SEARCH RESULT

Wars have been considered as disaster with a man-made origin. First step of disaster management is definition, monitoring and probability determination of hazards. In the present study hazard behind the disaster called Battle of Dardanelles is investigated. Main hazard behind the disaster is proposed to be large warships called battleships. Emerging at the end of 19th century battleships were heavily armoured large warships with large calibre guns. In the present study, battleships are scrutinized and their effect in history during early 20th century is exemplified by studying their role in Battle of Dardanelles. Relying on their battleships the allied power attempted to force the defences of the Dardanelles Straits in order to easily seize İstanbul and defeat Ottoman Empire that never had a comparable battleship for confrontation in World War I. This strategy led to a disaster called the Battle of Dardanelles in history, with defeat of superior allied powers and unprecedented loss of life for both side. It is further proposed that this overconfidence of western powers for having these ultimate weapons and their underestimation of physical and spiritual will and determination of Turkish people mentioned as “the horizons of the West may be bound with walls of steel, But my borders are guarded by the mighty bosom of a believe” in the forth stanza of the Turkish Independence March.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Murat Utkucu

Fire has been a part of our needs in life and we now cannot live without it. It has been of much use now to us since man learned of its potentials and usage. But then again, uncontrollable spread of fire such as in historical building fire will lead to damage of our properties, our cultural heritage and worse, loss of life. Fire safety is a field where fire safety designs were designed for the sake of fire prevention and also whenever there is an event of fire; it functions as to control the spreading of fire and also for safe evacuation of the people. Fire safety engineering plays a significant role in the development of cost-effective fire-safety designs for buildings, manufacturing plants and industrial operations as it can provide a systematic approach to assessing fire safety and minimizing the risks associated with fire. Historical buildings reflect the state of the art at the time of their construction. Materials were used that are often viewed critically today with regard to fire safety. The biggest challenge is to ensure optimal fire protection of the building structure and the interior (stucco, ceiling and wall paintings, panelling, furniture and chandeliers) as well as the historical artifacts inside a building, without affecting their aesthetic value and historical integrity. Fire safety in all buildings is a critical topic, but fire protection in historical buildings is also of great cultural importance. Fire and the consequential damage can result in monetary losses that run into the tens of millions of Euros and the loss of irreplaceable historical artifacts. Restoring these damaged buildings and items can be very costly and sometimes impossible. The experts and staff working at Fire Brigade and Disaster and Emergency Unit located in cultural and historical protected cities don’t have enough up-to-date knowledge and competencies in terms of Fire Safety Management (Prevention, Preparedness and Response). In this context, competencybased training module is an approach, which ensures that staff becomes competent and remains competent and that experience and changing demands are incorporated in the Fire Safety Management involved. There is a need to identify and tackle Fire Safety Management in cultural and historical protected cities such as Safranbolu (TR), Frederikssund (DK), Marche (IT) and Ljubljana (SI). In order to decrease the effects of fire accident and irreplaceable historical artifacts, the task is to examine best practices in this area and thereby to develop a professional profile and training modules who can manage together with local policymakers’ fire brigades, security and health institutions, VET, education, and emergency and safety concerns. In particular the main aim of the FireSkills is to create a new profile and develop a Training Modules (EQF level 8) for experts/staff working specific sectors such as Fire Safety, Fire Accident, Security, Health, Emergency, Crisis Management and Firefighting in cultural and historical protected cities. The second main of the FireSkills project is to expand awareness and improved know-how, skills and knowledge of the fire safety management for inhabitants living in cultural and historical protected cities in terms of preparing user guide and organizing training activities. In this study, will given informations about a model implementation developing for these fields, in conjunction with an Erasmus+ project.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Gazanfer Erbay Salvatore Santuccio Kasım Yılmaz Mateja Gris Kim Lintrup Bora Balun Andrea Marconi Hüseyin Yavuz Erbil Gašper Golob Jimmy Braunschweig Andersen Yılmaz Olcay

In order to ensure of this continuity and preserve the historical continuity of wooden structures, it is quite important to transferring to future generations without harming the historical identity of the structure. For this, it is necessary to well know the structure and intervene. When misdiagnosed against the damages occurred in the structures in the time, the damages can grow further as these damages cannot be remedied. Also, time and cost can be wasted when damage is not determined effectively. The main purpose of this study is provided to remedied of the damage by detect the deterioration of historical wooden structures due to various reasons. At this stage, in the restoration work of the structural calculations by the civil engineers is to emphasize the importance of how important.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Merve SAATCİ Şenol GÜRSOY

In designing flood protection structures, to make flood flow calculations with the appropriate methods has both technological and societal important. Flood discahrges with different repetition intervals can be calculated both by using the current (flow) observation station data and the precipitation observation station data. In this study, both data set were evaluated and the results were correlated each other. Firstly (Model 1), based on the 38-year flow data of Bartın River (Kocaırmak), the probable flood discharges were calculated by using Normal, Gumbel, Log Normal and Pearson statistical methods. Secondly (Model 2), calculations were made with the help of Mockus and DSI methods based on the data of precipitation observation stations. In model 2, as a result of calculations made with normal Normal distribution, Gumbel distribution, Log Normal distribution and Pearson distribution functions, the flood discharges according to 50 year repetition were determined as 926 m3/sec, 1579 m3/sec, 1128 m3/sec, and 1024 m3/sec, respectively. Also in the calculations made with the help of Mockus and DSI methods in model 2, the flood discharges in the 50 year return interval were calculated as 999 m3/sec and 1305 m3/sec, respectively. By comparing the consistency of results obtained from Model 1 and Model 2, it was found that the long term data sets of precipitation as well as river flow data is contributing a significant part in designing the flood protection measures.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Tülay Ekemen Keskin Emrah Doğan Hatice Betül Umarusman Pınar Spor Meisam Badfar Shanmugam Packialakshmi

Accepted as a natural disaster, avalanches often cause life and material losses despite occurring in much lesser frequency. Similarly in Nigde, the number of avalanches is lesser than the other natural disasters while its the only disaster causing losses of life. Indeed, in December 2018, two mountaineers were caught by an avalanche in famously known Demirkazık Mountains where local and foreign climbers spend their time. The avalanche took place in an area classified as potential release area according to the Avalanche Sensitivity Maps of 25-m resolution that were prepared by Nigde Directorate of Disaster and Emergency Management. The maps were obtained by the studies performed between 2015-2017 within the scope of circular issued by Presidency of Disaster and Emergency Management on 06.24.2015 with number 2015/5. In this study, considering the mentioned avalanche disaster, Demirkazık and surrounding area is focused for its avalanche potential and high resolution avalanche susceptibility maps are generated. The maps are generated after two phases of work. The first phase involved determination of the avalanche starting zones through geomorphological and topographic analysis (subjective weight assignment) based on GIS. In the second phase, digital terrain models (DTM) and avalanche starting areas are put into CONEFALL program to obtain release areas. Then these release areas are overlapped in GIS environment to generate the Avalanche susceptibility maps. through this study, it is aimed to generate reference maps to be used in determination of safer climb routes by taking into account of the areas with zero or minimum susceptibility against the avalanche hazard.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Kaan ÖCAL Serkan GÖKALP Hakan KARACA

In this study, approaches of Clark’s unit hydrograph and Nash based geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph were compared by using flow data of Dariören Gauging Station in Arıt sub-basin of Bartın Creek located in Western Black Sea Basin and precipitation data of Ulus Meteorological Observation Station. For this purpose, digital elevation map of the Bartın Creek Basin with a resolution of 10x10 m was created by using ArcGIS with 1/25 000 scaled topographic maps and the basin was modeled taking Darıören as the basin outlet. By using the digital elevation model and the flow directions of the basin, flow accumulation layer was determined. Drainage network of the basin was created by taking the threshold value of the flow accumulation as 100 cells. Some morphometric parameters such as bifurcation ratio, length ratio and area ratio were calculated using created drainage network to estimate the Nash based geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph of the basin. The rainfall-runoff relationship of the basin was examined using the HEC-HMS hydrological model. The effective precipitation in the basin was estimated using the SCS curve number method which takes into account the soil type and land use of the basin. Clark unit hydrograph and user-specified hydrograph methods were selected for transformation from the effective precipitation to runoff. The Clark’s unit hydrograph parameters such as the time of concentration and the storage coefficient were calculated by considering some approaches used in the literature. The model results were interpreted by using some statistical indicators and the approach which gave the best results was determined. According to the results, the Nash based geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph method was found to give better results than the Clark’s unit hydrograph method. Furthermore, curve number, time of concentration and storage coefficient used in the loss model and the Clark method were calibrated using the observed rainfall-runoff data and taking the predicted ones as the initial values. As a result of calibration, it was observed that the Clark method did not significantly improve the direct runoff estimation.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Hüseyin Akay Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit

In this study the various of emergency management agencies in Denmark will be presented. The first part of the study is focusing on, how the individual agencies are organized and structured. This part of the study will also provide information on, how the individual organization interact and cooperate with other agencies. The second part of the study will provide information on, how the Emergency Management Centre is structured, and how a caller will be transferred to the relevant emergency agency. The third part of the study will presented a risk analyses on the scenario: “Fire in elevator in the princess hall at Frederiksborg Castle”.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Kim Lintrup

Flow and stream level change in time at rivers. When flow and water stream at high quantity/level, stream may flow outside of riverbed. Floods known as hydrological extreme incidents may occur grave economic, ecologic and environmental losses and even loss of life. It’s a necessity that hydrological datas to be collected, analyzed with various methods estimated in order to reduce damages to minimum and calculation of environmental losses. For this purpose, flood inundation-depth maps have been calculated with computer modelling of precipitation-flow simulation by using statistical methods for 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 years of flood repetition flows at Keçi stream sample, south Sapanca basin. With the help of these maps, the impact and risk of possible floods can be determined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Osman Sönmez M.Emre Yurdakul

Dam-break floods are in a different position in comparison with the other types of flood due to its great negative consequences. Analysis of dam-break floods is crucial to reducing threats of potential dam failures. In this study it is aimed defining and assessment of risky zones at Kirazdere (Yuvacık) Dam downstream area through as a result of possible dam failure. In this aim, digital map datas of Kirazdere (Yuvacık) Dam and downstream area were arranged at GIS software and three-dimension (3d) terrain model was achieved for dam-break flood modelling. Using that 3d area model and USACE HEC RAS software, dam breach parameters that are suitable for dam breach scenario were obtained then it was analysed dam break flood at study area. Result of study, it was obtained dam-break flood wave propagation maps (depth maps, velocity maps, inundation maps), dam-break flood wave route and hidrographs that it will be composed after a possible dam failure at Kirazdere Dam and it was defined risky zone at downstream area of Kirazdere (Yuvacık) Dam.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Hüseyin ALPPAY Emrah Doğan

Flood prediction methods can be classified into two groups as deterministic and statistical methods. In statistical methods, it is necessary to test to which distribution fit the data. In this study, the suitability of 43 yearly maximum discharge values of discharge gauging station (DGS) 2213 for Log-normal, Gamma, Extreme type-I and Log-pearson type-III distributions in the Eastern Black Sea Basin was investigated by Chi-square test. The Gamma distribution, which shows the lowest Chi-squared value, was determined as the most appropriate among the distributions for the DGS discussed. It is also understood that Extreme type-I distribution can also be used.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Fatih SAKA Hasan COŞKUN Hatice Betül Umarusman Mustafa Ruşen DEMİRKOL Onur TANRIVERDİ Rıdvan KATIRCILAR

Anatolia, which is composed of different civilizations and cultures, has a number of structures with regional features that vary in architectural and social aspects. Determining the seismic performance of traditional historical Diyarbakır houses and after that strengthening and restoration works without disturbing the historical and architectural texture are the important studies that will enable these buildings to be used today and transferred to future generations. In this study, the performance of a building in Sur district of Diyarbakır, which is registered as immovable cultural property which is required to be protected, under static and earthquake loads effect is investigated. SAP2000 structural analysis program was used for mathematical modeling of the structure, static analysis and determination of seismic performance.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Mahmut Bilgehan Muhammed Raşit Güneş Recep Özay Canan Bilgehan

With the global warming, the issue of disaster has been begun to occupy our agenda for long time. Almost every day we talk about natural or technological disasters. Moreover, the disaster losses increase day by day. In order to minimize these losses, the integrated disaster management should be applied in the most effective way. Integrated Disaster Management can be considered as pre-, during and post-disaster planning processes, as well as prevention and harm reduction, disaster preparedness, rescue and first aid, improvement and reconstruction. In our country, this process regulates with the Regulation of Disaster and Emergency Response operating from 2013 regulates the stages of crisis management, intervention and first aid and reconstruction. However, it is seen that the first stage of integrated disaster management, risk management, risk assessment and mitigation and preparedness stages cannot be applied effectively. Reducing disaster damages, maintaining social and working life in a safe way, country development are only possible with the application of the effective disaster management plan.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Şakir Şahin

Worldwide, vegetation cover functioning as the secure region for wild life, and natural water, air filter from pollution. Forecasting the vegetation dynamics assist the governments and managements to decrease the negative influence of vegetation dynamic fluctuations. In recent years, forecasting of precise vegetation dynamics become and highly important issue, due to rapid vegetation changings and the needs to protect this natural resource. The aim of this article is to forecasting the vegetation dynamics by applying neural networks (NN). Düzce region utilized as case study, which situated in the north west region of Turkey. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were employed to create vegetation time series. From United States Geological Survey website, 300 NDVI interval data acquired and processed in ArcGIS software. The dataset of vegetation time series built based on required neural networks data structure. Spatiotemporal pixel based sampling strategy performed to forecast the vegetation dynamics. A number of geospatial data handling steps employed using Python and Matlab programing languages. Forecasting data separated to two subdivisions (training set, and testing set). Mean squared error (MSE) utilized as performance accuracy assessment metric. Neural networks effectively implemented using spatiotemporal data and achieve high testing accuracy. Consequences reveals the fitness of neural networks to forecast vegetation dynamics maps.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

S.K.M. ABUJAYYAB Ismail Rakıp Karas Emrullah Demiral

Reinforced concrete bridge piers and deck slabs can be exposed to severe rebar corrosion when they exposed to corrosive environments. In this study, the change in structural performance of the mid-piers of a reinforced concrete bridge projected to be built on Harşit River under various rebar corrosion scenarios was discussed. For this, the bridge structural system was first modeled and two different corrosion scenarios were applied to the bridge midpiers. Subsequently, dynamic analyses were performed for each scenario using 7 different earthquake acceleration records according to EC-8 to evaluate the structural performance of the bridge mid-piers. As corrosion levels increased, structural performance of reinforced concrete bridge mid-piers decreased. In addition, the rotation demand has increased in corroded elements. This situation was evaluated as more damage than usual on the bridge mid-piers during the earthquake.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Gökhan Barış Sakcalı İsa Yüksel

Water collected in this area accumulates along valleys when rainfall falls on a given area. These accumulations coincide with transportation structures in some cases. Roadside ditches constitute the first stage of accumulation. In the waters perpendicular to the transportation structures, the water is drained by various structures under the road (culvert) or over the road (kasis). However, these structures are clogged with materials carried along with rainwater or even collected by water due to surface runoff and cause various damage. This problem is very common in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, which has the most rainfall and has the longest road network. Drainage structures, especially clogged by incoming rubble, cause uncontrolled flow of water and damage to farmland, pastures and various structures. Within the scope of this study, the case study of the steel rubble barrier developed to prevent such disasters will be examined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Muhammet ÇELİK Burak KALKAN Mustafa TOPÇUOĞLU

ORC turbines, which have been developed for the production of electricity from low temperature thermal sources, have been used in high temperature applications in recent years together with the developing technology. These machines, which can generate heat and power, are the preferred technology for biomass power plants with high thermal efficiency rates. Biomass energy is a kind of cheap, clean and renewable energy whose existence dates back to years B.C. In this study, thermal oil obtained from biomass fired hot oil boiler in a factory and production of electricity and hot water from this thermal oil by ORC turbine were investigated. At the end of the cycle, the information about the purpose of using the electricity and heat energy produced in the plant is given. The main components of the system are boiler, turbine and other auxiliary elements. The cost and feasibility analyzes of the system were made and the repayment period and internal profitability ratios of the project were calculated within the framework of YEKDEM Law.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Emrecan ERCAN Durmuş KAYA Filippo Vescovo

Various damages occur in the engineering structures on the earth due to the earthquake, which is a natural disaster. Depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes, the shape of the earth can change and the engineering structures on the earth are affected. Earthquake damages are most evident in cities. In this study, evaluations were made on the damages on the surface in the vicinity of Adapazarı and the structures in the Marmara earthquake which occurred on August 17, 1999 and which is 7.4 magnitude according to Richter scale. In addition, the results of three-axis dynamic loading tests carried out in order to show the effect of earthquake loads on the undisturbed soil samples taken from the locations in Adapazarı city center were analyzed and the effect of earthquake loads on soft soils were examined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Recep Özay Mahmut Bilgehan Ayfer Erken

Natural disasters are events that occur outside human control and can not be prevented by the human hand after they have occurred. Examples of Natural Disasters around the world are floods, avalanche, landslide, erosion, earthquake, volcanic eruptions, storm, hose, drought, typhoon, forest fire. If we look at our country; from 1900 to the present day 48% of the natural disasters experienced are earthquakes, 25% of floods, while the remaining 27% constitute other natural disasters. Disasters result in loss of life, economic and social losses. Degradation of ecological balance also pose significant environmental problems. Natural disasters unexpectedly events that happen suddenly. And these events have serious negative effects on people and the environment. The vegetation cover should be protected and developed in order to reduce the negative effects that some of the natural disasters may bring to. Supporting walls should be constructed for landslides such as an avalanche.When choosing the settlement sites, it should be well investigated whether the floor is suitable for the construction. (Fault line for earthquake, slope for flood and landslide).The most important thing is to raise awareness of natural disasters by raising awareness of the people.In this study, the environmental impacts of natural disasters and the precautions before disasters were evaluated

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Ertuğrul ESMERAY Şeyma ÇANKAYA

In this study, Gökırmak Basin located in the Western Black Sea Region was divided into 12 sub-basins and the geometric characteristics, drainage network and stream orders determined according to the Strahler approach of these sub-basins were calculated. Thus, the twelve morphometric parameters for each sub-basin thought to trigger the flood potential of the sub-basin were calculated. Afterwards, each sub-basin was prioritized according to each morphometric parameter using a method from the literature and the total grade of each sub-basin was determined. Then, it was noted that the top five prioritized sub-basins were considered to have high flood potential, two of which were in the drainage area of the Kirazlıköprü Dam built on the main channel. It was recommended that sediment could be trapped before reaching to the dam and the main canal by constructing sediment storage dam. Furthermore, it can be said that the Kirazlıköprü Dam was located in an important place in terms of protecting the city center from floods by routing the floods from the sub-basins with medium and large drainage basin area and medium flood potential in the drainage area of Kirazlıköprü Dam. Moreover, it is thought that a small scaled flood detention basin to be constructed in the sub-basin that carries a large amount of flow due to its drainage characteristics to the Arıt Creek that is located close to the city center will help in mitigation of flood damages.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit Hüseyin Akay

Geothermal fields are becoming more and more important as a clean and recyclable energy source. Increasing use of energy around the world increases the demand for energy day by day. Population growth, industrialization and rising living standards are considered as the most important reasons for this. Afyonkarahisar is a province rich in thermal waters. In order to investigate the potential of geothermal areas in Afyonkarahisar province, Sandıklı district, where Hüdai thermal springs are located in the province, Merkez district where Ömer-Gecek spas are located, İhsaniye district where Gazlıgöl spas are located, and Çobanlar geological work carried out by the geodetic analysis method which is made by geodetic analysis of the geodetic work It was prepared in order to contribute to the determination of the hot places of the areas.Direct Current Resistivity (DAÖ) method is one of the main geophysical methods used in exploration geophysics. The aim of this method is to map the structure of the earth according to its electrical property (resistivity). In the resistivity studies conducted by private companies in the study area, 52 DES measures were re-evaluated and modeled within the scope of this study. All data and cross-sections evaluated were interpreted together with the parameters of the hot water boreholes and the tectonic status of the site.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Eylem ŞEKER Züheyr KAMACI

Due to climate change in our country, it is observed increase in the number of natural disasters (sudden and heavy rains, floods, storms and hoses et al.) every year. These disasters cause loss of life and damage. It is known much more the cost of economic damage caused by floods and floods than cost of prevention and improvement in advance. Low cost measures to be taken in advance provides reduction in material losses while minimization of flood probability. In this study comparison was made costs of the losses in the houses after the flood with project announced before flood. As a result, it was observed that improvement project cost double more than damage costs incurred in only 38 residences.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Esra Dobrucalı Osman Sönmez Emrah Doğan

A rock fall is defined as the process of separation of rock blokes from the bedrock and movement of these blokes due to physical or chemical reasons which will reach the lower elevations with high speed and energy. The event of rock fall is categorized as a type of natural disaster. When it occurs, it not only has destructive effects but can also cause loss of life and goods. In this study, initially the general concepts and widely used rock fall protection systems were described. Later on, the constructed rockfall protection systems, which are at the midst of their service life and are located in Trabzon province have been evaluated. At the end of the study, it was established that if the rockfall protection system is selected appropriately and built in the right place, it can easily provide the planned service. In addition, not only the existing risks but also some other possible risks should be considered during the project design and selection of rockfall protection system.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Mohammad Manzoor Nasery Muhammet ÇELİK Ercan Osmanoğlu Mustafa TOPÇUOĞLU

In this paper, the seismic performance results based on the nonlinear static analysis of 2D reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames (MRFs) are evaluated in view of the latest Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-2018) as a case study by considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). The numerical applications of this work based on displacement base analysis covers RC buildings of 2, 4 and 8 stories which was designed with respect to TEC-2018. Different soil types for Adapazari region ranging from very stiff to very soft soils according to TEC-2018 soil classification are considered in order to better realize the SSI effects. The compliance of the supported soil for each single square type footings was considered according to the spring stiffness coefficients condensed at a single point on the foundation-soil interface. The stiffness parameters of springs for each degree of freedom are calculated by means of impedance functions for rigid footings at the ground surface, suggested by seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings (ATC-40). Nonlinear pushover analysis and performance evaluations are performed by SAP2000 computer package. The results obtained from SSI models are compared with fixed base models in terms of roof displacement-base shear force relationships, inter-story drifts, periods and ground columns damage levels.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Mukhtar Ahmadi Erkan Çelebi

In this study, the depth and shape of the scour hole formed under the deck of a bridge model without a pier and with a skewness angle of 15° between the deck and the channel flow was examined by a series of experiments under weir type of flow and clear water conditions where the water level rises and flows over the bridge deck and thus the bridge deck acts as a weir. The laboratory work was conducted in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department and the experiments were performed at different approach flow depths, discharges and girder heights. According to the experimental results, as the approach flow depth increased, the discharge and the depth of the flow overflowing the bridge deck increased and the discharge passing under the bridge deck decreased. Thus, the mean flow velocity passing under the deck and the bed shear stress also decreased, resulting in reduced amount of scouring in the bed. It was also noted that as the girder height increased, the depth of scour hole also increased. Furthermore, it was seen that the skewness angle significantly affected the shape of the scour hole and this situation is of great importance especially for river bridges with piers.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit Hüseyin Akay

The pavements used in highways are divided into two classes as rigid and flexible. Both types of pavements are used in different ratios in countries around the world and in our country. Rigid pavements called concrete roads have not been yet applied on the roads in the responsibility network of General Directorate of Highways except for a few test sections. Applicability of roller compressible concrete (RCC) pavements, a rigid type of superstructure, on village roads is evaluated. The RCC plate thickness was determined using the design principles of ASSHTO 1993 and empirical formulas and the values calculated by the Streetpave software were confirmed. In addition, in the light of the data obtained from the Special Provincial Administration of Karabük, comparative economic analyzes were conducted between the surface pavements currently used on village roads (surface treatment) and the RCC pavements which are planned to be substitued. As a result, if RCC pavement is preferred instead of surface coating used in Eskipazar village roads, costs are very close to each other. If bituminous hot mixture pavement is preferred, economic gains of 38.95% will be obtained and also continuous maintenance and repair costs due to freeze-thaw cycles especially observed in winter season and deformations caused by heavy-duty vehicles in forestry transport will be diminished.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Halil İbrahim YUMRUTAŞ İsmail YAĞTU

Dams, flood prevention, water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation etc. water structures constructed for purposes. Since the reservoirs in the reservoir contain very large volumes of water, the size of the sudden floods that may be caused by collapse is much greater than the size of the floods that may occur due to excessive rainfall. Therefore, they can cause great loss of life and property in case of a possible collapse. The aim of the study is to determine whether the floods that may occur during the demolition of Geyve Doğantepe Pond will reach the Geyve District Center in the downstream region. The HEC-RAS program, which was developed by USACE, was used in the study. As a result of the analysis conducted using the aforementioned program, it was determined that some settlements in the downstream region will be affected by flood. As a result of the analysis, flood propagation maps were formed and the maximum water level and the time of occurrence of these levels were determined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Osman Sönmez Kağan Ergen

A city zoning application in the formation and organization of work is of great importance and this application smoother and more planned urbanization occurs. The aim of implementation of the geological-geotechnical-geophysical surveys in the urban plan based on the plan is to determine the current or potential settlements that are planned to be planned for all types, scales and purposes. to evaluate disaster hazards regionally in the light of earth science data, to determine possible engineering problems, to assess land use and appropriateness of land use, and to mitigate the possible damage by proposing necessary measures depending on technical and / or administrative grounds. In this context, in this paper, a site application example studied in Sandıklı district of Afyonkarahisar Province was discussed and comments were made.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Dilek Nuriye ŞENOL Züheyr KAMACI

In this study; The typical plan of the same 8-storey reinforced concrete building, the change in the cost of rough construction due to the change in soil engineering properties for different earthquake zones were investigated. The building designed to show the cost change; First Degree, II. Degree, III. Degree IV. Degree Earthquake Zones, non-earthquake status and changing soil classes (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4) were considered to be. Static and reinforced concrete designs are designed in accordance with TS500 and DBYBHY07, making sure that there are no irregularities and that the project is symmetrical. The designs were made by using modal analysis method with the help of Sta4CAD (v13.1) package program. Carcass (concrete, steel and formwork) construction quantities obtained due to different earthquake zones and different soil classes were extracted. According to the results, the unit prices of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (2019) and the carcass system cost of each structure were calculated. The total cost values have been revised and comparisons have been made depending on the results of the quantities, soil classes and earthquake zones. Cost change In the Z4 soil class, an increase of 18.8% was observed in the earthquake-free situation compared to the 1st Degree Earthquake Region and 9.5% compared to the 4th Degree Earthquake Region.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Semra ÖNAL İnan Keskin

Chemical substances which used frequently in every aspect of our daily life and industry pose many risks. The chemical accidents are emerged either from unplanned technological failures and/or human errors or from a combination of both. In this paper, the European Commission SEVESO Directives about prevention, preparedness and response to major incidents has been evaluated in terms of the amendments on its content and the implementation difficulties. The Seveso Directive, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the European Communities in June 1982 (Directive 82/501/EEC) was the result of discussions after Seveso disaster in Italy. This legislation aimed to improve the safety of industrial sites, planning for offsite emergencies, and to cope with broader regional and transboundary aspects of industrial safety. After two amendments in 1987 and 1988 the second Directive (96/82/EC) was introduced in 1996 following the UK North Sea Piper-Alpha disaster in 1989 accepted the concept of a safety management system, draw attention for domino effects to neighbouring plants, land use planning, and care in plant modifications. Seveso Directive III in 2012 focused on emergency plans, public involvement in consultation and decision making, and defining criteria for „hazardous materials. On the path of full EU membership Turkey updated related regulations according to Seveso II Directive but hasn‟t finished harmonization updates in his legislation for Seveso III directive yet.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Kasım Yılmaz

Decreasing construction areas and increasing population density in city centers triggers the preference of tall buildings especially in metropolitan areas. Tall buildings must have sufficient lateral rigidity to meet the effect of lateral forces caused by wind and earthquake. Various structural systems are available to be used in the construction of tall building. In these structures, lateral stiffness is provided with shear-walls and columns when shear walls-frame system is preferred. In recent years, diagonal elements have been used to increase the lateral stiffness of tall buildings, especially those with a shear wallsframe system. In this study, the effect of using diagonal elements on the lateral stiffness of tall buildings with shear walls-frame system was investigated. In this context, 5 different structural systems have been formed by using different diagonal arrays in the shear walls-frame system. In order to determine the dynamic characteristics finite element models of the systems were created by using SAP2000 program. Three different scaled ground motions were used in time history analysis. Frequency, roof acceleration and displacement of the models obtained from analysis compared to each other. It is seen that using diagonal elements in shear walls-frame system decrease displacement and acceleration of the models significantly.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Barbaros ATMACA Mustafa BAŞAR Şevket ATEŞ

Fethiye is an important region located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin. This region is the most active part of the south-western Anatolia extensional tectonic regime, has effected by earthquakes, submarine landslides and tsunamis throughout the history due to the existence of the complex active plate boundary zone. The active area has been exposed to ground motion that could damage vulnerable structures. Therefore, a detailed assessment of seismic hazard is necessary for the prevention of potential damage. In this context, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is performed by R-CRISIS-18.3 using the parameters computed from Seismic Hazard Harmonization for Europe (SHARE) project. Spatial distribution of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for the earthquake level that corresponds to the average return period of 475 years is calculated. The results are discussed and compared with the values obtained from the Revision of Turkish Seismic Hazard Map Project (UDAP-Ç-13-06). These results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis will provide the basis for the preparation of seismic risk maps as future work.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Ebru Harmandar

In this study, the mesh size effects on finite element modeling of steel beams under impact loadings were taken into consideration. Primarily, a steel beam with rectangular hollow section was exposed to impact loading on weak axis direction of the beam. Secondly, the threedimensional finite element models of steel beams were developed by using Abaqus package program. In finite element modeling the impact load, material properties, and boundary conditions were defined as experimental study. In numerical study six finite element models have been developed with different mesh size. Displacement-time curve and plastic deformations which were obtained from experimental study were comparatively examined with the same results of different mesh size of the finite element models. Towards end of the study, it was revealed that the numerical results have directly affected by the mesh size of the finite element models.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Mohammad Manzoor Nasery Elif Ağcakoca Zeynep Yaman

One of the most important stages of the forecasting studies is to obtain the most possible accurate meteorological and snow cover data from the site. In addition to meteorological data which reflects of the general climatological characterization of the region, the data collected from upper zone of the potential avalanche release area is enormously important as well. Therefore, setting up of the automatic avalanche weather station on higher elevations where the potential avalanche hazard exists is an essential stage in terms of avalanche forecast. Advances of sensor and communication technologies delivers getting more quality of data from the field and therefore the installation of the avalanche stations remains up to date. The experiences obtained from an automatic avalanche station installed in the field for research purposes are summarized in this study. The research results offered that initial installations of avalanche stations can be commenced from the ski centers where the avalanche risk and intensive human activities will be experienced most.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Levent BÜTÜN Önder KOÇYİĞİT

In this study, the effects of infill walls with different ratios on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings are investigated. The performance levels of the buildings which are designed according to Turkısh Earthquake Code (TEC-2018) are determined by using nonlinear time history analysis. For the nonlinear analysis, 11 ground motion records are selected by considering several parameters such as near and far fault effects, the magnitude of earthquakes, soil type and faulting mechanism. The selected ground motion records are scaled by using simple scaling method accordance with the horizontal elastic design spectrum which is defined in TEC-2018. In the analyses, 3 different infill wall ratios are taken into consideration and these infill walls are modeled as equivalent compression strut. The SAP2000 program and RESPONSE2000 program are used for the finite element models of the structures and crosssection analysis, respectively. As a result of the analyses, mode shapes, periods, story drift ratios levels obtained for the different infill walls ratios are given in tables and figures comparatively.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Özlem Çavdar Gülfem Çisem Köse Sunca Fezayil Sunca

Soils composed of loose sand and silty sands saturated with water are exposed to strength losses called liquefaction when exposed to repeated loading conditions such as earthquakes. In this study, 5%, 10% and 30% liquefaction resistance of two different silt mixed sand was tested in a dynamic simple shear tester under constant volume conditions with controlled deformations. The tests showed different results in two different silts. Silt (BS) obtained by grinding from silica increases the liquefaction resistance of the sample when mixed with sand, while natural silt (CS) increases the liquefaction resistance by up to 5% and then decreases. This result shows that silt grain structure and D50-sand / d50-silt ratio have a significant effect on liquefaction resistance.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Yetiş Bülent Sönmezer

In this article, slope movements in landslide regions are examined. Inclinometer is used to monitor slope movements. Gümüşköy-Topçam (Ulubey) highway, which is located in Ordu, has been chosen as the application site. The reason for selecting these areas as the application area is the landslides that have occurred in these regions before. Scope of work; In order to investigate the landslides occurring in the researched areas, inclinometer measurements were made. The results obtained from the study were examined. As a result of measurements and investigations; movements in wells and soils were evaluated.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

İlkay Baştuğ Ayberk Kaya Ali Gürbüz

Safranbolu houses, one of the first places that come to mind when it is called the wooden house of Anatolia, are one of the most important masterpieces of our culture and history. These structures, which began to be built in the early 18th and 19th centuries, survived to the present day and were included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1998. To date, these structures are still standing despite environmental factors. One of the most important reasons for this is the wood frame system. Wood frame is evidenced by their resistance against static and dynamic loads than is exhibited. The success of this system has been due to factors such as timber selection, distance between timber and type of fastener. In this study, the type of timber used in the Safran mansion, the type of and the application of fastener were examined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Hüseyin YÖRÜR Muhammed Nuri GÜNAY

In this study, the peak flow rate of Akçay Basin located in the Western Black Sea Basin, which has a small drainage area with no flow data was investigated by using different number of sub-basins. For this purpose, the digital elevation model of the basin with 10x10 m resolution, flow direction and flow accumulation of each cell were determined by means of ArcGIS using 1/25 000 scaled topographic maps. According to different drainage networks, the basin was sub-divided into 1, 3, 7 and 13 sub-basins and basin models were established. Hydrological processes of the sub-basins such as infiltration, transformation from effective precipitation to runoff, and stream routing for models with more than one sub-basin were simulated by the HEC-HMS semi-distributed hydrological model using the Soil Conservation Service, Clark’s unit hydrograph and lag time methods, respectively. Curve numbers of the sub-basins were determined using the soil type and land use maps, the infiltration models were formed and effective precipitation was calculated. According to the Clark’s unit hydrograph method that was used for transformation from effective rainfall to direct runoff, the time of concentration was calculated using the Soil Conservation Service method. The storage coefficient was calculated by taking into account some geometric features such as the time of concentration, drainage area of the sub-basin and the longest flow path distance, as suggested in the literature. The lag time in streams was determined according to the lag time approach proposed by Soil Conservation Service. Of using the hourly precipitation data measured at the Çatalzeytin Meteorological Observation Station in September 2008, the direct runoff hydrographs were estimated for different number of sub-basins. According to the analysis results obtained by taking the number of sub-basins as 1, 3, 7 and 13, the peak discharges were determined as 323.27 m3/s, 300.86 m3/s, 336.49 m3/s and 361.10 m3/s, respectively. According to the results, it was noted that the maximum peak discharge was estimated for the model with the highest number of sub-basins.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Hüseyin Akay Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit

Transportation has an important and wide impact on the economy, social and cultural structure of countries. Highways and railways are part of the transportation system network where bridges and viaducts are the most critical structures of this system. Therefore, bridge damages not only result in direct losses, but also have social and economic impacts. The temporary loss of the function of the bridge is defined as direct loss, while the closure of traffic lanes after the damages in bridges and viaducts due to earthquake ground motion, the reduction of traffic volume, or the complete closure of the bridge are indirect losses. If the bridge is severely damaged, this road can be completely closed and if the process is long, it can have significant effects on the regional economy. The major damage types that cause bridge closure are; unseating of the superstructure, column shear collapse, foundation collapse, bearing collapse and insufficient column bending capacity. Seismic behavior of bridges in curved alignment plane contain additional potential damages due to their complex geometries, although similar damages were observed for curved and straight bridges as examined in past earthquakes. In this study, the damages observed in horizontally curved bridges in the past earthquakes will be investigated and the lessons to be learned according to the results obtained from past earthquakes on the curved bridges will be examined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Esra Namlı Turgut Öztürk

The microzonation studies to reduce earthquake damage evaluate the hazards of natural disasters by using earth sciences as regionally respect to the existing or potential settlement areas for all scales and purposes defined in the Law No. 7269 on the Measures to be Taken Due to Disasters to Public Life and the Aids. In addition to it is aimed the identification of possible engineering problems, land use of land - to assess the suitability of the settlement. In this way, the measurements of disaster will be taken and damages will be minimized. Within the framework of urban transformation law no. 6306 which has been applied in 2013, the buildings will be secured. For this purpose, it is aimed to use the land in as planned and to determine the geological, seismological (geophysical) and geotechnical factors against to earthquake impacts and to make the cities economically, socially and politically reliable. In this study, the importance of microzonation studies in reducing earthquake damage and contribution to urban transformation will be revealed.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Şakir Şahin

The depth of the mining operation increases with time to meet the needs of the industry and the society. However, working at great depths brings extreme safety problems. One of the major problem is the stress conditions at the deeper production levels. Due to mining operations, local stress conditions are changing. In many mines the ore is fragmented by blasting. This has a great sudden impact on the stresses – dynamic or static. That is why this kind of activities may trigger seismicity. The duration, intensity and the magnitude of the seismic events in the post-blast sequence is important because the waiting time after blasting (re-entry time) is determined by these criteria. Understanding the behavior of the seismicity in the underground mines becomes vital to avoid any extreme hazard, which has to be investigated for each mine due to its unique conditions. Therefore, researchers and mining engineers spend a lot of time and effort to understand the characteristic of post-blast sequence to increase safety, especially, at the deeper level of mining. In this study, literature review is presented in situations of different underground mines with some case studies and result on post-blast seismicity problems.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

İrem Erguncu Güçlü Savka Dineva

The return period of avalanche is one of the variable which are used as input parameters in numerical analysis studies. It is an important parameter because of avalanche itself could be repeated and this situation may affect the analysis results considerably. This parameter can be introduced to the model RAMMS, which is one of the recently updated simulation models, in four different ways. Avalanche return periods is mostly selected by the user in RAMMS. Therefore, the effect of this parameter on the results should be examined. In this context, the results obtained from the analyzes performed at different return periods were evaluated and the effect of the related parameter on the results was investigated herein. The results show that the return periods of avalanche have less effect than release depth and area.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Levent BÜTÜN Önder KOÇYİĞİT

Fire is a type of disaster that can cause loss of life and property. The citizens whose houses damaged by fire when there are no other residency addresses, they have difficulty with finding accommodation. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency sends emergency aid to citizens in order to meet the urgent needs of exposed citizens. In order to benefit from these aids, reports should be prepared by AFAD Provincial Directorates. In this study, the data obtained from the reports prepared from January 2016 to August 2019 were prepared. It was evaluated in the prepared data and aimed to have more detailed information about fire disaster with various statistical information. Since this kind of statistical information is thought to be useful in future studies to prevent fires hazards, this information has been interpreted meticulously.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Muhammet ÇELİK Ülkü BİNLER Ercan Osmanoğlu

Slope failure is one of hazard risks that can cause causalities, damage on properties and loss of lives especially to highway users. The study area is underlain by Semantan Formation, a rock formation of Triassic age comprising of various sedimentary rocks with some volcanic and igneous intrusions. The intrusions generated localized metamorphism activities forming various metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. These metamorphic and sedimentary rocks undergone several tectonic activities and as such, several sets of fractures developed due to quite a number of tectonic episodes. To determine the slope hazard risk, an investigation on the geotechnical and geology engineering characteristics on two typical slopes representing a sedimentary rock and a metamorphic rock along a road in Malaysia had been conducted. Discontinuity data collected from the field were analysed using DIPS software to distinguish the potential mode of slope failure. Results from the analysis shows that the highway stretch potential failure were wedge, planar and topple failure. Factor of safety for the slopes also had been analysed using laboratory analysis and SLIDE software. Results of the analysis from SLIDE software shows that majority of the slopes are stable. It also shows that the sedimentary rocks created different modes of failures compared to the metamorphic rocks. These are due to the irregularities of the geological deformations that causes the variations of the strength properties of each type of rocks. Precautionary measures need to be addressed differently based on the geological properties as it is the source of deterioration of strengths.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Nur Anati Bt Azmi Zainuddin MdYusoff Muhammad Najmi

Reinforced concrete buildings in earthquake in Turkey formation of structural damage was observed that beyond the acceptable limit. It is seen that most of the structural damages in the reinforced concrete buildings during the earthquakes they are exposed to occur due to the structural irregularities defined in the earthquake regulations. In this study, the effects of location and size of slab cavities in reinforced concrete buildings on earthquake behaviour and rough construction cost are examined comparatively . With this purpose , rough construction costs (concrete and iron metering) and earthquake performance effects of the slab gap in different locations and in magnitude in the models building selected as example building are obtained by means Sta4 CAD program according to the class Z3 proposed 2007-Turkey Earthquake Regulations. When the findings obtained from the structural analysis are examined, it is seen that the slab gap left in the reinforced concrete buildings negatively affect the earthquake behaviour of the building and significantly change the rough construction costs.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Samet Oğuzhan DOĞAN Şenol GÜRSOY

In 2016 a series of strong earthquakes hit central Italy, destroying many towns, some even completely. These towns mostly consisted of very old buildings made of local stone that crumbled under the shock. The quality of these towns was defined by the buildings in the urban space and the vernacular architecture of the individual houses. Before the earthquakes, VERNADOC Italia had studied precisely this quality with survey campaigns organized by the authors with students at the School of Architecture in Ascoli Piceno. After the terrible event and the destruction of many of these homes, the problem arose as to how to reconstruct these towns and in particular how to prevent them from becoming depopulated, since they are mostly located in the mountains in disadvantaged circumstances with respect to Italy’s larger production and economic system. The residents immediately exhibited a desire to recreate the urban spaces and houses that were present before the earthquake, reconstructing the town ‘where and how it was’ because the vernacular architecture of those places was a symbol of the places themselves. This reconstruction, however, is very difficult and economically very expensive. To support it, a real willingness to economically revive those places is needed. This is more a political and social problem than an architectural one. In Italy, however, there have been interesting examples of regenerating semiabandoned mountain towns, for example, Riace in Calabria, where the town has been reborn by integrating migrants from Africa and Asia. This essay describes the problem of reconstruction using direct evidence of these events and involving the mayors and residents of the destroyed towns. With respect to images, those made in the affected towns during the VERNADOC camps alternate with images of the destruction caused by the earthquakes to recount the serious loss of architectural and environmental quality.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Salvatore Santuccio

It has been occurring the natural disasters and human-being disasters each year all over the world and Turkey, also at these events are die and injury thousands of people each year. Besides intangible damages at this events, pecuniary losses are expressed in billion dollars. While minimizing and/or eliminating losses are requires special attention and expertise, that situation is considered as measure of success for the disaster management system. In this study, after the United States and Turkey discussed the short history of disaster management system, the disaster management system and intervention concept of both countries will be discussed through AFAD and FEMA.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Kasım Yılmaz Bora Balun Gazanfer Erbay

In our growing and developing world , as a result of the continuous development of technology , more energy intensive living standards and ever-increasing demands for luxury living, the need for energy is increasing more and more. For this reason; especially EU countries, USA, Japan and all other countries in the world in general, aimed energy saving by linking energy supply / demand to legal legislations. While energy efficiency applications ongoing in the world , as Turkey imports almost 75% of its primary energy need , it creates a heavy burden on the back of our country's economy. In our country , as a result of the fact that electricity and heating needs are met especially from natural gas and the existing energy potentials are not fully utilized, we import a large part of our energy needs. This, inevitably constitutes the main reason for our economic dependence on the outside and also constitutes the main factors that distract us from the principle of sustainability in terms of energy supply and security. For this reason; Turkey published in the Official Gazette No. 5627 dated 02/05/2007, energy efficiency main purpose of the law; is the disposal of waste energy by creating maximum energy saving models. In addition, our priority national goal in producing recoverable and / or clean energy is to promote the conscious use and consumption of energy through out the country. As a result of all the productivity increasing projects and works prepared in this context, it is aimed to reduce the energy intensity of our country and to decrease the energy cost in cumulative. For our country , the energy consumption intensity is around 39-40% for the industrial sector, and it is known that the building & housing level is 30% and above. With these figures , both the public life is affected negatively and this excess energy consumption rate destroys the natural balance and creates a risk for the whole life. As a result of the current researches of our energy intensity, it is 2 times higher than OECD countries, 2.5 times more than EU countries, 4 times more than Japan and approximately 1.5 times more than the world average, in general, for one unit energy we pay more compared to other countries. In this study, the current regulations that promote energy efficiency and related incentive projects have been examined within the framework of the energy efficiency law in our country and on the other hand, by drawing attention to the innovations introduced in both EU, USA and Japan interms of industrial efficiency, energy efficiency in the world and in our country.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Ebru KOLAY KADIOĞLU Durmuş KAYA Meral ALTINAY

Soil improvement is generally used to increase the capacity of ground transport with different kind of materials and methods. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the usability of blast furnace slag obtained from 7,8 million tons of iron and steel production in our country each year. In this context, the blast furnace slag was provided from Kardemir A.Ş. and bentonite soil sample was provided from GeoPLAS company. The furnace slag was added 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% to bentonite according to weight of it and some experiments were made at the end of the 1, 7, 14 and 28 days of cure time. First, experiments samples that were compressed with standard technique proctor, compaction technique was carried out to determine the water content and dry unit weights. In order to determine the consistency limits of liquid and plastic test specimens prepared with specific water content and specific weight and proportions, the shear box test and free pressure tests were carried out for test ground cohesion and shear strength changes. In order to observe the swelling changes of bentonite soil by increasing the blast furnace slag rates in the prepared samples, swelling tests were performed. As a result of experiments, it was observed that the liquid limit value decreased and internal friction angle decreased, cohesion and free pressure strengths increased due to the curing time and the rate of blast furnace slag in the mixture. However the swelling pressure decreased due to the cvring time and the rate of blast furnace slag in the mixture.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

İbrahim ŞENTÜRK İnan Keskin Ermedin TOTİÇ Ali ATEŞ

Following the rapid development of remote sensing (RS) techniques which focused on the analysis of collected satellite images, in recent years both geographic information systems (GIS) and RS became two main branches that support each other and provide excellent solutions in many sectors. In this study, landslide susceptibility analysis was performed for Erzurum Uzundere District (840 km2) by using GIS and RS techniques. As in the world, landslides are one of the natural disasters that also interest turkey closely. Besides serious losses of lives and property, landslides have a negative effect on the use of farming areas by causing people to change settlements. In order to minimize these damages and unfavorable effects and to take necessary prevention, the determination of landslide-prone areas has of great importance. In the present study, Index of Entropy (IoE) method was applied in the landslide susceptibility map production. Landslide inventory information of the study area was collected by field studies and field observations, and lithology of each landslide was identified. In addition, the current digital elevation model, topography maps and national land cover classification system map of the study area were provided. Slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, lithology, land cover, drainage density, distance to roads, topographic wetness index (TWI) and distance to streams were used as a landslideconditioning factor in the determination of areas prone to landslide. The produced susceptibility map was divided the Uzundere district into 5 different classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low. Thanks to the results, the areas prone to damage in potential landslides were determined.

International Science and Engineering Application Symposium on Hazards
ISESH

Azimollah Aleshzadeh E. Vural Yavuz