposes with melting point 2800 °C and one of the key element of the refractory heat resistant materials especially for steelmaking refractory bricks. Fused magnesia is considered to be one of the best thermal and electrical insulators with high density, high purity and large crystals. Fused magnesia (FM) is produced by electric arc melting of magnesite or CCM in a traditional Higgins furnace or in tilt-type furnace at >2800°C. Quality of the electrically fused magnesia is determined by choosing magnesite source, beneficiation processes, arc furnace electrical parameters and sorting. Final product were characterized by using chemical analysis, scanning electron microscope and EDX. Samples from different process parameters were investigated according to their crystal size, bulk density and impurity formation.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Asım Bilge Cemalettin YAMAN Nuri Sarıoğlu

153 190
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Unpressurized Gating System Design and Simulation in Sand Casting of Ductile Iron

Casting, one of the oldest manufacturing techniques, is based on the basis of phase changing. Even if there are different types, sand casting is most preferred one. Casting processes have many parameters and due to that for obtaining the products which have the best quality, those parameters should be adjusted as optimal. Simulation is a useful way for determining the optimum values, estimating the risks and avoiding the defect possibilities before the production. Each part is unique and gating systems have to be designed according to part geometry to get better results. In this study, unpressurized gating system design is investigated for ductile iron. Dimensions of the critical areas as the cross-section of the runner and gates which are very important for determining pouring time and liquid metal velocity, are calculated precisely.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Atahan Erbul Ali Serdar Vanlı

137 542
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Use of Steel Slag in Rubble-Mound Marine Structures

The slag from the steel industry has been utilized for a variety of purposes ranging from road construction, cement production and fill material. The usability of steel slag is economically important since vast amount of steel slag is produced as a by-product of steel industry. For each usage type of steel slag, proper tests and analyses must be performed in order to ensure that the material exhibits the necessary performance and reconciles with environmental codes of practice. In this study, the steel slag from Erdemir and İsdemir (two major steel production facilities in Turkey) has been tested by means of physical modelling in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Istanbul Technical University for determination of their suitability to be used in rubble-mound marine structures. Results indicated that steel slag can be a viable alternative as a core material in marine structures; given it is high grain density and shear strength. With these positive results, it turns out the use of steel slag in core of rubblemound structure is likely to contribute the effective usage of the material and constitutes an innegligible recycling opportunity.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

V.Ş. Özgür Kırca Baran Çağlar Taylan Bağcı Evren Kılcı M. Sedat Kabdaşlı

183 155
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Use of Submerged Arc Welding Technique in Iron & Steel Industry for Coating

— In this study, submerged arc welding (SAW) method is applied for coating. Experimental results showed that Stellite-6 coating material was suitable for shafts and bearings. Stellite-6 materials can lead to improving the surface features of the shafts used in iron and steel plants. Also Stellite-6 coating materials have good resistance to impact. After coating of the shafts by using Stellite-6 materials, it was observed that the hardness of the shafts increases nearly 250 pct. Coating and machining operations of the used shafts is more economical in iron and steel plants.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Fatih Kahraman Sabri ÖZTÜRK

152 125
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Using a Nickel Coated Mold Wall in Continuous Casting Machine

In continuous casting process, avoiding crack formation is very important for the producers. This paper examines the effect of nickel-coated mold wall upon the cracks during casting of steel. Casting products are analyzed in this study and the test reveals nickel coating is the best possible output on the basis of slab quality. Moreover, molds coated by nickel have more service life than copper based molds.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Mehmet Fatih Kahraman Habibullah Bilge Sabri ÖZTÜRK

107 275
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Vanadiumboride Coating of a Low Carbon Steel by Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) Method

In this study, a low carbon steel surfaces were coated with vanadium borides using plasma transfered arc (PTA) method. In the plasma arc surface coating method, very high heat occurring by plasma melts the powder on the surface. In the study, ferroboron and ferrovanadium powders were used as a source of boron and vanadium, separately. For vanadium boride, five different amounts of powders were used to obtain coatings having different amounts of VB. After the coating studies, microstructrural examination, elemental and X-ray analyses, hardness measurements and abrasive wear tests were performed. From the results, it was seen that hardness and wear resistance of the coatings increased with the increase of VB contents.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Yusuf DONAT Mehmet Eroğlu

107 106
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 Wear Characteristics of H13 Hot Work Tool Steel at Elevated Temperatures

H13 (DIN-X40CrMoV) is one of the well-known steels for utilization at elevated temperatures owing to its good resistance to softening at high temperatures and thermal shock resistance along with a relatively low cost. In the present study, sliding wear performance of H13 hot work tool steel at room and elevated temperatures has been examined against Al2O3 ceramic counter-material. Based on the observations and analyses of the contact surfaces, wear track profiles, and friction curves, the role of varying temperatures on the operative wear mechanism has been examined.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Zafer Can TEOMAN Faiz Muhaffel Huseyin Cimenoglu

143 122
Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English
2017 X-Ray Radiography of P460 Steel Welded By Submerged Arc Welding

In this study, the results of joining of P460 steel combined with a submerged arc welding (SAW) weld by X-Ray radiographic test were investigated. P460 material pairs were welded at different welding speed and ampere values using the submerged arc welding method. These welded samples are; Notch impact test, microhardness measurement, X-ray diffraction method and radiography tests were examined. Microstructural changes occurring in the weld zone of weld parameters after welding; by optical microscopy and EDS analysis were investigated. As a result of the experiments, it has been found that the P460 steel show the ability to weld sufficiently strong by the submerged welding method.

International Iron & Steel Symposium
UDCS

Uğur Çalıgülü Mustafa Turkmen Ebru Tufanoglu Sermin Ozan

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Subject Area: Materials Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Oral Paper Language: English